scholarly journals High-Temperature Hay Biochar Application into Soil Increases N2O Fluxes

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Escuer-Gatius ◽  
Merrit Shanskiy ◽  
Kaido Soosaar ◽  
Alar Astover ◽  
Henn Raave
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Cattle Slurry ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Production Temperature ◽  
N2o Fluxes

Biochar has been proposed as an amendment that can improve soil conditions, increase harvest yield, and reduce N losses through NO3− leaching and N2O emissions. We conducted an experiment to test the hay biochar mitigation effect on N2O emissions depending on its production temperature. The pot experiment consisted of the soil amendment with three different production temperature biochars (300 °C, 550 °C, 850 °C) alone and in combination with three different organic fertilizers (cattle slurry, slurry digestate, vinasse), in growth chamber conditions. The effects of biochar and fertilizer were both significant, but the interaction biochar:fertilizer was not. The amendment with the three fertilizer types and with the highest production temperature biochar resulted in significantly higher cumulative N2O fluxes. Biochar did not show a mitigation effect on N2O emissions when applied with organic fertilizer. Cumulative emissions were higher with biochar addition, with increasing emissions for increasing biochar production temperature. Our results support the idea that biochar cannot be considered as a universal tool for the reduction of N2O emissions.

scholarly journals Short-term effects of biogas digestate and cattle slurry application on greenhouse gas emissions from high organic carbon grasslands

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 5765-5809 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Eickenscheidt ◽  
A. Freibauer ◽  
J. Heinichen ◽  
J. Augustin ◽  
M. Drösler
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Cattle Slurry ◽  
Closed Chamber ◽  
Chamber Method ◽  
Biogas Digestate ◽  
N2o Fluxes

Abstract. The change in the German energy policy resulted in a strong development of biogas plants in Germany. As a consequence, huge amounts of nutrient rich residues remain from the fermentative process, which are used as organic fertilizers. Drained peatlands are increasingly used to satisfy the huge demand for fermentative substrates and the digestate is returned to the peatlands. However, drained organic soils are considered as hot spots for nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and organic fertilization is additionally known to increase N2O emissions from managed grasslands. Our study addressed the questions (a) to what extent biogas digestate and cattle slurry application increase N2O, methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3) fluxes as well as the mineral nitrogen use efficiency (NUEmin), and (b) how different soil organic matter contents (SOM) promote the production of N2O. The study was conducted at two areas within a grassland parcel, which differed in their soil organic carbon (SOC) contents. At each area (named Corg-medium and Corg-high) two sites were established, one was fertilized five times with biogas digestate and one with cattle slurry. For each treatment, fluxes of N2O and CH4 were measured over two years using the closed chamber method. For NH3 measurements we used the calibrated dynamic chamber method. On an annual basis the application of biogas digestate significantly enhanced the N2O fluxes compared to the application of cattle slurry and additionally increased the NUEmin. Furthermore, N2O fluxes from the Corg-high site significantly exceeded N2O fluxes from the Corg-medium sites. Annual cumulative emissions ranged from 0.91 ± 0.49 kg N ha−1 yr−1 to 3.14 ± 0.91 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Significantly different CH4 fluxes between the investigated treatments or the different soil types were not observed. Cumulative annual CH4 exchange rates varied between −0.21 ± 0.19 kg C ha−1 yr−1 and −1.06 ± 0.46 kg C ha−1 yr−1. Significantly higher NH3 losses from treatments fertilized with biogas digestate compared to those fertilized with cattle slurry were observed. The total NH3 losses following splash plate application were 18.17 kg N ha−1 for the digestate treatments and 3.48 kg N ha−1 for the slurry treatments (36% and 15% of applied NH4+-N). The observed linear increase of 16 days cumulative N2O-N exchange or rather annual N2O emissions, due to a higher mean groundwater level and a higher application rate of NH4+-N, reveal the importance of site adapted N fertilization and the avoidance of N surpluses in Corg rich grasslands.

scholarly journals Short-term effects of biogas digestate and cattle slurry application on greenhouse gas emissions affected by N availability from grasslands on drained fen peatlands and associated organic soils

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 6187-6207 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Eickenscheidt ◽  
A. Freibauer ◽  
J. Heinichen ◽  
J. Augustin ◽  
M. Drösler
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Cattle Slurry ◽  
Chamber Method ◽  
Biogas Digestate ◽  
N2o Fluxes

Abstract. A change in German energy policy has resulted in a strong increase in the number of biogas plants in Germany. As a consequence, huge amounts of nutrient-rich residues, the by-products of the fermentative process, are used as organic fertilizers. Drained peatlands are increasingly used to satisfy the huge demand for fermentative substrates (e.g., energy crops, grass silage) and the digestate is returned to the peatlands. However, drained organic soils are considered as hot spots for nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and organic fertilization is additionally known to increase N2O emissions from managed grasslands. Our study addressed the questions (a) to what extent biogas digestate and cattle slurry application increase N2O and methane (CH4) fluxes as well as the mineral nitrogen use efficiency (NUEmin) and grass yield, and (b) how different soil organic matter contents (SOMs) and nitrogen contents promote the production of N2O. In addition NH3 volatilization was determined at one application event to obtain first clues with respect to the effects of soil and fertilizer types. The study was conducted at two sites within a grassland parcel, which differed in their soil organic carbon (SOC) and N contents. At each site (named Corg-medium and Corg-high) three plots were established: one was fertilized five times with biogas digestate, one with cattle slurry, and the third served as control plot. On each plot, fluxes of N2O and CH4 were measured on three replicates over 2 years using the closed chamber method. For NH3 measurements we used the calibrated dynamic chamber method. On an annual basis, the application of biogas digestate significantly enhanced the N2O fluxes compared to the application of cattle slurry and additionally increased the plant N-uptake and NUEmin. Furthermore, N2O fluxes from the Corg-high treatments significantly exceeded N2O fluxes from the Corg-medium treatments. Annual cumulative emissions ranged from 0.91 ± 0.49 to 3.14 ± 0.91 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Significantly different CH4 fluxes between the investigated treatments or the different soil types were not observed. Cumulative annual CH4 exchange rates varied between −0.21 ± 0.19 and −1.06 ± 0.46 kg C ha−1 yr−1. Significantly higher NH3 losses, NUEmin and grass yields from treatments fertilized with biogas digestate compared to those fertilized with cattle slurry were observed. The total NH3 losses following the splash plate application were 18.17 kg N ha−1 for the digestate treatments and 3.48 kg N ha−1 for the slurry treatments (36 and 15% of applied NH4+–N). The observed linear increase of 16 days' cumulative N2O–N exchange or annual N2O emissions, with mean groundwater level and ammonium application rate, reveals the importance of site-adapted N fertilization and the avoidance of N surpluses in Corg-rich grasslands.

scholarly journals Spatial and temporal variability of nitrous oxide emissions in a mixed farming landscape of Denmark

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2989-3002 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Schelde ◽  
P. Cellier ◽  
T. Bertolini ◽  
T. Dalgaard ◽  
T. Weidinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N2o Production ◽  
Mixed Farming ◽  
N2o Fluxes

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural land are variable at the landscape scale due to variability in land use, management, soil type, and topography. A field experiment was carried out in a typical mixed farming landscape in Denmark, to investigate the main drivers of variations in N2O emissions, measured using static chambers. Measurements were made over a period of 20 months, and sampling was intensified during two weeks in spring 2009 when chambers were installed at ten locations or fields to cover different crops and topography and slurry was applied to three of the fields. N2O emissions during spring 2009 were relatively low, with maximum values below 20 ng N m−2 s−1. This applied to all land use types including winter grain crops, grasslands, meadows, and wetlands. Slurry application to wheat fields resulted in short-lived two-fold increases in emissions. The moderate N2O fluxes and their moderate response to slurry application were attributed to dry soil conditions due to the absence of rain during the four previous weeks. Cumulative annual emissions from two arable fields that were both fertilized with mineral fertilizer and manure were large (17 kg N2O-N ha−1 yr−1 and 5.5 kg N2O-N ha−1 yr−1) during the previous year when soil water conditions were favourable for N2O production during the first month following fertilizer application. Our findings confirm the importance of weather conditions as well as nitrogen management on N2O fluxes.

scholarly journals Review of key causes and sources for N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and NO<sub>3</sub>-leaching from organic arable crop rotations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sissel Hansen ◽  
Randi Berland Frøseth ◽  
Maria Stenberg ◽  
Jarosław Stalenga ◽  
Jørgen E. Olesen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Catch Crops ◽  
Arable Crop ◽  
N2o Fluxes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and leaching of nitrate (NO3) have considerable negative impacts on climate and the environment. Although these environmental burdens are on average less per unit area in organic than in non-organic production, they are not smaller per unit of product. If organic farming is to maintain its goal of being an environmentally friendly production system, these emissions should be mitigated. We discuss the impact of possible triggers within organic arable farming practice for the risk of N2O emissions and NO3 leaching under European climatic conditions, and possible strategies to reduce these. Organic arable crop rotations can be characterised as diverse with frequent use of legumes, intercropping and organic fertilizers. The soil organic matter content and share of active organic matter, microbial and faunal activity are higher, soil structure better and yields lower, than in non-organic, arable crop rotations. Soil mineral nitrogen (SMN), N2O emissions and NO3 leaching are low under growing crops, but there is high potential for SMN accumulation and losses after crop termination or crop harvest. The risk for high N2O fluxes is increased when large amounts of herbage or organic fertilizers with readily available nitrogen (N) and carbon are incorporated into the soil or left on the surface. Freezing/thawing, drying/rewetting, compacted and/or wet soil and mixing with rotary harrow further enhance the risk for high N2O fluxes. These complex soil N dynamics mask the correlation between total N-input and N2O emissions from organic arable crop rotations. Incorporation of N rich plant residues or mechanical weeding followed by bare fallow increases the risk of nitrate leaching. In contrast, strategic use of deep-rooted crops with long growing seasons in the rotation reduces nitrate leaching risk. Reduced tillage can reduce N leaching if yields are maintained. Targeted treatment and use of herbage from green manures, crop residues and catch crops will increase N efficiency and reduce N2O emissions and NO3 leaching. Continued regular use of catch crops has the potential to reduce NO3 leaching but may enhance N2O emissions. A mixture of legumes and non-legumes (for instance grasses or cereals) are as efficient a catch crop as monocultures of non-legume species.

scholarly journals Pakchoi Antioxidant Improvement and Differential Rhizobacterial Community Composition under Organic Fertilization

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2424
Author(s):  
Jianli Liao ◽  
Jun Ye ◽  
Yun Liang ◽  
Muhammad Khalid ◽  
Danfeng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Organic Fertilization

A high level of antioxidants in organic-produced vegetables has been attributed to soil conditions; however, little is known about the relationships between antioxidants and rhizobacteria under different fertilization treatments. A pot trial for pakchoi (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis L.) was conducted under greenhouse conditions with: (1) control; (2) chemical fertilizer; and (3) organic fertilizer. The responses of the plant, soil properties, and rhizobacterial community were measured after 45 days of cultivation. Fertilization increased soil nutrient levels and pakchoi productivity and the reshaped rhizobacterial community structure, while no differences in rhizobacterial abundance and total diversity were observed. Generally, most plant antioxidants were negatively correlated with inorganic nitrogen (N) and positively correlated to organic N in soil. The genera of Arthrospira and Acutodesmus contained differential rhizobacteria under chemical fertilizer treatment, which are known as copiotrophs. In addition, the addition of a chemical fertilizer may stimulate organic substance turnover by the enrichment of organic compound degraders (e.g., Microbacterium and Chitinophaga) and the promotion of predicted functional pathways involved in energy metabolism. Several beneficial rhizobacteria were associated with organic fertilizer amended rhizosphere including the genera Bacillus, Mycobacterium, Actinomycetospora, and Frankia. Furthermore, Bacillus spp. were positively correlated with plant biomass and phenolic acid. Moreover, predictive functional profiles of the rhizobacterial community involved in amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism were significantly increased under organic fertilization, which were positively correlated with plant antioxidant activity. Overall, our study suggests that the short-term application of chemical and organic fertilizers reshapes the rhizobacterial community structure, and such changes might contribute to the plant’s performance.

Robusta Coffee Growth Response to Application of Various Liquid Organic Fertilizers in Replacing C-Organic and N-Total Soil

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-40
Author(s):  
Siti Mutmainah
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Robusta Coffee ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Export Volume

The Ministry of Agriculture through the Agricultural Quarantine Agency (2019) stated that Robusta coffee has contributed 41% of the country's foreign exchange, with an average export frequency of 102 times per month, and will continue to increase. In connection with the growth in export volume of robusta coffee, coffee farmers need additional substances for the soil in the form of nutrients to be able to meet the soil nutrient needs for coffee from planting to harvest. Organic fertilizer in liquid form is one type of fertilizer that can be an option, in addition to facilitating nutrient absorption. This study aims to determine the response of various liquid organic fertilizers at certain concentrations to the vegetative growth of robusta coffee. The content of C-organic and total Nitogen in the soil which has been given the addition of gamal liquid organic fertilizer and tofu wastewater with the addition of citronella can provide a very significant difference in the vegetative growth of robusta coffee plants at the age of 60 HSP at plant height, and 90 HSP in diameter. stem and number of leaves (strands). Based on the results of laboratory tests carried out, it was also known that the macro and micro nutrient content in the soil with the addition of poc of tofu wastewater which was given citronella had a good content compared to the control and soil conditions with the addition of gamal liquid organic fertilizer.

scholarly journals Effect of Nitrification Inhibitors on N2O Emissions after Cattle Slurry Application

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Herr ◽  
Thomas Mannheim ◽  
Torsten Müller ◽  
Reiner Ruser
Keyword(s):  
Management Practice ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Cattle Slurry ◽  
Closed Chamber ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
N2o Fluxes

Cattle slurry injection (INJ) has shown to be an efficient measure to reduce ammonia (NH3) losses from soils but it might also significantly increase nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, which can dominate the total greenhouse gas (GHG) release in silage maize production (Zea mays L.). Nitrification inhibitors (NIs) are known for their potential to mitigate N2O. Therefore, we tested the effect of NIs added to cattle slurry before INJ on N2O fluxes from a Haplic Luvisol under silage maize in southwest Germany. We determined N2O fluxes at least weekly, with the closed chamber method over two full years. NIs differ in their chemical and physical behavior and we therefore tested a range of commercially available NIs: 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate, 3,4-dimethylpyrazol succinic acid, a mixture of both, nitrapyrin, dicyandiamide, and 1,2,4 triazol and 3-methylpyrazol. Although not significant, INJ treatments with NI showed lower mean annual N2O emissions than the INJ treatment without NI in the 1st year. The emission reduction by NI of 46% in the 2nd year was statistically significant. In both years, we did not find any difference in N2O release, crop yield, or nitrogen removal between the different NI treatments. In the 1st year, which was extraordinary dry and warm, emission factors (EFs) for all INJ treatments were 4 to 8-fold higher than default EF from the IPCC. Even in the 2nd year, only three NI treatments reached EFs within the range provided by the IPCC. Direct N2O accounted for between 81 and 91% of the total GHG emission. Area- and yield-related GHG emission of the broadcast application with subsequent incorporation was in both years in the statistical class with lowest emission. In contrast, INJ with NIs showed similar GHG emissions in only one year, and consequently, incorporation was found to be the optimum management practice for livestock farmers in our study region.

scholarly journals Nitrous Oxide Emission from Organic Fertilizer and Controlled Release Fertilizer in Tea Fields

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meihua Deng ◽  
Mudan Hou ◽  
Naoko Ohkama-Ohtsu ◽  
Tadashi Yokoyama ◽  
Haruo Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
Green Tea ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Closed Chamber ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizers

A field experiment was conducted for 2 years in Green Tea Laboratory of Saitama Prefectural Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, Iruma, Saitama, Japan from March 2014 to December 2015. Controlled release fertilizers (CRF) or organic fertilizers (ORG) which is the mixture of chicken manure and oil cakewere applied with the amount of 450 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in 2014 and 397 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in 2015. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissionsfrom soil in green tea fields were measured by closed chamber method. The results showed that CRF has significantly lower N2O compared to ORG. The cumulative N2O emissions from CRF accounted for 51% of N2O emissions from ORG fields and 138% of control with no fertilizer treatment. The N2O flux from the row was higher than that of under the canopy, since fertilizer were applied on the row. However the total emission from the area between the rows was lower than that under the canopy because of the area ratio of row and canopy was 1:5.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PEMBERIAN BAHAN ORGANIK TERHADAP SIFAT KIMIA PADA TANAH SAWAH TERDEGRADASI DI KECAMATAN PANTAI LABU KABUPATEN DELI SERDANG

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-208
Author(s):  
Salman Alfarisi ◽  
Deni Elfiati ◽  
Abdul Rauf
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Panicle Length ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Before And After ◽  
North Sumatra

Organic fertilizers provide an advantage in increasing the growth and yield and can reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers. The study aims to analyze the land rehabilitation efforts relegated to improve the properties of the fields of chemistry, physics, and biology of the soil, with compare paddy soil conditions before and after rehabilitation. thereby increasing the productivity of rice in the District of Pantai Labu. The research was conducted in Durian, District, Pantai Labu, Deli Serdang, North Sumatra in April 2017 to July 2017. The study was arranged in a randomized block design (RAK) non-factorial experiment with five treatments and four replications. The treatments used are B0 = Control, B1 = 1.5%, B2 = 3%, B3 = 4.5%, B4 = 6%. The results showed that organic fertilizer can increase plant growth indicated by an increase in plant height. Organic fertilizers also increase the number of productive tillers, panicle length. Organic fertilizers also increase the number of grains per panicle and filled the grain.

scholarly journals The farmer empowerment to reduce the chemical risk poisoning through liquid organic fertilizers usage

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-349
Author(s):  
Charloq ◽  
Eka Lestari Mahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Strong Basis ◽  
Agricultural Growth ◽  
Farming Community ◽  
Fertile Leaf

The high frequency of chemicals use such as fertilizers and pesticides in intercropping planting patterns giving farmers a high risk of poisoning exposure. This devotion applies the appropriate technology in organic ponds to produce Liquid Organic Fertilizer (POC). The use of POC is horticultural farmers empowered which is useful for improving poor organic soil conditions and producing organic products with the object of chili and vegetable crops. POC applied to soil and plants can increase agricultural growth and production, thus providing a strong basis for farmers to reduce chemical use. The results of the treatment were observed through plant growth and production, accompanied by intensive assistance, as innovations applied in this PPM activity. The resulting output is the effectiveness of POC which is applied to chili and vegetable crops. Empowerment activities show a significant development in which soil conditions become more fertile, leaf thickness increases and becomes greener, plant stems are stronger, pest and disease attacks can be suppressed. This community dedication is very beneficial for the farming community and helps in creating healthy farmers and the environment.

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