scholarly journals The Deficits of Individual Morphological Covariance Network Architecture in Schizophrenia Patients With and Without Violence

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danlin Shen ◽  
Qing Li ◽  
Jianmei Liu ◽  
Yi Liao ◽  
Yuanyuan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Topology ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Clinical Performance ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Structural Abnormalities ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Background: Schizophrenia is associated with a significant increase in the risk of violence, which constitutes a public health concern and contributes to stigma associated with mental illness. Although previous studies revealed structural and functional abnormalities in individuals with violent schizophrenia (VSZ), the neural basis of psychotic violence remains controversial.Methods: In this study, high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were acquired from 18 individuals with VSZ, 23 individuals with non-VSZ (NSZ), and 22 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). Whole-brain voxel-based morphology and individual morphological covariance networks were analysed to reveal differences in gray matter volume (GMV) and individual morphological covariance network topology. Relationships among abnormal GMV, network topology, and clinical assessments were examined using correlation analyses.Results: GMV in the hypothalamus gradually decreased from HCs and NSZ to VSZ and showed significant differences between all pairs of groups. Graph theory analyses revealed that morphological covariance networks of HCs, NSZ, and VSZ exhibited small worldness. Significant differences in network topology measures, including global efficiency, shortest path length, and nodal degree, were found. Furthermore, changes in GMV and network topology were closely related to clinical performance in the NSZ and VSZ groups.Conclusions: These findings revealed the important role of local structural abnormalities of the hypothalamus and global network topological impairments in the neuropathology of NSZ and VSZ, providing new insight into the neural basis of and markers for VSZ and NSZ to facilitate future accurate clinical diagnosis and targeted treatment.

scholarly journals Spatial integration of mechanical forces by alpha-actinin establishes actin network symmetry

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrice Senger ◽  
Amandine Pitaval ◽  
Hajer Ennomani ◽  
Laetitia Kurzawa ◽  
Laurent Blanchoin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Architecture ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Spatial Integration ◽  
Actin Network ◽  
Entire Cell ◽  
Extracellular Microenvironment ◽  
Extracellular Environment

Cell and tissue morphogenesis depend on the production and spatial organization of tensional forces in the actin cytoskeleton. Actin network architecture is complex because it is made of distinct modules in which filaments adopt a variety of organizations. The assembly and dynamics of these modules is well described but the self-organisation rules directing the global network architecture are much less understood. Here we investigated the mechanism regulating the interplay between network architecture and the geometry of cell’s extracellular environment. We found that α-actinin, a filament crosslinker, is essential for network symmetry to be consistent with extracellular microenvironment symmetry. It appeared to be required for the interconnection of transverse arcs with radial fibres to ensure an appropriate balance between forces at cell adhesions and across the entire actin network. Furthermore, the connectivity of the actin network appeared necessary for the cell ability to integrate and adapt to complex patterns of extracellular cues as they migrate. Altogether, our study has unveiled a role of actin-filament crosslinking in the physical integration of mechanical forces throughout the entire cell, and the role of this integration in the establishment and adaptation of intracellular symmetry axes in accordance with the geometry of extracellular cues.

scholarly journals Event-related network changes unfold the dynamics of cortical integration during face processing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Maffei ◽  
Paola Sessa
Keyword(s):  
Face Perception ◽  
Network Topology ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Global Network ◽  
State And Local

AbstractFace perception arises from a collective activation of brain regions in the occipital, parietal and temporal cortices. Despite wide acknowledgement that these regions act in an intertwined network, the network behavior itself is poorly understood. Here we present a study in which time-varying connectivity estimated from EEG activity elicited by facial expressions presentation was characterized using graph-theoretical measures of node centrality and global network topology. Results revealed that face perception results from a dynamic reshaping of the network architecture, characterized by the emergence of hubs located in the occipital and temporal regions of the scalp. The importance of these nodes can be observed from early stages of visual processing and reaches a climax in the same time-window in which the face-sensitive N170 is observed. Furthermore, using Granger causality, we found that the time-evolving centrality of these nodes is associated with ERP amplitude, providing a direct link between the network state and local neural response. Additionally, investigating global network topology by means of small-worldness and modularity, we found that face processing requires a functional network with a strong small-world organization that maximizes integration, at the cost of segregated subdivisions. Interestingly, we found that this architecture is not static, but instead it is implemented by the network from stimulus onset to ~200 msec. Altogether, this study reveals the event-related changes underlying face processing at the network level, suggesting that a distributed processing mechanism operates through dynamically weighting the contribution of the cortical regions involved.Data AvailabilityData and code related to this manuscript can be accessed through the OSF at this link https://osf.io/hc3sk/?view_only=af52bc4295c044ffbbd3be019cc083f4

scholarly journals The role of MRI in the central nervous system

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-31
Author(s):  
Natalia Leksa ◽  
◽  
David Aebisher ◽  
Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Functional Mri ◽  
The Body ◽  
Structural Abnormalities ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has modified the practice of radiology. MRI is base on safe interaction between radiowaves at a particular frequency and hydrogen nuclei in the body. Metabolic encephalophaties are by definition those disorder of the central nervous system that are not due primarily to structural abnormalities. Aim. Here we present the 1H MRI and functional MRI (fMRI) method applied to diagnosis of disorders of the central nervous system. Material and methods. Analysis of literature and self-research. Results.We have discussed the major MRI applications in the characteristic of the central nervous system. The relationship beteen the motion of flowing blood and the representation of the blood on images is complex. This work is an introduction to the basic ideas and techniques of fMRI. Therefore, both, 1H MRI and functional MRI, methods are ued in neuroscience. Conclusion. Nonivasive MRI and functional MRI are daily diagnostics methods in neurology.

scholarly journals Shift Toward Randomness in Brain Networks of Patients With Anorexia Nervosa: The Role of Malnutrition

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Collantoni ◽  
Paolo Meneguzzo ◽  
Elena Tenconi ◽  
Valentina Meregalli ◽  
Renzo Manara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Cortical Volume ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Network Properties ◽  
Tractography Data

No study to date investigated structural white matter (WM) connectome characteristics in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). Previous research in AN found evidence of imbalances in global and regional connectomic brain architecture and highlighted a role of malnutrition in determining structural brain changes. The aim of our study was to explore the characteristics of the WM network architecture in a sample of patients with AN. Thirty-six patients with AN and 36 healthy women underwent magnetic resonance imaging to obtain a high-resolution three-dimensional T1-weighted anatomical image and a diffusion tensor imaging scan. Probabilistic tractography data were extracted and analyzed in their network properties through graph theory tools. In comparison to healthy women, patients with AN showed lower global network segregation (normalized clustering: p = 0.029), an imbalance between global network integration and segregation (i.e., lower small-worldness: p = 0.031), and the loss of some of the most integrative and influential hubs. Both clustering and small-worldness correlated with the lowest lifetime body mass index. A significant relationship was found between the average regional loss of cortical volume and changes in network properties of brain nodes: the more the difference in the cortical volume of brain areas, the more the increase in the centrality of corresponding nodes in the whole brain, and the decrease in clustering and efficiency of the nodes of parietal cortex. Our findings showed an unbalanced connectome wiring in AN patients, which seems to be influenced by malnutrition and loss of cortical volume. The role of this rearrangement in the maintenance and prognosis of AN and its reversibility with clinical improvement needs to be established by future studies.

Role of Cardiac MRI in Detecting Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Marymol Koshy ◽  
Bushra Johari ◽  
Mohd Farhan Hamdan ◽  
Mohammad Hanafiah
Keyword(s):  
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Genetic Disorder ◽  
Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Proper Diagnosis ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Potential Use

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a global disease affecting people of various ethnic origins and both genders. HCM is a genetic disorder with a wide range of symptoms, including the catastrophic presentation of sudden cardiac death. Proper diagnosis and treatment of this disorder can relieve symptoms and prolong life. Non-invasive imaging is essential in diagnosing HCM. We present a review to deliberate the potential use of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in HCM assessment and also identify the risk factors entailed with risk stratification of HCM based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

SARS-COV2 virus and Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 977-982
Author(s):  
Mohamed J. Saadh ◽  
Bashar Haj Rashid M ◽  
Roa’a Matar ◽  
Sajeda Riyad Aldibs ◽  
Hala Sbaih ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Fatal Disease ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

SARS-COV2 virus causes Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and represents the causative agent of a potentially fatal disease that is of great global public health concern. The novel coronavirus (2019) was discovered in 2019 in Wuhan, the market of the wet animal, China with viral pneumonia cases and is life-threatening. Today, WHO announces COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic. COVID-19 is likely to be zoonotic. It is transmitted from bats as intermediary animals to human. Also, the virus is transmitted from human to human who is in close contact with others. The computerized tomographic chest scan is usually abnormal even in those with no symptoms or mild disease. Treatment is nearly supportive; the role of antiviral agents is yet to be established. The SARS-COV2 virus spreads faster than its two ancestors, the SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), but has lower fatality. In this article, we aimed to summarize the transmission, symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine to control the spread of this fatal disease.

Microbiota, Immune System and Autism Spectrum Disorders: An Integrative Model towards Novel Treatment Options

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (31) ◽  
pp. 5119-5136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Carpita ◽  
Donatella Marazziti ◽  
Lionella Palego ◽  
Gino Giannaccini ◽  
Laura Betti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Integrative Model ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Integrative Framework ◽  
Intermediate Phenotypes ◽  
Close Relatives

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a condition strongly associated with genetic predisposition and familial aggregation. Among ASD patients, different levels of symptoms severity are detectable, while the presence of intermediate autism phenotypes in close relatives of ASD probands is also known in literature. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to environmental factors that might play a role in modulating the relationship between genomic risk and development and severity of ASD. Within this framework, an increasing body of evidence has stressed a possible role of both gut microbiota and inflammation in the pathophysiology of neurodevelopment. The aim of this paper is to review findings about the link between microbiota dysbiosis, inflammation and ASD. Methods: Articles ranging from 1990 to 2018 were identified on PUBMED and Google Scholar databases, with keyword combinations as: microbiota, immune system, inflammation, ASD, autism, broad autism phenotype, adult. Results: Recent evidence suggests that microbiota alterations, immune system and neurodevelopment may be deeply intertwined, shaping each other during early life. However, results from both animal models and human samples are still heterogeneous, while few studies focused on adult patients and ASD intermediate phenotypes. Conclusion: A better understanding of these pathways, within an integrative framework between central and peripheral systems, might not only shed more light on neural basis of ASD symptoms, clarifying brain pathophysiology, but it may also allow to develop new therapeutic strategies for these disorders, still poorly responsive to available treatments.

New trends in the pharmacological intervention of PPARs in obesity: Role of natural and synthetic compounds_

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Mohammad Nabavi ◽  
Kasi Pandima Devi ◽  
Sethuraman Sathya ◽  
Ana Sanches-Silva ◽  
Listos Joanna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Expression ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Ppar Agonists ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors ◽  
Natural And Synthetic

: Obesity is a major health concern for a growing fraction of the population, with the prevalence of obesity and its related metabolic disorders not being fully understood. Over the last decade, many attempts have been undertaken to understand the mechanisms at the basis of this condition, in which the accumulation of fat occurring in adipose tissue, leads to the pathogenesis of obesity related disorders. Among the most recent studies, those on Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors (PPARs) revealed that these nuclear receptor proteins acting as transcription factors, among others, regulate the expression of genes involved in energy, lipid, and glucose metabolisms, and chronic inflammation. The three different isotypes of PPARs, with different tissue expression and ligand binding specificity, exert similar or overlapping functions directly or indirectly linked to obesity. In this study, we reviewed the available scientific reports concerning the PPARs structure and functions, especially in obesity, considering both natural and synthetic ligands and their role in the therapy of obesity and obesity-associated disorders. In the whole, the collected data show that there are both natural and synthetic compounds that show beneficial promising activity as PPAR agonists in chronic diseases related to obesity.

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