scholarly journals Reinfection or Reactivation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiujuan Tang ◽  
Salihu S. Musa ◽  
Shi Zhao ◽  
Daihai He
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
General Population ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Viral Shedding

As the pandemic continues, individuals with re-detectable positive (RP) SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA among recovered COVID-19 patients have raised public health concerns. It is imperative to investigate whether the cases with re-detectable positive (RP) SARS-CoV-2 might cause severe infection to the vulnerable population. In this work, we conducted a systematic review of recent literature to investigate reactivation and reinfection among the discharged COVID-19 patients that are found positive again. Our study, consisting more than a total of 113,715 patients, indicates that the RP-SARS-CoV-2 scenario occurs plausibly due to reactivation, reinfection, viral shedding, or testing errors. Nonetheless, we observe that previously infected individuals have significantly lower risk of being infected for the second time, indicating that reactivation or reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 likely have relatively less impact in the general population than the primary infection.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence among Healthcare Workers in General Hospitals and Clinics in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3786
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Yoshihara ◽  
Kazuya Ito ◽  
Masayoshi Zaitsu ◽  
Eunhee Chung ◽  
Izumi Aoyagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Support ◽  
General Population ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
General Hospitals ◽  
Second Wave

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a serious public health problem worldwide. In general, healthcare workers are considered to be at higher risk of COVID-19 infection. However, the prevalence of COVID-19 among healthcare workers in Japan is not well characterized. In this study, we aimed to examine the seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies among 2160 healthcare workers in hospitals and clinics that are not designated to treat COVID-19 patients in Japan. The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G was 1.2% in August and October 2020 (during and after the second wave of the pandemic in Japan), which is relatively higher than that in the general population in Japan (0.03–0.91%). Because of the higher risk of COVID-19 infection, healthcare workers should be the top priority for further social support and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2.

Severe infection of adult dogs with helminths in Hunan Province, China poses significant public health concerns

2009 ◽  
Vol 160 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 348-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.S. Dai ◽  
Z.Y. Li ◽  
F. Li ◽  
D.X. Liu ◽  
W. Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Hunan Province ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Significant Public Health

scholarly journals Late reinfection with a different severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 clade in a patient with refractory arterial hypertension: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier García-Abellán ◽  
Antonio Galiana ◽  
Marta Fernández-González ◽  
Nieves Gonzalo-Jiménez ◽  
Montserrat Ruiz-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Complete Dataset ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background Differentiating between persistent infection with intermittent viral shedding and reinfection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 remains challenging. Although a small number of cases with genomic evidence of second infection have been reported, limited information exists on frequency and determinants of reinfection, time between infections, and duration of immunity after the primary infection. Case presentation We report a reinfection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in a 52-year-old caucasian male whose primary infection was diagnosed in May 2020, during the first wave of the pandemic in Spain, and the second occurred 8 months later, in January 2021. We present a complete dataset including results from real-time polymerase chain reaction, serology, and genome sequencing confirming reinfection with a different clade. Noteworthy was that the patient was immunocompetent but had multiple cardiometabolic comorbidities, including refractory arterial hypertension, that might increase the individual risk in coronavirus disease 2019. Conclusions This case of reinfection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 occurring several months after the primary infection reports the longest time interval between reinfection and initial infection described to date. It raises concerns on the duration of protective immunity, suggesting that it may begin to wane in patients who acquired the initial infection during the first wave of the pandemic. The potential contributing role of arterial hypertension and cardiometabolic comorbidities as risk factors for reinfection deserves investigation.

scholarly journals Kumbh Mela Religious Gathering as a Massive Superspreading Event: Potential Culprit for the Exponential Surge of COVID-19 Cases in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 868-871
Author(s):  
Ian Christopher N. Rocha ◽  
Mary Grace A. Pelayo ◽  
Sudhan Rackimuthu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Medical Supplies ◽  
The World ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Affected Country ◽  
Manpower Shortage ◽  
Populous Country

ABSTRACT. The Kumbh Mela is a significant religious gathering of millions of Hindu devotees in India. It is celebrated on certain auspicious days in the Hindu calendar and attracts millions of pilgrims across the country. Despite the religious intention of millions of Hindu devotees, it raised public health concerns as it became a massive superspreading event for COVID-19. Being the second most populous country, India became the second most affected country during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to the arrival of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants and the presence of the double mutated variant, which was first identified in India, the Kumbh Mela probably aggravated the country’s COVID-19 situation which resulted in an uncontrollable second wave. Several cases of COVID-19 across India had been contact-traced to returnees from the event who acted as a nidus to help spread the infection. As a consequence, India’s healthcare system was severely challenged as a result of the overwhelming hospitalizations and increasing fatalities resulting in an acute manpower shortage in healthcare along with the depletion of drugs and medical supplies despite being one of the largest pharmaceutical hubs globally. Leaders and governments around the world should learn from India’s experience and thereby take preventive measures to manage potential superspreading events to curb the spike of COVID-19 cases.

scholarly journals Virtual reality relaxation for the general population: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Riches ◽  
Lisa Azevedo ◽  
Leanne Bird ◽  
Sara Pisani ◽  
Lucia Valmaggia
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
General Population ◽  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Public Health Practice ◽  
Head Mounted Display ◽  
Promising Area ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Abstract Purpose Relaxation has significant restorative properties and implications for public health. However, modern, busy lives leave limiting time for relaxation. Virtual reality (VR) experiences of pleasant and calming virtual environments, accessed with a head-mounted display (HMD), appear to promote relaxation. This study aimed to provide a systematic review of feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of studies that use VR to promote relaxation in the general population (PROSPERO 195,804). Methods Web of Science, PsycINFO, Embase, and MEDLINE were searched until 29th June 2020. Studies were included in the review if they used HMD technology to present virtual environments that aimed to promote or measure relaxation, or relaxation-related variables. The Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) quality assessment tool was used to assess methodological quality of studies. Results 6403 articles were identified through database searching. Nineteen studies published between 2007 and 2020, with 1278 participants, were included in the review. Of these, thirteen were controlled studies. Studies predominantly used natural audio-visual stimuli to promote relaxation. Findings indicate feasibility, acceptability, and short-term effectiveness of VR to increase relaxation and reduce stress. Six studies received an EPHPP rating of ‘strong’, seven were ‘moderate’, and six were ‘weak’. Conclusions VR may be a useful tool to promote relaxation in the general population, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, when stress is increasing worldwide. However, methodological limitations, such as limited randomised controlled trials and longer-term evidence, mean that these conclusions should be drawn with caution. More robust studies are needed to support this promising area of VR relaxation.

scholarly journals The risk of infections in adult patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: systematic review and meta-analysis

Rheumatology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
José María Pego-Reigosa ◽  
Lindsay Nicholson ◽  
Nick Pooley ◽  
Sue Langham ◽  
Nina Embleton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Herpes Zoster ◽  
General Population ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the magnitude of infection risk in patients with SLE and evaluate the effect of general and SLE-related factors on infection risk. Methods We searched MEDLINE and Embase from inception to July 2018, screening for observational studies that evaluated infection risk in patients with SLE compared with the general population/healthy controls. Outcomes of interest included overall severe infection, herpes zoster infection/reactivation, opportunistic infections, pneumonia and tuberculosis. Random-effects models were used to calculate pooled risk ratios (RRs) for each type of infection. Sensitivity analysis assessed the impact of removing studies with high risk of bias. Results Eleven retrospective or prospective cohort studies were included in the meta-analysis: overall severe infection (n = 4), pneumonia (n = 6), tuberculosis (n = 3) and herpes zoster (n = 2). Pooled RRs for overall severe infection significantly increased for patients with SLE compared with the general population/healthy controls [RR 2.96 (95% CI 1.28, 6.83)]. Pooled RRs for pneumonia, herpes zoster and tuberculosis showed significantly increased risk compared with the general population/healthy controls [RR 2.58 (1.80, 3.70), 2.50 (2.36, 2.65) and 6.11 (3.61, 10.33), respectively]. Heterogeneity and evidence of publication bias were present for all analyses, except herpes zoster. Sensitivity analyses confirmed robustness of the results. Conclusion Patients with SLE have significantly higher risk of infection compared with the general population/healthy controls. Efforts to strengthen strategies aimed at preventing infections in SLE are needed. Protocol registration PROSPERO number: CRD42018109425.

scholarly journals Burden of chronic kidney disease in the general population and high-risk groups in South Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0258494
Author(s):  
Nipun Shrestha ◽  
Sanju Gautam ◽  
Shiva Raj Mishra ◽  
Salim S. Virani ◽  
Raja Ram Dhungana
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
General Population ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Pooled Prevalence

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an emerging public health issue globally. The prevalence estimates on CKD in South Asia are however limited. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of CKD among the general and high-risk population in South Asia. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-level prevalence studies in South Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka). Three databases namely PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were systematically searched for published reports of kidney disease in South Asia up to 28 October 2020. A random-effect model for computing the pooled prevalence was used. Results Of the 8749 identified studies, a total of 24 studies were included in the review. The pooled prevalence of CKD among the general population was 14% (95% CI 11–18%), and 15% (95% CI 11–20%) among adult males and 13% (95% CI 10–17%) in adult females. The prevalence of CKD was 27% (95% CI 20–35%) in adults with hypertension, 31% (95% CI 22–41%) in adults with diabetes and 14% (95% CI 10–19%) in adults who were overweight/obese. We found substantial heterogeneity across the included studies in the pooled estimates for CKD prevalence in both general and high-risk populations. The prevalence of CKD of unknown origin in the endemic population was 8% (95% CI 3–16%). Conclusion Our study reaffirms the previous reports that CKD represents a serious public health challenge in South Asia, with the disease prevalent among 1 in 7 adults in South Asian countries.

scholarly journals Epidemiology, Predisposing Factors, Biomarkers, and Prevention Mechanism of Obesity: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melese Linger Endalifer ◽  
Gedefaw Diress
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
General Population ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Predisposing Factors ◽  
Cell Profile

Background. Globally, obesity is becoming a public health problem in the general population. Various determinants were reported by different scholars even though there are inconsistencies. Different biomarkers of obesity were identified for the prediction of obesity. Even though researchers speculate the factors, biomarkers, consequences, and prevention mechanisms, there is a lack of aggregate and purified data in the area of obesity. Summary. In this review, the epidemiology, predisposing factors, biomarkers, consequences, and prevention approaches of obesity were reviewed. Key Messages. The epidemiology of obesity increased in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Even if the factors vary across regions and socioeconomic levels, sociodemographic, behavioral, and genetic factors were prominent for the development of obesity. There are a lot of biomarkers for obesity, of which microRNA, adipocytes, oxidative stress, blood cell profile, nutrients, and microbiota were promising biomarkers for determination of occurrence of obesity. Since the consequences of obesity are vast and interrelated, multidimensional prevention strategy is mandatory in all nations.

scholarly journals A computational analysis on Covid-19 transmission raises imuuno-epidemiology concerns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony M. Kyriakopoulos ◽  
Shi Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
General Population ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Geographical Proximity ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Infected Population ◽  
Younger Age

AbstractFor Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) the investigation of the heterogeneity of individual infectiousness becomes important due to the cross reactive immunity of general population. Using a sample of infected population with SARS-COV-2 in close geographical proximity to the initial Severe Advanced Respiratory Syndrome-1 (SARS-1) outbreak, we explored the association between infector’s age and dispersion (or heterogeneity) of individual infectiousness (k) in order to investigate the relatedness with the age of an individual’s capability to disperse SARS-COV-2. Interestingly, we find a negative association between k and increase of infector’s age. Significantly this becomes more evident for the age group of 20-60 years comparing with the infectors with younger age. This raises important immuno-epidemiology concerns for effectiveness of public health measures to contain the disease.One Sentence SummaryDispersion of Coronavirus Disease-19 in China differed with age.

scholarly journals 1427. Key Clinical Research Questions Asked During Epidemic Respiratory Outbreaks: A Systematic Review of the Literature Published on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S719-S720
Author(s):  
Carlyn L Harris ◽  
Gail Carson ◽  
Harish Nair
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Research ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Research Protocols ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Study Designs

Abstract Background As evidenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, rapid collection of data on clinical characterization, treatment, and diagnostics to inform rapid public health response is paramount in an outbreak of a novel infectious agent. In 2018, The World Health Organization R&D Blueprint identified a list of priority diseases for accelerated research based on their potential to cause a public health emergency. Among these diseases were Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV). To facilitate a rapid research response during an outbreak, standardized research protocols must be prepared before the outbreak occurs. The aim of this systematic review is to identify the most common clinical research questions asked during outbreaks of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV to inform future clinical research protocol development for coronaviruses. Methods Medline, Embase, and Global Health bibliographic databases were searched to identify clinical studies published on SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in the outbreak setting. Studies were grouped thematically according to the clinical research question addressed. Results From the research questions and objectives, eleven themes in the literature were identified: Clinical characterisation, prognosis, diagnosis, clinical management, viral pathogenesis, epidemiological characterisation, infection prevention and control, transmission, susceptibility, psychosocial, and aetiology. Case series made up the highest proportion of study designs, while clinical trials made up the lowest. 83% of the SARS-CoV studies were published after the end of the outbreak. Themes and key clinical questions asked during outbreaks of SARS and MERS Conclusion The thematic analysis was used to identify the key clinical research questions asked during outbreaks of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and study designs were recommended to answer these questions. By defining the key clinical research questions, this study provides a first step in creating standardized clinical research protocols and defining core data variables to be collected during future outbreaks of respiratory coronaviruses. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document