scholarly journals Design and experiment of self-propelled straw forage crop harvester

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 168781402110244
Author(s):  
Fuyang Tian ◽  
Kelai Xia ◽  
Jin Wang ◽  
Zhanhua Song ◽  
Yinfa Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Control Device ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Hydraulic Control ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Alfalfa Silage ◽  
Cutting Height

The harvesting straw feed crops (silage corn, alfalfa, herbaceous mulberry, etc.) was tedious, high-labor-cost, and large-nutrient-loss. A self-propelled straw forage crop harvester, which could realize the integration of cutting, flattening and modulating, chopping, and throwing straw forage crops, was designed. The cutting angle could freely be adjusted between 0° and 8°. The max rotation speed of the flattening roller could reach 590 r/min and could be adjusted consecutively by the hydraulic control device. To verify the performance of this machine, several harvesting experiments of alfalfa, silage corn, and herbaceous mulberry with different moisture, were carried out on this machine. During the experiment, the average working speed of the machine was 1.6 m/s, the cutting height was 40–80 mm, and the flattening rate was 97.14%. It is determined that the suitable cutting speed for harvesting alfalfa is 2131 r/min; the suitable cutting speed for harvesting silage corn is 836 r/min; the suitable cutting speed for harvesting herb mulberry is 1045 r/min. The design of the machine can not only improve labor productivity and reduce the nutrient loss of forage crop but also support the silage harvesting machinery and equipment for forage crop.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Factors and Sustainable Forage Crops Production in Turkey Aegean Region: A Multivariate Modeling

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 8061
Author(s):  
Celal Cevher ◽  
Bulent Altunkaynak
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Aegean Region ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Alfalfa Silage ◽  
Positive Effect

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics on sustainable forage crop production after forage crop subsidies. One of the innovative aspects of the study is the simultaneous modeling of alfalfa, silage corn and vetch production efficiency. For this, the multivariate linear regression model was used. In this way, the effect of socioeconomic characteristics on production is more clearly demonstrated by taking into account the dependency structure between forage crop production. For the study, 487 farmers in the Aegean region, where fodder crops can be produced throughout the year, were interviewed face-to-face and data were collected through a questionnaire. According to the results obtained, it was determined that the width of the land had a positive effect on the increase in alfalfa, silage corn, and vetch production. The number of animals was found to have a positive effect on alfalfa and silage maize production growth. The production of alfalfa was higher in rural farmers, and vetch production was higher in urban farmers. Farmers who do not have non-agricultural income focused on vetch production, and farmers with non-agricultural income focused on alfalfa production. It was seen that the majority of the farmers participating in the study were primary school graduates and lived in rural areas. In general, a significant increase was observed in the production of silage corn, vetch, and alfalfa, respectively. After the subsidies, it was concluded that this increase in the production of silage corn, vetch, and alfalfa was not at a level to meet the amount of forage crops needed by animal husbandry.

Maize silage and winter crop options to maximise drymatter and energy for NZ dairy systems

2006 ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Densley ◽  
G.M. Austin ◽  
I.D. Williams ◽  
R. Tsimba ◽  
G.O. Edmeades
Keyword(s):  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Maize Hybrid ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Feed Value ◽  
Winter Crop ◽  
Winter Crops ◽  
Silage Production

Trade-offs in dry matter (DM) and metabolisable energy (ME) between combinations of three maize silage hybrids varying in maturity from 100-113 CRM and six winter forage options were investigated in a Waikato farmer's field over 2 years. Winter crops were triticale, cut once; oats grazed 1-2 times; and Tama and Feast II Italian ryegrass, each cut or grazed 2-3 times. Greatest DM and ME production (38.9 t/ha; 396 GJ/ha) was from a 113 CRM hybrid followed by a single-cut triticale crop. The most economical sources of DM and ME were obtained from a 100 CRM maize hybrid plus grazed oats (11.8 c/ kg; 1.12 c/MJ), while the cheapest ME source among cut winter forages was a 113 CRM maize hybrid + triticale (1.18 c/MJ). Reliable annual silage production of 30 t DM/ha and 330 GJ ME/ha (or 3000 kg MS/ha) is possible using a late maturing maize hybrid combined with a winter forage crop such as triticale, although the low feed value of the triticale may limit its use as feed for milking cows. Keywords: Italian ryegrass, oats, maize silage, supplements, triticale, winter forage crops

scholarly journals The effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) for mitigating nitrogen leaching losses from a winter grazed forage crop on a free draining soil in northern Southland.

2012 ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.C.Smith T.Orchiston R.M. Monaghan
Keyword(s):  
Porous Ceramic ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Brassica Crop ◽  
Ceramic Cups

Evidence suggests that the wintering of stock on forage crops is a significant contributor to N losses from livestock farming. Losses are likely to be exacerbated if crops are grown on shallow free-draining soils types and grazed by dairy cattle. A three-year trial (December 2008 - November 2011) was conducted in northern Southland on a soil classified as having severe vulnerability for nutrient leaching to groundwater. Porous ceramic cups were installed under a brassica crop which was grazed by dairy cows in June each year and the leachate collected regularly for N analysis. The treatments evaluated were with and without a single application of DCD applied at the time of crop grazing. Concentrations of nitrate-N in drainage water ranged from 40 mg/L in May 2011. Concentrations of dissolved organic N (DON) also increased from a low initial value (

AN EVALUATION OF ALTAI WILD RYE, ELYMUS ANGUSTUS TRIN., AS A FORAGE CROP

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Lawrence ◽  
D. H. Heinrichs ◽  
R. B. Carson
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Intermediate Wheatgrass ◽  
Russian Wild Rye ◽  
Better Than

A study was conducted with Altai wild rye (Elymus angustus Trin.), Russian wild rye (Elymus junceus), crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), and intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium) on their relative merits as forage crops in the arid climate of Saskatchewan. The data show that Altai wild rye produced as much forage as Russian wild rye but less than crested wheatgrass and intermediate wheatgrass. However, it appeared to be less competitive with alfalfa than the other grasses in the test. The nutritive value of Altai wild rye was as good as or better than that of the other grasses; it excelled all of them in crude protein content throughout the season and contained about the same amount of fibre and fat at most stages of development; its ash content was higher than that of the other three grasses in 1954, a wet year, but only higher than the two wheatgrasses in 1957, a very dry year. Comparisons regarding palatability and digestibility suggest that Altai wild rye equals the better grasses in this respect. The study also indicates that nutritive value of grasses throughout the growing season varies much more in wet years when normal plant development occurs, than in dry years when growth is slow and sporadic.

The effectiveness of dicyandiamide in reducing nitrous oxide emissions from a cattle-grazed, winter forage crop in Southland, New Zealand

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 160 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Smith ◽  
C. A. M. de Klein ◽  
R. M. Monaghan ◽  
W. D. Catto
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Spring Period ◽  
Simulated Grazing

A study was conducted in Southland, New Zealand to: (i) measure nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and nitrate (NO3–-N) leaching losses from a cattle-grazed, winter forage crop; and (ii) quantify the effect of dicyandiamide (DCD) in reducing these losses. Drainage losses were measured for 12 months (December 2005–November 2006) from a December-sown kale crop using 12 hydrologically isolated drainage plots at the Woodlands Research Station. N2O emissions were measured for 6 months (June–November) following simulated grazing of the crop in mid-June. N2O emissions from the bare ground following grazing of the crop amounted to 3.6 kg nitrogen (N)/ha for the winter–spring period. This figure is higher than that measured for pasture on the same soil type over a similar period. DCD application significantly reduced N2O emissions for the whole crop area by 25% over this period and reduced the N2O emission factor for urine by 54%. DCD application increased the length of time mineral N (0–10 cm soil depth) was maintained in the ammonium form and significantly reduced soil NO3–-N levels for 6 weeks following the simulated grazing. Annual NO3–-N losses in drainage under this winter forage crop were relatively high at 79 kg N/ha.year, with the majority of this (67%) being lost over the wet summer months (December–January rainfall 434 mm or 200% of normal) during crop growth. The application of DCD following the grazing resulted in a 47% decrease in NO3–-N leached over the winter–spring period (26 kg N/ha v. 14 kg N/ha) with this equating to a 29% decrease over the full 12-month measurement period. This study suggested that winter forage crops are major contributors to N losses from livestock farming systems in Southland and that DCD application following the grazing of such crops by cattle can significantly reduce N2O emissions and leaching N losses.

Evaluating the accuracy of the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) simulating growth, development, and herbage nutritive characteristics of forage crops grown in the south-eastern dairy regions of Australia

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Pembleton ◽  
R. P. Rawnsley ◽  
J. L. Jacobs ◽  
F. J. Mickan ◽  
G. N. O'Brien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Crop Phenology ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Forage Rape ◽  
Agricultural Production Systems ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Pasture-based dairy farms are a complex system involving interactions between soils, pastures, forage crops, and livestock as well as the economic and social aspects of the business. Consequently, biophysical and farm systems models are becoming important tools to study pasture-based dairy systems. However, there is currently a paucity of modelling tools available for the simulation of one key component of the system—forage crops. This study evaluated the accuracy of the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) in simulating dry matter (DM) yield, phenology, and herbage nutritive characteristics of forage crops grown in the dairy regions of south-eastern Australia. Simulation results were compared with data for forage wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), forage rape (Brassica napus L.), forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), and maize (Zea mays L.) collated from previous field research and demonstration activities undertaken across the dairy regions of south-eastern Australia. This study showed that APSIM adequately predicted the DM yield of forage crops, as evidenced by the range of values for the coefficient of determination (0.58–0.95), correlation coefficient (0.76–0.94), and bias correction factor (0.97–1.00). Crop phenology for maize, forage wheat, and oats was predicted with similar accuracy to forage crop DM yield, whereas the phenology of forage rape and forage sorghum was poorly predicted (R2 values 0.38 and 0.80, correlation coefficient 0.62 and –0.90, and bias correction factors 0.67 and 0.28, respectively). Herbage nutritive characteristics for all crop species were poorly predicted. While the selection of a model to explore an aspect of agricultural production will depend on the specific problem being addressed, the performance of APSIM in simulating forage crop DM yield and, in many cases, crop phenology, coupled with its ease of use, open access, and science-based mechanistic methods of simulating agricultural and crop processes, makes it an ideal model for exploring the influence of management and environment on forage crops grown on dairy farms in south-eastern Australia. Potential future model developments and improvements are discussed in the context of the results of this validation analysis.

scholarly journals Opportunities to decrease the water quality impact of spring forage crops on dairy farms

2012 ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
S.J. Dennis ◽  
R.W. Mcdowell ◽  
D.R. Stevens ◽  
D. Dalley
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Rate Data ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Farm Profitability ◽  
Water Quality Impact

Currently spring forage crops are used to manage late calving cows on the dairy platform, protect spring pasture from pugging damage, and allow the animals to feed on a mix of brassica and pasture to transition to a pasture-based diet. In addition, like winter forage crops, they could contribute considerable water quality contaminants via surface runoff. However, it may be possible to manage farms without spring forage crops. Two Southland dairy farms were used to show: 1) flowweighted mean concentrations of many water quality contaminants in surface runoff from a spring-grazed forage crop were similar to those found in studies of winter-grazed forage crops; and 2) that, using growth rate data for 2007-2012, in no year was the modelled forage crop beneficial from a feed supply perspective, and in all years the farms had similar financial performances and fewer feed deficits under all-grass management. Hence, good pasture management (e.g. avoiding treading damage using a stand-off pad and short grazing times) may negate the need for a spring forage crop, decreasing contaminant losses while not impairing farm profitability. Keywords: surface runoff, transition diet, water quality, winter forage crop.

scholarly journals Chicory for milk production

1998 ◽  
pp. 33-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.D. Waugh ◽  
D.A. Clark ◽  
S.L. Harris ◽  
E.R. Thom ◽  
P.J.A. Copeman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Cichorium Intybus ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Research Corporation

The 1997-98 season has seen a marked increase in the amount of chicory planted on dairy farms in New Zealand. However, no New Zealand data are available for milk production from dairy cows grazing chicory. As part of a larger trial examining the effect of summer forage crops on milk production, Grasslands Puna chicory was compared with Barkant turnips. In January and March 1998, grazing trials were conducted at No.1 Dairy, Dairying Research Corporation using 60 lactating twin cows. In January, chicory and turnips were break-fed at a constant allowance (4 kg DM/cow/ day) to supplement pasture offered at 3 allowances (15, 27.5 and 40 kg DM/cow/day). In March, these crops were fed at 3 levels (0, 4 and 8 kg DM/cow/ day) to supplement pasture offered at a constant allowance of 25 kg DM/cow/day. Chicory and turnips gave similar milksolids (MS) responses of 40-41 g MS/kg DM offered in January. Milksolids responses in March were higher for turnips, 34 g MS/kg DM vs 32 g MS/kg DM from chicory. In January and March the size of the milksolids response declined with increasing allowance. This could be attributed to an increasing amount of substitution at higher allowances. Chicory produced between 8.8 and 13.8 t DM/ha from 4 October to 10 March, offering a high quality summer-autumn forage crop and improved milk production when supplemented with pasture. Keywords: chicory, Cichorium intybus, pasture allowance, dairy cows, milk production, forage crops, turnips, milksolids

CHEESE-RIPENING STUDIES: THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTS ON THE ACID PRODUCTION OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA

1936 ◽  
Vol 14b (5) ◽  
pp. 139-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfrid Sadler ◽  
Blythe Alfred Eagles ◽  
John Francis Bowen ◽  
Alexander James Wood
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Vital Activity ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Cheese Ripening ◽  
Streptococcus Cremoris ◽  
Broth Enrichment

The influence of different extracts on the acid production of two strains of Streptococcus cremoris and two of Betacoccus cremoris isolated from Kingston cheese has been studied.The enriching entity has no effect on acid production by Streptococci in sugar broth. Enrichment with yeast or alfalfa extract causes not only a marked increase in the acid production by Betacocci, but also a definite stimulating effect on the rate of acid production.Enriching milk with yeast or alfalfa extract has a marked stimulating effect on the vital activity of the Betacocci and of Streptococcus EMB1173, but is without influence on Streptococcus EMB1195. The response of culture EMB1173 is immediate and direct, but in the case of cultures EMB2168 and EMB2173 the action of the enriching entity is cumulative in its effect. Alfalfa extract would appear to provide, in the case of Betacoccus EMB2173, a stimulating influence not to be found in yeast extract.The influence of other forage crop enrichments on rate of acid production has also been studied. The factor or factors present in alfalfa and shown to exert a stimulating influence on the vital activity of the organisms are to be found to some extent in all forage crops investigated.

Design and Test of Auxiliary Harvesting Device of Apple

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Wu ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Qun Sun ◽  
Ying Zhao ◽  
Laigang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Control Device ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Motor Speed ◽  
Fruit Damage

Background: In the production process of apple orchard, the labor that needed by apple harvest accounts about 40% of the whole production process. Objective: The auxiliary device of apple harvest was designed to improve production efficiency and reduce labor cost. Methods: This device was composed of four parts: fruit collecting mechanism, horizontal conveying mechanism, vertical conveying mechanism and rotary packing mechanism, which assist farmers in finishing the process from picking to packaging apples. Simulation analysis and fruit damage analysis were carried out by SolidWorks, fruit damage included three types: Single collision, Overlapping collision and Multi-zone collision. Results: In the experiment, PID algorithm was employed to control device operate accurately. And when the motor speed were 52 r/min, 56 r/min, 60 r/min, the collection efficiency were 4900apples/h, 5300 apples/h, 5700 apples/h and the fruit damage rates were 4%, 5%, 8%. Conclusion: The experimental results indicated that compared with the manual operation and visual recognition-based picking robots this device’s production efficiency was improving without increasing the fruit damage rate.

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