scholarly journals The Extent and Economic Significance of Cultivated Forage Crops in Developing Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Fuglie ◽  
Michael Peters ◽  
Stefan Burkart
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Improved Varieties ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Production Value ◽  
Crop Area ◽  
Livestock Products

Forage grasses and legumes are the principal source of nutrition for most ruminant livestock in developing countries. Raising yields of forage crops can increase the availability and affordability of livestock products as well as reduce pressure on increasingly scarce land resources by enabling greater herd densities on existing pasture. However, the economic significance of cultivated forage crops in developing countries is not well-understood. We provide estimates of the present area and production value of cultivated forage crops as well as review evidence on the extent of adoption of CGIAR-derived improved varieties of cultivated forage species and their economic impact in developing countries. There are at least 159 million hectares under cultivated forage crops producing yield worth around $63 billion per year (at 2014-2016 prices). Latin America accounts for about 85% of this forage crop area. CGIAR forage breeding programs have developed and helped disseminate improved varieties of Brachiaria, Stylosanthes, Vigna unguiculata, and Calliandra spp., which by 2015 had been adopted on over 12 million hectares producing economic benefits of over $5.8 billion/year.

scholarly journals Structure and Marketing Opportunities on Dairy Farms in Konya Province, Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Jawid Muradi ◽  
Cuma Akbay
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Nonparametric Tests ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Crop Area

The main problems encountered by Turkish dairy producers are the lower level of productivity and profitability, lack of specialization, cooperation, and have strong links with the characteristics of producers, agricultural systems and hygiene and disease control in dairy herds. The objectives of this study are to identify the dairy cattle production factors, household characteristics, and needs of milk for human life. The survey based on the primary data collected by stratified random sampling method in the dairy farms of Konya in August 2014. 92 dairy farms which are producing and selling milk Konya province was interviewed. The data collected through interviews, focus group and evaluated by using parametric and nonparametric tests. The means age of farmers was 47.4, the average of household members was 5.54, and the average number of members busy with dairy cattle was 2.05. The average number of milk cows per dairy cattle yield was 33.56 kg and daily milk yield per cow was 21.13 kg/day. On a lactation period, milk yield per cow was 5493.8 kg/head and the average lactation period was 260 days, and the results of ANOVA; average forage crop area was 78.92 decares and share of the forage crop area in total farm planting area is around 39%, there are positive and statistically relationship between farm size group and average forage crops.

Maize silage and winter crop options to maximise drymatter and energy for NZ dairy systems

2006 ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Densley ◽  
G.M. Austin ◽  
I.D. Williams ◽  
R. Tsimba ◽  
G.O. Edmeades
Keyword(s):  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Maize Hybrid ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Feed Value ◽  
Winter Crop ◽  
Winter Crops ◽  
Silage Production

Trade-offs in dry matter (DM) and metabolisable energy (ME) between combinations of three maize silage hybrids varying in maturity from 100-113 CRM and six winter forage options were investigated in a Waikato farmer's field over 2 years. Winter crops were triticale, cut once; oats grazed 1-2 times; and Tama and Feast II Italian ryegrass, each cut or grazed 2-3 times. Greatest DM and ME production (38.9 t/ha; 396 GJ/ha) was from a 113 CRM hybrid followed by a single-cut triticale crop. The most economical sources of DM and ME were obtained from a 100 CRM maize hybrid plus grazed oats (11.8 c/ kg; 1.12 c/MJ), while the cheapest ME source among cut winter forages was a 113 CRM maize hybrid + triticale (1.18 c/MJ). Reliable annual silage production of 30 t DM/ha and 330 GJ ME/ha (or 3000 kg MS/ha) is possible using a late maturing maize hybrid combined with a winter forage crop such as triticale, although the low feed value of the triticale may limit its use as feed for milking cows. Keywords: Italian ryegrass, oats, maize silage, supplements, triticale, winter forage crops

scholarly journals How Do Women Overcome Gender Inequality by Forming Small-Scale Cooperatives? The Case of the Agricultural Sector in Uganda

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1797
Author(s):  
Amber Theeuwen ◽  
Valérie Duplat ◽  
Christopher Wickert ◽  
Brian Tjemkes
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Family Business ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Business Relationships ◽  
Female Farmers

In Uganda, the agricultural sector contributes substantially to gross domestic product. Although the involvement of Ugandan women in this sector is extensive, female farmers face significant obstacles, caused by gendering that impedes their ability to expand their family business and to generate incomes. Gender refers to social or cultural categories by which women–men relationships are conceived. In this study, we aim to investigate how gendering influences the development of business relationships in the Ugandan agricultural sector. To do so, we employed a qualitative–inductive methodology to collect unique data on the rice and cassava sectors. Our findings reveal at first that, in the agricultural sector in Uganda, inter-organization business relationships (i.e., between non-family actors) are mostly developed by and between men, whereas intra-organization business relationships with family members are mostly developed by women. We learn that gendering impedes women from developing inter-organization business relationships. Impediments for female farmers include their restricted mobility, the lack of trust by men, their limited freedom in communication, household duties, and responsibilities for farming activities up until sales. Our findings also reveal that these impediments to developing inter-organization business relationships prevent female farmers from being empowered and from attainting economic benefits for the family business. In this context, the results of our study show that grouping in small-scale cooperatives offers female farmers an opportunity to overcome gender inequality and to become economically emancipated. Thanks to these cooperatives, women can develop inter-organization relationships with men and other women and gain easier access to financial resources. Small-scale cooperatives can alter gendering in the long run, in favor of more gender equality and less marginalization of women. Our study responds to calls for more research on the informal economy in developing countries and brings further understanding to the effect of gendering in the Ugandan agricultural sector. We propose a theoretical framework with eight propositions bridging gendering, business relationship development, and empowerment and economic benefits. Our framework serves as a springboard for policy implications aimed at fostering gender equality in informal sectors in developing countries.

scholarly journals Design and experiment of self-propelled straw forage crop harvester

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 168781402110244
Author(s):  
Fuyang Tian ◽  
Kelai Xia ◽  
Jin Wang ◽  
Zhanhua Song ◽  
Yinfa Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Control Device ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Hydraulic Control ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Alfalfa Silage ◽  
Cutting Height

The harvesting straw feed crops (silage corn, alfalfa, herbaceous mulberry, etc.) was tedious, high-labor-cost, and large-nutrient-loss. A self-propelled straw forage crop harvester, which could realize the integration of cutting, flattening and modulating, chopping, and throwing straw forage crops, was designed. The cutting angle could freely be adjusted between 0° and 8°. The max rotation speed of the flattening roller could reach 590 r/min and could be adjusted consecutively by the hydraulic control device. To verify the performance of this machine, several harvesting experiments of alfalfa, silage corn, and herbaceous mulberry with different moisture, were carried out on this machine. During the experiment, the average working speed of the machine was 1.6 m/s, the cutting height was 40–80 mm, and the flattening rate was 97.14%. It is determined that the suitable cutting speed for harvesting alfalfa is 2131 r/min; the suitable cutting speed for harvesting silage corn is 836 r/min; the suitable cutting speed for harvesting herb mulberry is 1045 r/min. The design of the machine can not only improve labor productivity and reduce the nutrient loss of forage crop but also support the silage harvesting machinery and equipment for forage crop.

The “Surge Phenomenon” of Macro Economy in Developing Countries from the Perspective of Tobacco Economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-673
Author(s):  
Lulu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Objectives: Starting from the tobacco economy, this paper studies the “surge phenomenon” of macro-economy in developing countries. Methods: This paper studies the impact of tobacco industry on Anhui economy by using the relevant theories of industrial economics, econometrics and regulatory economics, combined with the actual situation of tobacco industry. Based on the analysis of the overall development of tobacco industry, this paper empirically analyzes the relationship between tobacco industry and Anhui economic growth. This paper combs the relevant literature of the existing research results of this theory. Combined with the special fact that government investment accounts for a large proportion in China’s current economic construction, this paper redefines the hypothesis of the investor in the theory of principles. On this basis, the expected equilibrium results of enterprise investment decision-making under government led and market led modes are compared and analyzed by using incomplete information static game model. Results: When the output value of tobacco industry increases by 1%, it will drive the GDP to increase by 0.373%. Secondly, by comparing the economic benefits of tobacco with the social costs of tobacco, it is found that with the economic development, the social costs caused by tobacco increase year by year, but the economic benefits are slightly greater than the social costs. The difference between the two is also increasing year by year. Conclusion: In the context of tobacco control, we should fully consider the advantages and disadvantages of developing the tobacco industry. Under the excessive intervention of the government, the manifestation of the surge phenomenon is more intense, and the final consequence of overcapacity is more serious than that under the market-oriented mode..

Responding to the increasing global demand for animal products: implications for the livelihoods of livestock producers in developing countries

2004 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Thomas ◽  
D. Rangnekar
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Global Demand

Livestock production currently accounts for some 40% of the gross value of world agricultural production, and its share is rising (FAO, 2002). Livestock production is the largest user of agricultural land; directly through grazing of pastures and indirectly through the production of forage crops and other feeds. Over the next 20 years, there will be a massive increase in demand for food of animal origin in developing countries, and this increase will be greater than for either the major cereals or roots and tubers (IFPRI, 1995; Delgado et al., 1999).

scholarly journals Contribution of livestock to food production in developing countries

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-206
Author(s):  
Hank Fitzhugh
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Agricultural Product ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Livestock Products

On a global basis, livestock products - meat, milk, eggs and fibre - account for 40% of the value of total marketed agricultural product. Animal products provide essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals to help ensure nutritionally balanced diets. In developing countries, livestock traction and manure also contribute to food production through improved cultivation and soil fertility which increase crop yields. On average, the proportional contribution of livestock product to dietary calories and protein in developed countries is double that for developing countries. Demand for livestock products is fuelled by the population increase, income growth and urbanisation in developing countries. Therefore, over the past decade, consumption of livestock product has sharply increased in developing countries, while slightly decreasing in developed countries where consumption is already relatively high on average. Increased demand in developing countries increases income for producers, but also stresses the environment through pollution, soil erosion, overgrazing and deforestation. Research involving global partnerships of scientists and institutes can help ensure that the increased demands for livestock product in developing countries will be met in economically feasible and environmentally sustainable ways.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) for mitigating nitrogen leaching losses from a winter grazed forage crop on a free draining soil in northern Southland.

2012 ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.C.Smith T.Orchiston R.M. Monaghan
Keyword(s):  
Porous Ceramic ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Brassica Crop ◽  
Ceramic Cups

Evidence suggests that the wintering of stock on forage crops is a significant contributor to N losses from livestock farming. Losses are likely to be exacerbated if crops are grown on shallow free-draining soils types and grazed by dairy cattle. A three-year trial (December 2008 - November 2011) was conducted in northern Southland on a soil classified as having severe vulnerability for nutrient leaching to groundwater. Porous ceramic cups were installed under a brassica crop which was grazed by dairy cows in June each year and the leachate collected regularly for N analysis. The treatments evaluated were with and without a single application of DCD applied at the time of crop grazing. Concentrations of nitrate-N in drainage water ranged from 40 mg/L in May 2011. Concentrations of dissolved organic N (DON) also increased from a low initial value (

scholarly journals ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВПЛИВУ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ НА СТАЛИЙ РОЗВИТОК РЕГІОНІВ

2021 ◽  
Vol 151 (5) ◽  
pp. 45-55
Author(s):  
Марина В. Поленкова
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Social Sustainability ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Regional Sustainability ◽  
Crop Area ◽  
The Impact

The article substantiates the relevance of sustainable development in modern business settings. The study provides calculation of indices of economic, environmental and social sustainability of regions in the 2017–2019 period along with suggesting an algorithm for a multifactor dynamic regression modeling method application. Within the scope of this research, the impact of agribusiness companies’ performances on economic, environmental and social sustainability of regions has been measured to integrate them as the key elements of aggregated indices of regional sustainable development. The greatest influence among the studied indicators on the economic, ecological and social sustainability of the region was revealed. To attain the research agenda, a methodological approach based on the calculation of indices and growth rates for relevant economic, social and environmental indicators has been employed. The findings reveal that the greatest impact on regional economic sustainability have the following indicators: total output of roots, tubers, vegetables and cucurbits produced by food manufacturing companies of all categories; the crop area for harvesting grain and grain legumes; total output of industrial crops; the area for forage crops harvesting. The greatest impact on environmental regional sustainability is attributed to the following indicators: the crop area for harvesting roots, tubers, vegetables and cucurbits; the area where the pesticides were applied. The greatest impact on social regional sustainability among all indicators under study has been demonstrated by the output of grain and grain legumes and the crop area for harvesting industrial crops. Based on the research findings, in the context of agribusiness strategic planning, the study provides a reasoned argument as to the critical need to adhere to the basic principles of sustainable development to ensure further socioeconomic growth in rural areas.

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