scholarly journals Toward a Sustainable Agriculture Through Plant Biostimulants: From Experimental Data to Practical Applications

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youssef Rouphael ◽  
Giuseppe Colla
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Sustainable Agriculture ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Protein Hydrolysate ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Application Procedure ◽  
Wide Range

Modern agriculture increasingly demands an alternative to synthetic chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) in order to respond to the changes in international law and regulations, but also consumers’ needs for food without potentially toxic residues. Microbial (arbuscular mycorrhizal and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: Azotobacter, Azospirillum and Rizhobium spp.) and non-microbial (humic substances, silicon, animal- and vegetal-based protein hydrolysate and macro- and micro-algal extracts) biostimulants represent a sustainable and effective alternative or complement for their synthetic counterparts, bringing benefits to the environment, biodiversity, human health and economy. The Special Issue “Toward a sustainable agriculture through plant biostimulants: from experimental data to practical applications” compiles 34 original research articles, 4 review papers and 1 brief report covering the implications of microbial and non-microbial biostimulants for improving seedling growth and crop performance, nutrient use efficiency and quality of the produce as well as enhancing the tolerance/resistance to a wide range of abiotic stresses in particular salinity, drought, nutrient deficiency and high temperature. The present compilation of high standard scientific papers on principles and practices of plant biostimulants will foster knowledge transfer among researchers, fertilizer and biostimulant industries, stakeholders, extension specialists and farmers, and it will enable a better understanding of the physiological and molecular mechanisms and application procedure of biostimulants in different cropping systems.

scholarly journals Microalgae: New Source of Plant Biostimulants

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Colla ◽  
Youssef Rouphael
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Agronomic Crops ◽  
Nutrient Use ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Innovative Products

Biostimulant manufacturers have developed innovative products targeting specific agronomic needs, hence attracting the attention of the scientific community, extension specialists, and industry stakeholders including policymakers and crop producers. Microalgae acquire a broad economic value in the production of nutrient dense food and supplementary diet produce, in addition to their high importance in biofuel production and wastewater bioremediation. Recently, microalgae, which comprise blue-green algae (eukaryotic and prokaryotic cyanobacteria), have gained prominence as biostimulant products due to their potential to increase germination, seedling growth, plant growth, productivity, nutrient use efficiency, as well as tolerance to a wide range of abiotic stresses (salinity, drought, sub- and supra-optimal temperatures, and heavy metals contamination). Although it is well established that green and blue-green algae produce several bioactive and signaling molecules active on horticultural and agronomic crops, their targeted applications in plant science are still in their infancy stage. The aim of this editorial paper is to provide an updated overview of this far-reaching new category of plant biostimulants and the possible physiological and molecular mechanisms behind the biostimulatory action based on the recent scientific literature. Finally, this editorial paper identifies the main bottlenecks that hamper market introduction and farmers from reaping the full benefit of microalgae-based biostimulants; it also pinpoints the future relevant areas of microalgae research to enhance the biostimulant action of microalgal extracts in agriculture.

scholarly journals The Atlas of Inflammation-Resolution (AIR)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles N. Serhan ◽  
Shailendra Gupta ◽  
Mauro Perretti ◽  
Catherine Godson ◽  
Eoin Brennan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Bioinformatics Analyses ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inflammation Resolution

AbstractAcute inflammation is a protective reaction by the immune system in response to invading pathogens or tissue damage. Ideally, the response should be localized, self-limited, and returning to homeostasis. If not resolved, acute inflammation can result in organ pathologies leading to chronic inflammatory phenotypes. Acute inflammation and inflammation resolution are complex coordinated processes, involving a number of cell types, interacting in space and time. The biomolecular complexity and the fact that several biomedical fields are involved, make a multi and interdisciplinary approach necessary.This Atlas of Inflammation Resolution (AIR) is a web-based resource capturing the state-of-the-art in acute inflammation and inflammation resolution research. The AIR provides an interface for users to search thousands of interactions, arranged in inter-connected multi-layers of process diagrams, covering a wide range of clinically relevant phenotypes. The AIR serves as an open access knowledgebase, including a gateway to numerous public databases. It is furthermore possible for the user to map experimental data onto the molecular interaction maps of the AIR, providing the basis for bioinformatics analyses and systems biology approaches. By mapping experimental data onto the Atlas, it can be used to elucidate drug action as well as molecular mechanisms underlying different disease phenotypes. For the visualization and exploration of information, the AIR uses the Minerva platform, which is a well-established tool for the presentation of disease maps. The molecular details of the AIR are encoded using international standards.The Atlas of Inflammation Resolution was created as a freely accessible resource, supporting research and education in the fields of acute inflammation and inflammation resolution. The AIR connects research communities, facilitates clinical decision making, and supports research scientists in the formulation and validation of hypotheses.

scholarly journals Prospects for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops Utilizing Phyto- and Bio-Stimulants

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidhi Rai ◽  
Shashi Pandey Rai ◽  
Birinchi Kumar Sarma
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Protein Hydrolysate ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions

Environmental stressors such as salinity, drought, high temperature, high rainfall, etc. have already demonstrated the negative impacts on plant growth and development and thereby limiting productivity of the crops. Therefore, in the time to come, more sustainable efforts are required in agricultural practices to ensure food production and security under such adverse environmental conditions. A most promising and eco-friendly way to achieve this goal would be to apply biostimulants to address the environmental concerns. Non-microbial biostimulants such as humic substances (HA), protein hydrolysate, plant-based products and seaweed extracts (SWE), etc. and/or microbial inoculants comprising of plant growth-promoting microbes such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), fluorescent and non-fluorescent Pseudomonas, Trichoderma spp., Bacillus spp. etc. have tremendous potentiality to enhance plant growth, flowering, crop productivity, nutrient use efficiency (NUE) and translocation, as well as enhancing tolerance to a wide range of abiotic stresses by modifying physiological, biological and biochemical processes of the crop-plants. Similarly, application techniques and timing are also important to achieve the desired results. In this article we discussed the prospects of using seaweed, microbial, and plant-based biostimulants either individually or in combination for managing environmental stresses to achieve food security in a sustainable way. Particular attention was given to the modifications that take place in plant's physiology under adverse environmental conditions and how different biostimulants re-program the host's physiology to withstand such stresses. Additionally, we also discussed how application of biostimulants can overcome the issue of nutrient deficiency in agricultural lands and improve their use efficiency by crop plants.

scholarly journals Asymptotic Properties of MSE Estimate for the False Discovery Rate Controlling Procedures in Multiple Hypothesis Testing

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1913
Author(s):  
Sofia Palionnaya ◽  
Oleg Shestakov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
False Discovery Rate ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Asymptotic Properties ◽  
Multiple Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
False Discovery ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean

Problems with analyzing and processing high-dimensional random vectors arise in a wide variety of areas. Important practical tasks are economical representation, searching for significant features, and removal of insignificant (noise) features. These tasks are fundamentally important for a wide class of practical applications, such as genetic chain analysis, encephalography, spectrography, video and audio processing, and a number of others. Current research in this area includes a wide range of papers devoted to various filtering methods based on the sparse representation of the obtained experimental data and statistical procedures for their processing. One of the most popular approaches to constructing statistical estimates of regularities in experimental data is the procedure of multiple testing of hypotheses about the significance of observations. In this paper, we consider a procedure based on the false discovery rate (FDR) measure that controls the expected percentage of false rejections of the null hypothesis. We analyze the asymptotic properties of the mean-square error estimate for this procedure and prove the statements about the asymptotic normality of this estimate. The obtained results make it possible to construct asymptotic confidence intervals for the mean-square error of the FDR method using only the observed data.

A New Detector System For The HB5 Stem Instrument

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 134-135
Author(s):  
J.M. Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Dark Field ◽  
Detector System ◽  
Electron Holography ◽  
Small Specimen ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Multiple Images ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Operational Modes

The HB5 STEM instrument at ASU has been modified previously to include an efficient two-dimensional detector incorporating an optical analyser device and also a digital system for the recording of multiple images. The detector system was built to explore a wide range of possibilities including in-line electron holography, the observation and recording of diffraction patterns from very small specimen regions (having diameters as small as 3Å) and the formation of both bright field and dark field images by detection of various portions of the diffraction pattern. Experience in the use of this system has shown that sane of its capabilities are unique and valuable. For other purposes it appears that, while the principles of the operational modes may be verified, the practical applications are limited by the details of the initial design.

LIQUIDUS THERMO-BAROMETER FOR THE MODELING OF MAGNETITE — MELT EQUILIBRIUM

2018 ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
N. S. Aryaeva ◽  
E. V. Koptev-Dvornikov ◽  
D. A. Bychkov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Liquidus Temperature ◽  
Vertical Structure ◽  
Maximum Error ◽  
Silicate Melt ◽  
System Of Equations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Basaltic Melts ◽  
Multidimensional Statistics

A system of equations of thermobarometer for magnetite-silicate melt equilibrium was obtained by method of multidimensional statistics of 93 experimental data of a magnetite solubility in basaltic melts. Equations reproduce experimental data in a wide range of basalt compositions, temperatures and pressures with small errors. Verification of thermobarometers showed the maximum error in liquidus temperature reproducing does not exceed ±7 °C. The level of cumulative magnetite appearance in the vertical structure of Tsypringa, Kivakka, Burakovsky intrusions predicted with errors from ±10 to ±50 m.

Diagnostics of metal samples using the results of experimental and theoretical study of positively charged microparticles formed upon sample destruction

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
D. A. Golentsov ◽  
A. G. Gulin ◽  
Vladimir A. Likhter ◽  
K. E. Ulybyshev
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Material Model ◽  
Total Charge ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Mechanical And Electrical Properties ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Using Data

Destruction of bodies is accompanied by formation of both large and microscopic fragments. Numerous experiments on the rupture of different samples show that those fragments carry a positive electric charge. his phenomenon is of interest from the viewpoint of its potential application to contactless diagnostics of the early stage of destruction of the elements in various technical devices. However, the lack of understanding the nature of this phenomenon restricts the possibility of its practical applications. Experimental studies were carried out using an apparatus that allowed direct measurements of the total charge of the microparticles formed upon sample rupture and determination of their size and quantity. The results of rupture tests of duralumin and electrical steel showed that the size of microparticles is several tens of microns, the particle charge per particle is on the order of 10–14 C, and their amount can be estimated as the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the sample at the point of discontinuity to the square of the microparticle size. A model of charge formation on the microparticles is developed proceeding from the experimental data and current concept of the electron gas in metals. The model makes it possible to determine the charge of the microparticle using data on the particle size and mechanical and electrical properties of the material. Model estimates of the total charge of particles show order-of-magnitude agreement with the experimental data.

Toxicology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Laumbach ◽  
Michael Gochfeld
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Targets ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Mechanisms Of Toxicity ◽  
Body Distribution ◽  
Threshold Doses

This chapter describes the basic principles of toxicology and their application to occupational and environmental health. Topics covered include pathways that toxic substances may take from sources in the environment to molecular targets in the cells of the body where toxic effects occur. These pathways include routes of exposure, absorption into the body, distribution to organs and tissues, metabolism, storage, and excretion. The various types of toxicological endpoints are discussed, along with the concepts of dose-response relationships, threshold doses, and the basis of interindividual differences and interspecies differences in response to exposure to toxic substances. The diversity of cellular and molecular mechanisms of toxicity, including enzyme induction and inhibition, oxidative stress, mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and teratogenesis, are discussed and the chapter concludes with examples of practical applications in clinical evaluation and in toxicity testing.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 and the Nervous System: From Clinical Features to Molecular Mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Pennisi ◽  
Giuseppe Lanza ◽  
Luca Falzone ◽  
Francesco Fisicaro ◽  
Raffaele Ferri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Acute Polyneuropathy ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Impact

Increasing evidence suggests that Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) can also invade the central nervous system (CNS). However, findings available on its neurological manifestations and their pathogenic mechanisms have not yet been systematically addressed. A literature search on neurological complications reported in patients with COVID-19 until June 2020 produced a total of 23 studies. Overall, these papers report that patients may exhibit a wide range of neurological manifestations, including encephalopathy, encephalitis, seizures, cerebrovascular events, acute polyneuropathy, headache, hypogeusia, and hyposmia, as well as some non-specific symptoms. Whether these features can be an indirect and unspecific consequence of the pulmonary disease or a generalized inflammatory state on the CNS remains to be determined; also, they may rather reflect direct SARS-CoV-2-related neuronal damage. Hematogenous versus transsynaptic propagation, the role of the angiotensin II converting enzyme receptor-2, the spread across the blood-brain barrier, the impact of the hyperimmune response (the so-called “cytokine storm”), and the possibility of virus persistence within some CNS resident cells are still debated. The different levels and severity of neurotropism and neurovirulence in patients with COVID-19 might be explained by a combination of viral and host factors and by their interaction.

scholarly journals Targeting AURKA in Cancer: molecular mechanisms and opportunities for Cancer therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruijuan Du ◽  
Chuntian Huang ◽  
Kangdong Liu ◽  
Xiang Li ◽  
Zigang Dong
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Aurora Kinase ◽  
Interacting Proteins ◽  
Multiple Tumor ◽  
Oncogenic Pathways ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
Tumor Types ◽  
Cancer Tissues

AbstractAurora kinase A (AURKA) belongs to the family of serine/threonine kinases, whose activation is necessary for cell division processes via regulation of mitosis. AURKA shows significantly higher expression in cancer tissues than in normal control tissues for multiple tumor types according to the TCGA database. Activation of AURKA has been demonstrated to play an important role in a wide range of cancers, and numerous AURKA substrates have been identified. AURKA-mediated phosphorylation can regulate the functions of AURKA substrates, some of which are mitosis regulators, tumor suppressors or oncogenes. In addition, enrichment of AURKA-interacting proteins with KEGG pathway and GO analysis have demonstrated that these proteins are involved in classic oncogenic pathways. All of this evidence favors the idea of AURKA as a target for cancer therapy, and some small molecules targeting AURKA have been discovered. These AURKA inhibitors (AKIs) have been tested in preclinical studies, and some of them have been subjected to clinical trials as monotherapies or in combination with classic chemotherapy or other targeted therapies.

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