scholarly journals Sulfonamides in Tomato from Commercial Greenhouses Irrigated with Reclaimed Wastewater: Uptake, Translocation and Food Safety

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1016
Author(s):  
Raquel Camacho-Arévalo ◽  
Carlos García-Delgado ◽  
Begoña Mayans ◽  
Rafael Antón-Herrero ◽  
Jaime Cuevas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Acceptable Daily Intake ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Sulfonamide Antibiotics ◽  
Tomato Crop

The presence of antibiotics in crops is mainly caused by their irrigation with reclaimed wastewater and by the use of organic amendments of animal origin. During this work, the fate of sulfonamide antibiotics in tomato crop has been assessed in two commercial greenhouses located in Almería (Spain) irrigated with reclaimed wastewater. Samplings were made annually for two years. Sulfonamides in several parts of the plant (roots, leaves and fruits) as well as reclaimed wastewater, amendments and soils were analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS. The results showed that sulfonamides accumulated in soils (sulfamethoxazole between 2 and 14 µg Kg−1; sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole, sulfapyridine, sulfamerazine and sulfadimethoxine in concentrations below 1 µg Kg−1) were in the reclaimed wastewater at concentrations in the ng L−1 range. Their distribution in plants depended on the sulfonamide. The sulfonamides detected in tomato were sulfadiazine, sulfapyridine, sulfamethazole, sulfamethoxazole and sulfadimethoxine. Sulfamethoxazole was the antibiotic with highest concentration in tomato fruit, exceeding 30 µg Kg−1. All sulfonamides were below the Acceptable Daily Intake, however, further studies and legislation are needed to assure food safety.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Residue Concentration of Coccidiostats in Feed and Food of Animal Origin; Human Exposure Assessment

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossana Roila ◽  
Raffaella Branciari ◽  
Ivan Pecorelli ◽  
Elisa Cristofani ◽  
Cristiano Carloni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Italy ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Acceptable Daily Intake ◽  
Animal Tissues ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Human Exposure Assessment ◽  
Feed Samples

Occurring central Italy, 262 unmedicated feed samples and 353 samples of animal tissues and eggs are tested for coccidiostats between 2012 and 2017. A validated multi-residue HPLC-MS/MS method is applied for the simultaneous determination of the 11 coccidiostats licensed in the EU. The dietary exposure to coccidiostats through poultry meat and eggs is calculated for high consumers, and the contribution to acceptable daily intake of coccidiostats is evaluated. The occurrence of positive feed samples ranges from 17.2% in 2012 to 28.3% in 2017, with an average percentage of positive samples of 25%, while 3.8% of feed samples are non-compliant with a concentration ranging from 0.015 mg/kg for diclazuril to 56 mg/kg for narasin. Positive samples of animal tissues, on average, are 34.7%, fully compliant, while 16% of eggs are positive and violative residues are found in 2%. These noncompliant samples show a concentration varying from 2.4 µg/kg to 1002 µg/kg. The contribution of poultry meat and egg consumption to the acceptable daily intake of each coccidiostat is below 1%, highlighting a low direct risk to public health.

scholarly journals Introduction and Summary of the 2018 Dietary Glutamate Workshop

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (Suppl. 5) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Luc Cynober ◽  
John D. Fernstrom ◽  
Berthold Koletzko ◽  
Ivonne M.C.M. Rietjens ◽  
Ashley Roberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Technical Committee ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
European Food Safety Authority ◽  
Human Nutrition ◽  
Acceptable Daily Intake ◽  
Glutamate Metabolism ◽  
General Toxicity

The 2018 Dietary Glutamate Workshop was organized and sponsored by the International Glutamate Technical Committee to provide a platform for a broad expert discussion on all relevant aspects of glutamate metabolism and safety in human nutrition. The participants reached a consensus with previous safety evaluations conducted by the global expert bodies, but contradicted the 2017 re-evaluation of dietary glutamates by the European Food Safety Authority, which proposed a group acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 30 mg/kg body weight per day. The participants of the Workshop concluded that the present knowledge on metabolism, kinetics, developmental and general toxicity of dietary glutamates did not warrant a change in the previous ADI of “not specified.”

Risk Assessment of Sulphite Exposure through Foods Among Adolescents of Delhi (India)

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 685-693
Author(s):  
Arushi Jain ◽  
Pulkit Mathur
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Acceptable Daily Intake ◽  
Food Record ◽  
Government Schools ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Permissible Levels

Background: Sulphites added as preservatives in food have been associated with adverse health effects in humans. Objective: The present study was designed with an objective of assessing the risk of sulphite exposure through food in adolescents (12-16 years old) of Delhi, India. Methods: A total of 1030 adolescents selected from four private and four government schools of Delhi, were asked to record their food intake using a 24 hour food record, repeated on three days, for assessing exposure to sulphites. The risk was assessed using six different scenarios of exposure. Results: The actual intake for sulphites for average consumers was 0.15 ± 0.13 mg / kg b.w. / day which was 21.4% of acceptable daily intake (ADI). For high consumers (P95), it was 65% of the ADI. However, for 2 respondents, the actual intake exceeded the ADI. The major food contributors to sulphite intake were beverage concentrates (46%), ready to serve beverages (22%) followed by miscellaneous food items (16%), mainly ice creams and snowballs. Estimation of sulphite intake using different exposure scenarios revealed that for certain scenarios where the highest reported sulphite level or maximum permissible levels were considered for calculation, the high consumers exceeded the ADI, though, for average consumers, intake was well below the ADI. Conclusion: Actual intake of sulphite for average consumers was well below the ADI but for high consumers was approaching the ADI. People with sulphite sensitivity need to be aware of hidden food sources of sulphites.

scholarly journals Aspartame and cancer – new evidence for causation

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Landrigan ◽  
Kurt Straif
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Advisory Group ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Acceptable Daily Intake ◽  
New Findings

Abstract Background Aspartame is one of the world’s most widely used artificial sweeteners and is an ingredient in more than 5000 food products globally. A particularly important use is in low-calorie beverages consumed by children and pregnant women. The Ramazzini Institute (RI) reported in 2006 and 2007 that aspartame causes dose-related increases in malignant tumors in multiple organs in rats and mice. Increased cancer risk was seen even at low exposure levels approaching the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). Prenatal exposures caused increased malignancies in rodent offspring at lower doses than in adults. These findings generated intense controversy focused on the accuracy of RI’s diagnoses of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue tumors (HLTs). Critics made the claim that pulmonary lesions observed in aspartame-exposed animals were inflammatory lesions caused by Mycoplasma infection rather than malignant neoplasms. Methods To address this question, RI subjected all HLTs from aspartame-exposed animals to immunohistochemical analysis using a battery of markers and to morphological reassessment using the most recent Internationally Harmonized Nomenclature and Diagnostic (INHAND) criteria. Findings This immunohistochemical and morphological re-evaluation confirmed the original diagnoses of malignancy in 92.3% of cases. Six lesions originally diagnosed as lymphoma (8% of all HLTs) were reclassified: 3 to lymphoid hyperplasia, and 3 to chronic inflammation with fibrosis. There was no evidence of Mycoplasma infection. Interpretation These new findings confirm that aspartame is a chemical carcinogen in rodents. They confirm the very worrisome finding that prenatal exposure to aspartame increases cancer risk in rodent offspring. They validate the conclusions of the original RI studies. These findings are of great importance for public health. In light of them, we encourage all national and international public health agencies to urgently reexamine their assessments of aspartame’s health risks - especially the risks of prenatal and early postnatal exposures. We call upon food agencies to reassess Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) levels for aspartame. We note that an Advisory Group to the International Agency for Research on Cancer has recommended high-priority reevaluation of aspartame’s carcinogenicity to humans.

Effects of pesticide mixtures at the acceptable daily intake levels on rat carcinogenesis

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1091-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ito ◽  
A. Hagiwara ◽  
S. Tamano ◽  
M. Futacuchiá ◽  
K. Imaida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Acceptable Daily Intake ◽  
Pesticide Mixtures

Responses of a long greenhouse tomato crop to summer CO2 enrichment

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 1395-1400 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Hao ◽  
Q. Wang ◽  
S. Khosla
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Marketable Fruit

While CO2 enrichment generally benefits tomato fruit production in winter its effects on summer tomato production (under high air temperature and strong ventilation) are still not clear, especially when the crop has been subjected to long-term CO2 enrichment in winter. Therefore, a study was initiated in 2005 to determine the feasibility of summer CO2 enrichment in southwestern Ontario, a major greenhouse vegetable production area in North America with very hot summers. The long tomato crop (cv. Rapsodie) was planted into rockwool slabs in six greenhouse compartments in January. From January to the middle of June, the tomato plants in all six greenhouse compartments were subjected to the same standard CO2 enrichment practice. From the end of June to August, three CO2 treatments (two compartments for each treatment) were applied: Control (ambient/no enrichment), Enrich1 (800 µL L-1 when ventilation was less than 10% and 400 µL L-1 when less than 50%) and Enrich2 (1200 µL L-1 when ventilation was less than 10% and 500 µL L-1 when less than 50%). In all treatments, CO2 enrichment ceased when ventilation requirement was more than 50%. Leaf photosynthesis, as indicated by the CO2 response curve, partially acclimated to the CO2 enrichment. Marketable fruit yield was reduced by the summer CO2 enrichment. Leaf deformation [short, thick, curled and somewhat crisp, dark grey-green leaves, so-called short leaf syndrome (SLS)] was observed in the greenhouse compartments with summer CO2 enrichment. SLS developed under high light intensity and high CO2 concentration might have limited response of the tomato crop to summer CO2 enrichment. Further investigation on the cause and mechanism of SLS is needed to improve the response of greenhouse tomatoes to summer CO2 enrichment. Key words: Photosynthesis, Lycopersicon esculentum, high temperature stress, acclimation

scholarly journals Analysis of Crowdsourced Metformin Tablets from Individuals Reveals Widespread Contamination with N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Wu ◽  
Evgenia Kvitko ◽  
Amber Jessop ◽  
Shannon Williams ◽  
Ryan C. Costantino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
The United States ◽  
Product Recalls ◽  
Acceptable Daily Intake ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
Post Market ◽  
United States Food ◽  
States Food

AbstractRecent reports of metformin drug products contaminated with unacceptable levels of the probable human carcinogen N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) prompted a national sampling of post-market metformin drug products. To most broadly sample the market and minimize supply chain bias, metformin medication samples were crowdsourced directly from individuals across many states in the United States. 128 samples were received, and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry tests for a panel of nitrosamines revealed significant levels of NDMA that trend with labeling company. 42% of all medication samples contained detectable levels of NDMA and, when scaled to maximum daily tablet dose, 36% of all medication samples contained NDMA levels exceeding the FDA daily acceptable intake limit. The highest NDMA detection from the tested samples was 1565 ng per tablet, which, when commonly taken four times a day, is 65 times the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) acceptable daily intake limit. Results underscore the need for immediate product recalls of tainted medications and an overall investigation of metformin manufacturing practices.

scholarly journals Quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Due to Grafting in Solanaceae of Different Species

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
João Lucas Moraes Vieira ◽  
Rogério Eiji Hanada
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Tomato Cultivar ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Four Blocks

The present work had as objective to evaluate the physical-chemical characteristics of commercial tomato fruits grafted on different solanaceous species. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in a randomized complete block design, with four blocks and six treatments, being the rootstocks: cocona (Solanum sessiliflorum); two cultivars of eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum), Long Light Green and Big Hill; jurubebão (Solanum lycocarpum) and jurubeba juna (Solanum stramonifolium), grafted with the tomato cultivar Santa Cruz Kada, and the control treatment was represented by the self-grafted tomato. Three consecutive harvests were spaced seven days after the production stabilization, and the characteristics fruits analyzed were Total Soluble Solids (ºBrix), pH, Titratable Acidity (percentage of citric acid) and TSS/TA. A statistically significant difference was found in the Tukey’s test at 5% probability in the titratable acidity, pH and fruit pulp flavor, among the evaluated treatments, while the soluble solids content did not differ between treatments in any of the harvests, but the values remained within the considered adequate for the tomato in natura in the current literature. There was a decrease in fruit flavor in all treatments, and fruit pH drop in all treatments with the exception of jurubebão, with the advancement of plant age, while the titratable acidity had an inverse behavior. The evaluated rootstocks can be used in the tomato crop, without prejudice to the quality of the tomato fruit produced.

scholarly journals Food Safety Governance and Guardianship: The Role of the Private Sector in Addressing the EU Ethylene Oxide Incident

Foods ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 204
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Kowalska ◽  
Louise Manning
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Collaborative Governance ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Sesame Seeds ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
The Eu

Sesame seeds within the European Union (EU) are classified as foods not of animal origin. Two food safety issues associated with sesame seeds have emerged in recent years, i.e., Salmonella contamination and the presence of ethylene oxide. Fumigation with ethylene oxide to reduce Salmonella in seeds and spices is not approved in the EU, so its presence in sesame seeds from India was a sentinel incident sparking multiple trans-European product recalls between 2020–2021. Following an interpretivist approach, this study utilises academic and grey sources including data from the EU Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) database to inform a critical appraisal of current EU foods not of animal origin legislation and associated governance structures and surveillance programs. This is of particular importance as consumers are encouraged towards plant-based diets. This study shows the importance of collaborative governance utilizing data from company testing and audits as well as official regulatory controls to define the depth and breadth of a given incident in Europe. The development of reflexive governance supported by the newest technology (e.g., blockchain) might be of value in public–private models of food safety governance. This study contributes to the literature on the adoption of risk-based food safety regulation and the associated hybrid public–private models of food safety governance where both regulators and private organizations play a vital role in assuring public health.

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