scholarly journals Immunohistochemical Assessment of Immune Response in the Dermis of Sarcoptes scabiei—Infested Wild Carnivores (Wolf and Fox) and Ruminants (Chamois and Red Deer)

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1146
Author(s):  
Ileana Z. Martínez ◽  
Álvaro Oleaga ◽  
Irene Sojo ◽  
María José García-Iglesias ◽  
Claudia Pérez-Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽  
Type I ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Wild Mammals

Sarcoptic mange is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei and has been described in several species of domestic and wild mammals. Macroscopic lesions are predominantly hyperkeratotic (type I hypersensitivity) in fox, chamois and deer, but alopecic (type IV hypersensitivity) in wolf and some fox populations. To begin to understand the immune processes underlying these species differences in lesions, we examined skin biopsies from wolves (Canis lupus), foxes (Vulpes vulpes), chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) naturally infested with S. scabiei. Twenty skin samples from five animals per species were used. Sections were immuno-stained with primary antibodies against Iba1 to detect macrophages, lambda chain to detect plasma cells, CD3 to detect T lymphocytes and CD20 to detect B lymphocytes. Skin lesions contained significantly more inflammatory cells in the fox than in the wolf and chamois. Macrophages were the most abundant inflammatory cells in the lesions of all the species studied, suggesting a predominantly innate, non-specific immune response. Lesions from the wolf contained higher proportions of macrophages than the other species, which may reflect a more effective response, leading to alopecic lesions. In red deer, macrophages were significantly more abundant than plasma cells, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, which were similarly abundant. The fox proportion of plasma cells was significantly higher than those of T and B lymphocytes. In chamois, T lymphocytes were more abundant than B lymphocytes and plasma cells, although the differences were significant only in the case of macrophages. These results suggest that all the species examined mount a predominantly innate immune response against S. scabiei infestation, while fox and chamois may also mount substantial humoral and cellular immune responses, respectively, with apparently scarce effectiveness that lead to hyperkeratotic lesions.

scholarly journals Brain Granulomas in Neurocysticercosis Patients Are Associated with a Th1 and Th2 Profile

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 4554-4560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blanca I. Restrepo ◽  
Jorge I. Alvarez ◽  
Jorge A. Castaño ◽  
Luis F. Arias ◽  
Margarita Restrepo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cns Infection ◽  
Type I ◽  
Limited Information

ABSTRACT Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a common central nervous system (CNS) infection caused by Taenia solium metacestodes. Despite the well-documented importance of the granulomatous response in the pathogenesis of this infection, there is limited information about the types of cells and cytokines involved. In fact, there has been limited characterization of human brain granulomas with any infectious agent. In the present study a detailed histological and immunohistochemical analysis of the immune response was performed on eight craniotomy specimens where a granuloma surrounded each T. soliummetacestode. The results indicated that in all the specimens there was a dying parasite surrounded by a mature granuloma with associated fibrosis, angiogenesis, and an inflammatory infiltrate. The most abundant cell types were plasma cells, B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and mast cells. Th1 cytokines were prevalent and included gamma interferon, interleukin-18 (IL-18), and the immunosuppressive, fibrosis-promoting cytokine transforming growth factor β. The Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10 were also present. These observations indicate that a chronic immune response is elicited in the CNS environment with multiple cell types that together secrete inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, both collagen type I and type III deposits were evident and could contribute to irreversible nervous tissue damage in NCC patients.

A Morphologic and Immunohistochemical Study of the Bronchus-associated Lymphoid Tissue of Pigs Naturally Infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sarradell ◽  
M. Andrada ◽  
A. S. Ramírez ◽  
A. Fernández ◽  
J. C. Gómez-Villamandos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Immunohistochemical Study ◽  
Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Alveolar Septa

Porcine enzootic pneumonia (PEN), caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mh), has been described in pigs in all geographic areas. The disease is characterized by high morbidity and low mortality rates in intensive swine production systems. A morphologic and immunohistochemical study was done to determine the cellular populations present in lung parenchyma of infected pigs, with special attention to the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT). Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were used for the detection of antigens of Mh, T lymphocytes (CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+), IgG+ or IgA+ lymphocytes, and cells containing lysozyme, S-100 protein, major histocompatibility complex class II antigen or myeloid-histiocyte antigen. Findings in lung tissues associated with Mh infection were catarrhal bronchointerstitial pneumonia, with infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria of bronchi and bronchioles and alveolar septa. Hyperplasia of mononuclear cells in the BALT areas was the most significant histologic change. The BALT showed a high morphologic and cellular organization. Macrophages and B lymphocytes were the main cellular components of germinal centers. T lymphocytes were primarily located in perifollicular areas of the BALT, lamina propria and within the airway epithelium, and plasma cells containing IgG or IgA at the periphery of the BALT, in the lamina propria of bronchi and bronchioles, in alveolar septa, and around bronchial submucosal glands. The hyperplastic BALT in PEN cases consisted of macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes, and IgG+ and IgA+ plasma cells. CD4+ cells predominated over CD8+ cells. Local humoral immunity appears to play an important role in the infection.

scholarly journals Systems Biology behind immunoprotection of both Sheep and Goats after Sungri/96 PPRV vaccination

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajad Ahmad Wani ◽  
Manas Ranjan Praharaj ◽  
Amit R Sahu ◽  
Raja Ishaq Nabi Khan ◽  
Kaushal Kishor Rajak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Systems Biology ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Type I ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Adaptive Immune

AbstractImmune response is a highly coordinated cascade involving all the subsets of PBMCs. In this study, RNA-Seq analysis of PBMC subsets - CD4+, CD8+, CD14+, CD21+ and CD335+ cells from day 0 and day 5 of Sungri/96 Peste des Petits Ruminants vaccinated sheep and goats was done to delineate the systems biology behind immune - protection of the vaccine in sheep and goats. Assessment of the immune response processes enriched by the differentially expressed genes in all the subsets suggested a strong dysregulation towards development of early inflammatory microenvironment, which is very much required for differentiation of monocytes to macrophages, and for activation and migration of dendritic cells into the draining lymph nodes. The protein - protein interaction networks among the antiviral molecules (IFIT3, ISG15, MX1, MX2, RSAD2, ISG20, IFIT5 and IFIT1) and common DEGs across PBMCs subsets in both the species identified ISG15 to be an ubiquitous hub, that helps in orchestrating antiviral host response against PPRV. IRF7 was found to be the key master regulator activated in most of the subsets in sheep and goats. Most of the pathways were found to be inactivated in B - lymphocytes of both the species indicating that 5 dpv is too early a time point for the B - lymphocytes to react. The cell mediated immune response and humoral immune response pathways were found more enriched in goats than in sheep. Though, animals from both the species survived the challenge, a contrast in pathway activation was observed in CD335+ cells.ImportancePeste des petits ruminants (PPR) by PPRV is an OIE listed acute, contagious transboundary viral disease of small ruminants. Attenuated Sungri/96 PPRV vaccine used all over India against this PPR, provides long-lasting robust innate and adaptive immune response. The early antiviral response was found mediated through type I interferon independent ISGs expression. However, systems biology behind this immune response is unknown. In this study, in vivo transcriptome profiling of PBMC subsets (CD4+, CD8+, CD14+, CD21+ and CD335+) in vaccinated goats and sheep (at 5 days of post vaccination) was done to understand this systems biology. Though there are a few differences in the systems biology across cells (specially the NK cells) between sheep and goats, the co-ordinated response that is inclusive of all the cell subsets was found to be towards induction of strong innate immune response, which is needed for an appropriate adaptive immune response.

scholarly journals Phenotypic Characterization of Encephalitis and Immune Response in the Brains of Lambs Experimentally Infected with Spanish Goat Encephalitis Virus

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1373
Author(s):  
Ileana Z. Martínez ◽  
Claudia Pérez-Martínez ◽  
Luis M. Salinas ◽  
Ramón A. Juste ◽  
Juan F. García Marín ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Spanish Goat

Spanish goat encephalitis virus (SGEV), a novel subtype of tick-borne flavivirus closely related to louping ill virus, causes a neurological disease in experimentally infected goats and lambs. Here, the distribution of microglia, T and B lymphocytes, and astrocytes was determined in the encephalon and spinal cord of eight Assaf lambs subcutaneously infected with SGEV. Cells were identified based on immunohistochemical staining against Iba1 (microglia), CD3 (T lymphocytes), CD20 (B lymphocytes), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (astrocytes). In glial foci and perivascular cuffing areas, microglia were the most abundant cell type (45.4% of immunostained cells), followed by T lymphocytes (18.6%) and B lymphocytes (4.4%). Thalamus, hypothalamus, corpus callosum, and medulla oblongata contained the largest areas occupied by glial foci. Reactive astrogliosis occurred to a greater extent in the lumbosacral spinal cord than in other regions of the central nervous system. Lesions were more frequent on the side of the animal experimentally infected with the virus. Lesions were more severe in lambs than in goats, suggesting that lambs may be more susceptible to SGEV, which may be due to species differences or to interindividual differences in the immune response, rather than to differences in the relative proportions of immune cells. Larger studies that monitor natural or experimental infections may help clarify local immune responses to this flavivirus subtype in the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Гистоархитектоника паренхимы лимфатических узлов млекопитающих с различными типами строения внутриузлового лимфатического русла

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.N. Gavrilin ◽  
E.G. Gavrilina ◽  
V.V. Evert
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Lymphatic Channel ◽  
Histological Techniques ◽  
Clonal Proliferation ◽  
Medullary Cords

<p>The article analyzes the features of the histoarchitectonics of the lymph nodes of the bull (Bos taurus) and the pig (Sus scrofa domestica), depending on the type of structure and localization of the intranodal lymphatic channel. We studied somatic (Limphonodi (L.) cervicales superficiales) and visceral (L. jejunales) lymph nodes of clinically healthy mature male bulls and swine (16 and 6 months old, respectively). A complex of classical histological techniques was used, as well as the method of impregnating sections of lymph nodes with silver nitrate, modified by the authors. The main accumulative-distribution link in the lymph nodes of the bull is the subcapsular sinus (type I lymphatic collector), and in the lymph nodes of the pig - the capsular (intratrabecular) lymphatic tanks (type II lymphatic colector). In nodes with collectors of type I, the cortex has a simple layered structure, its outer layer is formed by a compact cortical plateau (interfollicular zone), and the inner layer is formed by a complex of spherical units of the deep cortex. In nodes with collectors of type II, the cortex is layered-folded, uneven in width. Cortical folds are formed along the capsular trabeculae with intratrabecular lymphatic tanks. The cortex plateau in the layered-folded cortex is more developed at the base of the folds, and the units of the deep cortex are at their apexes, where they form clusters in the form of specific nest-shaped structures. In nodes, regardless of the type of intranodal lymphatic channel, the surface cortex (cortical plateau) is located directly under the underlying lymphatic collectors, repeating their shape, the zones of clonal proliferation of B-lymphocytes are formed along the main collector on the basis of cortical plateau and its derivative structures (on the basis of paracortical and medullary cords). The zones of proliferation of T-lymphocytes are maximally close to the main collector, separated from it by a strip of cortical plateau, form a complex of spherical thickenings, which together form a deep cortex. The stroma and parenchyma are more developed in the nodes with collectors of type II (cumulative relative volume of stroma – 9-14% and 6-10%, parenchyma – 80-87% and 70-81%, respectively), and lymphatic sinuses - in nodes with collectors of I type (13-20% and 4-6% respectively). In the parenchyma of the lymph nodes of both groups, the zones of proliferation of T-lymphocytes predominate (the centers of deep cortex units are 27-42%), as well as the zones of accumulation of plasma cells and antibody formation (medullary cords – 17-29%), the first of which are more developed in the pig, and the latter at the nodes of the bull. The cumulative relative volume of the interfollicular zone (cortical plateau) in the studied nodes does not exceed 6-11%, and the zone of clonal proliferation of B lymphocytes (lymph nodulus) is 5-14%. These zones are more developed in the lymph nodes of the pig. Paracortical cords have the minimum and practically equivalent relative volume in the nodes of both groups (3-5%). The study shows that the principles of localization of the main specialized cellular zones in the lymph nodes of the domestic bull and the pig are universal, and the histoarchitectonics of the parenchyma has a clearly expressed specificity. Features of the histoarchitectonics of the parenchyma and its quantitative characteristics are determined by the type of structure of the intranodal lymphatic channel (the character of the localization and spatial configuration of the main accumulative-distributive unit of the nodes). </p>

scholarly journals Sarcoptes scabiei dermatitis in adult sheep: an immunohistochemical study of 34 chronic cases with extensive lesions

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 2755
Author(s):  
D DOUKAS ◽  
Z LIAKOU ◽  
D TONTIS
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Inflammatory Infiltrate ◽  
Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽  
Sarcoptic Mange ◽  
Type I ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Sheep Production ◽  
Crusted Scabies ◽  
Cellular Immune

Ovine sarcoptic mange is a contagious ectoparasitic skin disease, seen in many countries with sheep production. Although several studies concerning dermatopathology have been published, the local cutaneous immune response to Sarcoptes scabiei has not been studied by immunohistochemistry. The present study aims to evaluate immunohistochemically the adaptive cellular immune response in chronic natural cases with extensive gross lesions. Facial and foot skin biopsies of 32 ewes and 2 rams were obtained, and moreover from the scrotal scabietic lesions of the 2 rams. Each biopsy was bisected and processed for paraffin and cryostat sections. Mites were not observed in the vast majority of skin histology sections. Epidermal hyperplasia and chronic inflammation were the main histopathologic features. The dermal inflammatory infiltrate was mixed, dominated by eosinophils and lymphocytes equally. Tissue sections immunostained with a panel of monoclonal antibodies showed among lymphocytes an almost exclusively T-cell population (CD3+), while CD79a + cells were sparse. T-helper cells (CD4+) were predominant versus T-cytotoxic cells (CD8+) in 4:1 to 5:1 ratios. The mixed inflammatory infiltrate combined with the immunohistochemical findings suggest both a type-I and type-IV hypersensitivity reactions during the chronic course of the disease. Moreover, all these chronic cases in adult sheep are recorded into the hypersensitivity form of sarcoptic mange (“classical or ordinary” scabies) and no cases of the hyperkeratotic form of the disease (“Norwegian or crusted” scabies) were found.

scholarly journals Local Lung Immune Response to Mycobacterium bovis Challenge after BCG and M. bovis Heat-Inactivated Vaccination in European Badger (Meles meles)

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 456
Author(s):  
Cristina Blanco Vázquez ◽  
Miguel Prieto ◽  
Marta Barral ◽  
Ramón Antonio Juste ◽  
Sandrine Lesellier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Local Immune Response ◽  
Analysis Software ◽  
Phagocytic Cells

Tuberculosis (TB) vaccination could be used as a key part of integrated strategies for the disease’s control if an effective and safe vaccine under field conditions is obtained. Recent studies in Spain have evaluated the protective efficacy of two oral vaccines against experimental challenge with live intra-bronchial Mycobacterium bovis in captive badgers: the live-attenuated M. bovis BCG vaccine (Danish strain) and a heat-inactivated M. bovis (HIMB) vaccine. With the objective of increasing the knowledge of the cellular development progress of infection and generating further tools to discriminate between mild and severe TB lesions between and within animals, the immunopathology of tuberculous lesions was studied to characterize the local immune response (cell type profile) within lung granulomas from control (non-vaccinated), BCG vaccinated and HIMB-vaccinated experimentally infected badgers with M. bovis. Four immunohistochemical protocols, for the specific detection of macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and plasma cells within TB granulomas in formalin fixed sections of the right middle lung lobe (lobe targeted for the M. bovis delivery), were performed. Immunolabelled sections were scanned and five randomly selected areas were analyzed with digital image analysis software. The results were expressed as the proportion of the positively immunolabelled area within the total area of the selected site. Data was analyzed using the statistical analysis software (SAS). In the three treatment groups, macrophages were the most abundant inflammatory cells within the granulomas, followed by B lymphocytes and plasma cells. T lymphocyes were absent in those granulomas. This would suggest a predominance of a non-specific innate response mediated by phagocytic cells over an adaptative humoral immune response. The proportion of macrophages and plasma cells was higher in BCG and HIMB-vaccinated badgers, respectively, suggesting the establishment of an adaptative humoral response in HIMB-vaccinated badgers. The lower bacterial load at the lung level, as well as the volume of lesions in lungs using magnetic resonance imaging in badgers with the HIMB vaccine in relation with local immune response presented, must be highlighted, since it would be an advantage in favor of its use under field conditions in terms of reducing TB transmission and environmental contamination.

Colloidal manganese salt improves the efficacy of rabies vaccines in mice, cats, and dogs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zongmei Wang ◽  
Yueming Yuan ◽  
Chen Chen ◽  
Chengguang Zhang ◽  
Fei Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Type I ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Tfh Cells

Rabies, caused by rabies virus (RABV), remains a serious threat to public health in most countries worldwide. At present, the administration of rabies vaccines has been the most effective strategy to control rabies. Herein, we evaluate the effect of colloidal manganese salt (Mn jelly, MnJ) as an adjuvant of rabies vaccine in mice, cats, and dogs. The results showed that MnJ promoted type I interferon (IFN-I) and cytokine production in vitro and the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro and in vivo . Besides, MnJ serving as an adjuvant for rabies vaccines could significantly facilitate the generation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, germinal center (GC) B cells, plasma cells (PCs), and RABV-specific antibody-secreting-cells (ASCs), consequently improved the immunogenicity of rabies vaccines and provide better protection against virulent RABV challenge. Similarly, MnJ enhanced the humoral immune response in cats and dogs as well. Collectively, our results suggest that MnJ can facilitate the maturation of DCs during rabies vaccination, which can be a promising adjuvant candidate for rabies vaccines. IMPORTANCE Extending humoral immune response by using adjuvants is an important strategy for vaccine development. In this study, a novel adjuvant MnJ supplemented in rabies vaccines was evaluated in mice, cats, and dogs. Our results in the mouse model revealed that MnJ increased the numbers of mature DCs, Tfh cells, GC B cells, PCs, and RABV-specific ASCs, resulting in enhanced immunogenicity and protection rate of rabies vaccines. We further found MnJ had the same stimulative effect in cats and dogs. Our study provides the first evidence that MnJ serving as a novel adjuvant of rabies vaccines can boost immune response both in a mouse and pet model.

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