scholarly journals To Provide a Double Feeder in Growing Pigs Housed under High Environmental Temperatures Reduces Social Interactions but Does Not Improve Weight Gains

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2248
Author(s):  
Tâmara Duarte Borges ◽  
Mariana Huerta-Jimenez ◽  
Nicolau Casal ◽  
Joel Gonzalez ◽  
Nuria Panella-Riera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Lower Body Weight ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Feeding Area ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

Heat stress and competition for food are two major challenges in pigs reared in intensive conditions. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of providing a double feeder for pigs reared under two different environmental temperatures. In addition, two types of flooring, of 100% slat and 30% slat 70% concrete, were also considered. A total of 256 pigs in the growing-finishing period (from 27 kg to 110 kg) were housed using two environmental temperatures: control (from 18 °C to 25 °C) and heat stress (above 30 °C six hours a day). They were housed in 32 pens of 8 pigs each, distributed into 4 rooms (16 with one feeder and 16 with two). Pigs subjected to temperatures above 30 °C up to six hours had lower body weight gains than pigs subjected to a maximum temperature of 25 °C, confirming that thermal stress negatively affects performance in pigs. In addition, heat stress affected the final product by decreasing the lean percentage of carcasses by 2.6%. A double feeder reduced the presence of negative social behavior, especially in the feeding area, but body weight was lower than when one single feeder was used. A 30% slat 70% concrete floor showed better results in the pig stress indicators and body weights than 100% slat. It is concluded that providing a double feeder in the pens, although reducing the presence of negative social interactions, negatively affected body weight, in comparison to pigs fed with just one feeder.

scholarly journals Effects of breed, management system, milk yield and body weight on onset of postpartum ovarian cyclicity in cows

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
SN Saha ◽  
MGS Alam ◽  
M Shamsuddin ◽  
M Khatun
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Lower Body Weight ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Ovarian Cyclicity ◽  
Zebu Cows

To determine the factors affecting onset of postpartum ovarian cyclicity (PPOC) milk progesterone concentrations were measured in 84 cows. About 30% showed cyclicity within 120 days of parturition. Intensively managed cows started cyclicity earlier (P>0.05) than extensively managed animals. Holstein-Friesian crossbred cows started ovarian cyclicity earlier (80.2 ± 17.5 days) with higher proportion (37.9%) than local zebu cows (84.8 ± 21.0 days) and about 13.3%, respectively (P>0.05). The cows yielding 4-12 kg milk/day required 73.5 ± 10.0 days to start ovarian function earlier than those producing 1-2 kg/day (84.8 ± 21.0 days) (P>0.05). Cows with lower (<200 kg) and higher (>300 kg) body weights started ovarian activity by 81.6 ± 16.6 and 76.3 ± 17.4 days, respectively (P>0.05). Cows with lower body weight showed PPOC at lower rate (5.2%) than those of medium (38.3%) and higher body weight (33.3%) (P<0.05). The delayed onset of PPOC prolonged the calving interval.Bangl. vet. 2015. Vol. 32, No. 1, 27-34

THE METABOLIC FECAL NITROGEN EXCRETION OF THE PIG AS INFLUENCED BY THE TYPE OF FIBRE IN THE RATION AND BY BODY WEIGHT

1957 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Whiting ◽  
L. M. Bezeau
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Wood Cellulose ◽  
Oat Hulls ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Nitrogen balance studies were carried out on growing pigs (15 to 60 kg. body weight) using protein-low rations (approximately 0.3 per cent) to study the influence of body weight and type of fibre in the ration upon metabolic fecal and endogenous urinary nitrogen (N). The types and amounts of fibre used were: pure wood cellulose (Solka-Floc), 7 and 14 per cent of the ration; methocel, 7 and 14 per cent of the ration; and oat hulls, 14 and 28 per cent of the ration.Type and amount of fibre significantly affected the metabolic fecal N excretion of the pig, whether expressed on the basis of dry matter (D.M.) intake or fecal D.M. output. Wood cellulose (Solka-Floc) caused the greatest, and methocel the least, fecal N excretion per unit of D.M. intake. Oat hulls were intermediate.Fecal N excretion varied inversely with the 0.3 power of body weight between the body weights of approximately 15 and 60 kg.Endogenous urinary N in one experiment varied with approximately the 1.0 power of body weight, and in a second experiment with the 0.2 power of body weight. It was not possible in these experiments to determine the factors that influenced endogenous urinary N excretion.

Evaluation of the Developmental Toxicity of Acetyl Cedrene

2006 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 423-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurelia Lapczynski ◽  
Daniel A. Isola ◽  
Mildred S. Christian ◽  
Robert M. Diener ◽  
Anne Marie Api
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Weight Gains

The developmental toxicity of acetyl cedrene (AC), a widely used fragrance ingredient, was evaluated in pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (25/group). Gavaged dosages of 0 (corn oil), 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day were administered on days 7 through 17 of gestation (GDs 7 to 17). First and last day dosing suspensions were analyzed for AC content. All rats were observed daily for viability, clinical signs, abortions, and premature deliveries. Body weights were recorded at frequent intervals. Cesarean-sectioning and necropsy examinations were performed on GD 21. Uteri were examined for number and distribution of implantations, live and dead fetuses, and early and late resorptions. The number of corpora lutea in each ovary was also recorded. Fetuses were weighed and examined for gender and gross external changes and soft tissue or skeletal alterations. Totals of 25, 23, 21, and 24 rats became pregnant in the 0 (control), 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day groups, respectively, and analysis of dosage preparations verified that administered dosages reflected calculated dosages ±10%. No deaths or premature deliveries occurred in the study. Clinical signs included excessive salivation, which was attributed to the administration of AC. When compared to controls, significant reductions in feed consumption and body weight gains occurred only at 100 mg/kg/day. Both absolute (g/day) and relative (g/kg/day) feed consumption values were significantly decreased on GDs 7 to 12. Relative values were decreased significantly on GDs 15 to 18. Body weight gains were significantly reduced on GDs 7 to 10. Mean maternal body weights remained significantly lower than controls on GDs 9 to 14, but a marked compensatory increase in feed consumption on GDs 15 to 18 prevented further deterioration in body weight gains. No cesarean-sectioning or litter parameters were affected by dosages of AC and necropsy of the dams after cesarean section did not reveal any gross changes attributable to AC. No gross external, soft tissue, or skeletal fetal alterations (malformations or variations) were attributed by dosages AC. The average number of ossifications sites per fetus per litter did not differ among the groups. Based on these data, maternal and developmental no-observable-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) of 50 and 100 mg/kg/day, respectively, were established for AC.

REARING OF DAIRY CALVES ON PASTURE WITH OR WITHOUT WHOLE OATS

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-216
Author(s):  
A. D. L. Gorrill
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Average Body

Three groups of 10 Ayrshire bull calves born in May and June, 1963 were placed on pasture at 2 weeks of age, after weaning at 55 kg body weight, or at 15 weeks of age. Half the calves in each group also received whole oats while on pasture to a maximum of 1.4 kg/day. Prior to going on pasture, calves were fed a starter ration and timothy hay. The calves were removed from pasture at 21 weeks of age and fed hay and grain until 52 weeks of age. There were no differences between groups in rate of gain from 1 week of age to weaning, the average growth rate for all calves being 427 g/day. Calves put on pasture after weaning gained 223 g/day from weaning to 15 weeks of age, and calves put on pasture at 15 weeks of age gained only 177 g/day from 15 to 21 weeks of age. Weight gains during these same two periods for calves put on pasture at 2 weeks of age were 432 and 500 g/day, respectively. Feeding oats to calves on pasture did not increase growth rates to weaning or to 15 weeks of age. Average body weights at 52 weeks of age were 251, 228, and 242 kg, respectively for calves started on pasture at 2 weeks of age, after weaning, and at 15 weeks of age.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE REDUCED FEED CONSUMPTION OBSERVED IN GROWING PIGS FED VOMITOXIN-CONTAMINATED DIETS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. CHAVEZ ◽  
J. A. RHEAUME
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Control Analysis ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Feeding trials were conducted to determine the significance of the reduction in feed consumption observed when growing pigs were fed complete diets containing approximately 6 ppm vomitoxin. Sixty Landrace weaners, weighing on average 22 kg, were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were: (1) control cereal soybean diet fed ad libitum (mycotoxin free); (2) vomitoxin diet fed ad libitum in which 100% of the clean wheat included in the control diet was replaced by moldy wheat containing 10.32 ppm vomitoxin; (3) control diet fed restricted to the average daily intake of pigs fed the vomitoxin diet; and (4) upgraded vomitoxin diet fed ad libitum and containing approximately 20% more energy, crude protein, minerals and vitamins. Individual feed consumption was recorded daily for 12 wk. The control diet promoted significantly (P < 0.05) greater total body weight gains and also the greatest feed consumption. Body weight gains were not different (P > 0.05) for the vomitoxin and restricted control dietary treatments. The vomitoxin upgraded treatment resulted in greater total body weight gains (P < 0.05) than the vomitoxin treatment. During the 12-wk period, animals in the vomitoxin and restricted-control-fed groups consumed 71% as much feed as the control group fed ad libitum while the vomitoxin upgraded group consumed 77% as much as the control. Analysis for blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, plasma protein and alkaline phosphatase revealed no differences (P > 0.05) between dietary treatments. With respect to animal performance and blood biochemical profiles, the effect of vomitoxin appears to be primarily limited to feed acceptability and intake, with no apparent consequences on the metabolic function of the animal. Key words: Vomitoxin, deoxynivalenol, growing pigs, feed consumption

Effect of litter condition, antibiotics, barley and lucerne meal on egg yolk colour and performance of crossbred layers

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (89) ◽  
pp. 926 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Karunajeewa ◽  
I Bagot
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Egg Yolks ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Haugh Unit

The effects of litter condition, antibiotics, barley and lucerne meal on the pigmentation of egg yolks and performance of crossbred layers were examined in two factorial experiments. In both experiments pigmentation of egg yolks was depressed by barley and improved either by 6 per cent lucerne meal in the diet or by housing the birds on wet litter. There were significant interactions between litter condition, antibiotics, lucerne meal and cereals on yolk colour, egg production and efficiency of feed conversion. In experiment 1, young pullets laid fewer eggs when fed diets with 57.2 per cent barley plus 6 per cent lucerne meal. This depression in egg production was alleviated by antibiotics. Feed intake was increased and feed conversion efficiency and body weight gains were decreased by barley, whereas lucerne meal decreased both feed intake and body weight gains. Pullets on wet litter laid larger eggs with lower Haugh unit scores. In experiment 2, older hens laid more eggs on diets with 6 per cent lucerne meal, particularly in the absence of barley and when housed on dry litter. Body weights of these hens were decreased by barley.

scholarly journals Uterotrophic Assay of Percutaneous Lavender Oil in Immature Female Rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie T. Politano ◽  
Danielle McGinty ◽  
Elise M. Lewis ◽  
Alan M. Hoberman ◽  
Mildred S. Christian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Vehicle Control ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Immature Female ◽  
Skin Reactions ◽  
Lavender Oil ◽  
The Third ◽  
Uterotrophic Assay ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Weight Gains

The estrogenic potential of lavender oil was evaluated in a percutaneous uterotrophic bioassay in immature female rats. Four groups of 10 immature female rats each were randomly selected on postpartum day (PPD) 16. During the 3-day treatment period (PPDs 19-21), the immature rats were separated from the dams, caged in groups of 5 in a litter box for 6 hours, and administered the vehicle control article (corn oil) or lavender oil at 20 or 100 mg/kg per day. All dosages were administered as a 5 mL/kg volume in a Hilltop Chamber (25 mm diameter; absorbent material removed) placed on the shaved back of each immature rat, and secured with micropore tape and Vetrap. A positive control group was gavaged twice daily with 2.5 μg/kg per day of 17α-ethinyl estradiol. Daily observations included viability, clinical signs, body weights, and body weight gains. All rats were euthanized 24 hours after the third and final treatment, the uteri and ovaries were removed, and the paired ovaries and wet and blotted uterine weights were recorded. No unscheduled deaths occurred. No skin reactions were observed. Both dosages of lavender oil significantly reduced body weight gains after the third day of treatment, but terminal body weights and mean absolute and relative uterine weights did not differ significantly from vehicle control values. Positive controls showed significant increases in body weight and increased mean absolute and relative uterine weights as expected. Based on these data, lavender oil, at dosages of 20 or 100 mg/kg, was not active in the rat uterotrophic assay and gave no evidence of estrogenic activity.

Variance of body weights and daily weight gains of weaner pigs housed at various stocking densities in confinement

1985 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. T. Kornegay ◽  
D. R. Notter ◽  
H. S. Bartlett ◽  
M. D. Lindemann
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Weaner Pigs

AbstractBody weight and gain data from eight studies conducted with weaner pigs to determine the relationship between stocking density and performance were used to evaluate the effect of various stocking densities on several factors which measure variation within pens. The initial weight of the pigs ranged from 5·7 to 8·3 kg and final weight ranged from 17·7 to 32·1 kg. There were 244 pens of pigs with floor space ranging from 0·11 to 0·28 m2 per pig. Average daily gain and body weight were depressed as stocking density increased. Natural logarithms of variance, coefficients of variation and ranges of average daily gains and body weights were not increased by stocking density. Body weights and daily gains appeared equally effective in measuring variance of weaner pigs housed at various densities. These results indicate that increasing stocking density within the range of densities tested does not cause a greater variation in body-weight gains.

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