Fatty Acid Profile and Enterolactone Content of Early and Commercial Milk of Dairy Cows Supplemented with Flaked Flaxseed during the Dry Period

Various supplementations in animal feeding have been investigate in order to enrich food of animal origin with n-3 fatty acids. Although the effects of flaxseeds inclusion in diets for lactating dairy have already been assessed, few studies have focused on this n-3 source supplementation during the transition period. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of flacked flaxseed (200 g/head/day; 2.13% DM) dietary treatment during the dry period on milk yield and quality in the 30 days after calving. In addition, the enterolactone content in plasma (before and after calving) and in milk of cows fed diets supplemented or not with flaxseed was considered. The study demonstrated that the carry-over effect on the milk profile of C18:2, C18:3 n-3, and C20:5 n-3 was significantly higher in flaxseed diet than in the control one at 4th day of lactation. A significant increase of enterolactone on milk from flaxseed fed cows was observed only at 15 sampling day. The quick modification in fatty acid (FA) profile of the milk in the first few days of lactation suggests that the carry over effect from pre-calving flaxseed feeding at this concentration was very short lasting.

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Can somatosensory electrical stimulation relieve spasticity in post-stroke patients? A TMS pilot study

Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik ◽

10.1515/bmt-2016-0162 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

pp. 501-506 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

André Salles Cunha Peres ◽

Victor Hugo Souza ◽

João Marcos Yamasaki Catunda ◽

Kelley Cristine Mazzeto-Betti ◽

Taiza Elaine Grespan Santos-Pontelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Motor Evoked Potentials ◽

Wrist Joint ◽

Single Pulse ◽

Stroke Patients ◽

Passive Resistance ◽

Before And After ◽

Carry Over ◽

Carry Over Effect

Abstract Evidence suggests that somatosensory electrical stimulation (SES) may decrease the degree of spasticity from neural drives, although there is no agreement between corticospinal modulation and the level of spasticity. Thus, stroke patients and healthy subjects were submitted to SES (3 Hz) for 30′ on the impaired and dominant forearms, respectively. Motor evoked potentials induced by single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation were collected from two forearm muscles before and after SES. The passive resistance of the wrist joint was measured with an isokinetic system. We found no evidence of an acute carry-over effect of SES on the degree of spasticity.

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Influence of CLA addition in non-ruminant diets on lipid index values

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/854/1/012071 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 854 (1) ◽

pp. 012071

Author(s):

Dejan Peric ◽

Ivana Brankovic Lazic ◽

Srdjan Pantic ◽

Milan Z. Baltic ◽

Jelena Janjic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Profile ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Food Of Animal Origin ◽

Ruminant Diets ◽

Ruminant Meat

Abstract In monogastric animals, tissue fatty acid profile directly reflects the fatty acid profile present in the animal’s diet. Inadequate ratio of fatty acids in food can lead to negative effects on human health. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a group of isomers of linoleic acid (C18:2), and its most interesting role is in the prevention of tumors, atherosclerosis and diabetes. CLA is found in ruminant meat and milk, and since pigs and poultry do not have the ability to synthesize CLA, it is possible to add them to animal feed with biotechnological solutions. The scientific public imposes modern parameters for determining the nutritional value of fatty acids, in which the AI – index of atherogenicity, TI – index of thrombogenicity and H/H - hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio are distinguished. The aim of this study was to determine the effect CLA addition to the diet of non-ruminants on the lipid indices of certain categories of meat, from the aspect of consumer health needs. A significant influence of the correction of feed’s fatty acid composition on the lipid indices in food of animal origin was determined.

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Ochratoxin A in food and urine: a nationwide Portuguese two-year study

World Mycotoxin Journal ◽

10.3920/wmj2014.1707 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 121-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S.C. Duarte ◽

C.M. Lino ◽

A. Pena

Keyword(s):

Ochratoxin A ◽

Maximum Level ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Contamination Level ◽

The European Union ◽

Animal Products ◽

Individual Level ◽

Food Of Animal Origin ◽

Carry Over ◽

The Individual

Several toxic effects have been described after exposure to ochratoxin A (OTA), which can enter the human diet directly through food or through animal products via carry-over from contaminated feed. To assess the exposure of the Portuguese population to OTA, a study over a two-year period was conducted. It involved analysis of 472 morning urine samples from inhabitants of four regions, together with a survey of regional bread (738) and pork (254) samples. These foodstuffs are two staple foods in the Portuguese and Mediterranean diet that present a high and widespread consumption by the majority of the population. The bread samples analysed showed a low level of contamination, although the contamination range was broad and some of the samples exceeded the maximum level established in the European Union. Maize bread (broa), especially when made by mixing with rye, was the most contaminated, followed by whole grain-, rye- and wheat-based bread. However, the latter contributed more to OTA exposure, because they were more commonly consumed. Even though the occurrence was rather low, the average OTA amount in pork was relatively high compared to previous national and other surveys. The observed high within-subject variability of OTA in urine limited the use of this biomarker of exposure at the individual level, but not on a population or subgroup of subjects scale. Among the studied population, a widespread exposure was confirmed by the high frequency of OTA contamination in urine, although characterised by a low average contamination level. Independent of region or population, pork appears to be the main contributor to the daily OTA intake in Portugal. These data were clearly in contrast with previous studies showing that cereals and their derived products were the major contributors, while food of animal origin only contributed a small part to the total human dietary OTA exposure.

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Evaluation of slaughterhouse supervision by Veterinary Inspectorate

Medycyna Weterynaryjna ◽

10.21521/mw.6071 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 74 (2) ◽

pp. 6071-2018

Author(s):

MARIUSZ Z. FELSMANN ◽

MAŁGORZATA LISIOWSKA ◽

IRENEUSZ SOŁTYSZEWSKI ◽

JÓZEF SZAREK ◽

DOMINIKA GULDA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transition Period ◽

Negative Evaluation ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Progressive Reduction ◽

Upward Trend ◽

Food Of Animal Origin ◽

Potential Risks ◽

Statistical Trends ◽

Sanitary Conditions ◽

The Eu

Owing to its properties, food of animal origin is subject to special supervision by the Veterinary Inspectorate (VI), and food production requires close adherence to official regulations. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the veterinary supervision of abattoirs in Poland on the basis of data generated by the VI in 2005-2015, which are available on the website of the General Veterinary Office (the RRW-5 report). The data from the reports for particular years were used to determine statistical trends for the number of official decisions (warnings and prohibitions) issued by the IV for supervised and controlled abattoirs. It was found that in 2005-2006 (i.e. the transition period, during which abattoirs not yet in compliance with the EU requirements were allowed to operate) there was a 31.36% reduction in the number of abattoirs (from 762 to 521) with a negative evaluation issued by the VI. In 2007, the number of such abattoirs was comparable (1,432) to that in the previous years, but the VI issued more negative opinions (by 16.52%) than in the previous years because of more restrictive regulations. The results of such actions became visible in 2008, when the number of abattoirs decreased to 731, and the number of those with a negative assessment decreased by 33.28%. Starting from 2010, there was a progressive reduction in the number of decisions issued by the VI: in 2015, it was 66.32% smaller than in 2010 (a drop from 2,500 to 967). The number of decisions decreased along with the number of abattoirs in which poor sanitary conditions were found. An increase in the number of negatively assessed abattoirs results in the VI issuing administrative decisions: first, official warnings (to eliminate irregularities) and then prohibition notices (to stop production). Compared with the years 2005-2013, the years 2014-2015 saw a similar number of warnings and the lowest number of prohibition notices. Although the total number of administrative decisions and prohibition notices issued during 2005-2015 showed a clear downward trend, there was an upward trend in the number of warnings. By using administrative tools commensurate with potential risks to consumers, the VI improves sanitary conditions in abattoirs or eliminates them from the market. The analysis conducted in this study suggests that the sanitary conditions of animal slaughterhouses in Poland are satisfactory, which is partly attributable to the appropriate supervision of such facilities by the VI. .

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Chewing and Drinking Activity during Transition Period and Lactation in Dairy Cows Fed Partial Mixed Rations

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9121088 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 1088 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Viktoria Brandstetter ◽

Viktoria Neubauer ◽

Elke Humer ◽

Iris Kröger ◽

Qendrim Zebeli

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Transition Period ◽

Early Lactation ◽

Dry Period ◽

Eating Time ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Before And After ◽

Chewing Activity

Dairy cows need sufficient physically effective fibre (peNDF) in their diet to induce chewing with the latter stimulating salivation and maintaining rumen health. Thus, monitoring of chewing activity can be a non-invasive tool to assess fibre adequacy, and thus helping in the optimization of the diet. The objective of this study was to investigate and compare chewing activities of cows during transition period and in the course of lactation. Simmental dairy cows, in four different production groups such as dry period (from 8 to 6 weeks ante-calving), calving (24 h before and after calving), early-lactation (7–60 days in milk), and mid-lactation (60–120 days in milk) were used in the study. Cows were fed partial mixed rations supplemented with different amounts of concentrates. The chewing and drinking activity were recorded using rumination-halters (RumiWatch System, Itin+Hoch GmbH, Liestal, Switzerland). Feed data analysis showed that the peNDF content of the partial mixed ration (PMR) was highest during dry period, decreased around parturition, reaching the nadir in the lactation, in all cases, however, exceeding the peNDF requirements. Chewing data analysis showed that rumination time decreased (p < 0.05) in the time around parturition (from 460 min/d during dry period to 363 min/d 24 h before calving) and increased again in early-lactation (505 min/d), reaching a maximum in mid-lactation (515 min/d). Eating time was lowest for cows during early-lactation (342 min/d) and the highest for those in mid-lactation (462 min/d). Moreover, early-lactation cows spent less time (p < 0.05) drinking (8 min/d) compared to other groups (e.g., 24 min/d the day before calving and 20 min/d postpartum). Monitoring of chewing activity might be a useful tool to assess rumen disorder risks and welfare of the cows during the transition period. It further shows promising results to be used as a tool to identify cows that are shortly before calving.

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Occurrence of chemical contaminants in animal products during 1999–2016 in the Czech Republic

British Food Journal ◽

10.1108/bfj-12-2017-0672 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 120 (9) ◽

pp. 2142-2154

Author(s):

Martina Tunegová ◽

Eva Samková ◽

Lucie Hasoňová ◽

Marcela Klimešová ◽

Aneta Marková ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Raw Material ◽

Animal Origin ◽

The European Union ◽

Animal Products ◽

Chemical Contaminants ◽

Content Type ◽

Food Of Animal Origin ◽

Before And After ◽

The Eu

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the results of inspections carried out by the State Veterinary Administration (SVA) of Czech Republic (CR) for the occurrence of chemical contaminants in animal products before and after CR entered the European Union (EU). Design/methodology/approach Data was collected from e-databases of the SVA from 1999–2016 and sorted into categories (game animals and fish; livestock; food and raw material of animal origin) and time periods (one before entry and two after entry of CR to the EU). Analyses of the samples were categorized as “positive samples” (any presence of contaminants) and “samples above the MRL” (presence of contaminants exceeding the maximum residue levels). Findings Results showed a significant decrease in the number of positive findings of contaminants during the monitored years 1999–2016, especially after CR entered the EU. Most encouragingly, the number of samples that exceeded the MRL was less than 1 percent from all the tested samples of animal origin and, after entry to the EU, in one category (food and raw materials of animal origin) it was even less than 0.1 percent. Findings of banned substances indicate continued environmental contamination in CR; however, this remains a problem in most of Europe due to their extensive use in the past and slow degradation. Originality/value This paper provides an overview of the occurrence of chemical contaminants and their levels in food of animal origin in view of the changing legislative requirements before and after CR entered the EU.

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Does carnivory pay off? Experiments on the effects of different types of diet on growth and development of Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758) tadpoles and carry-over effects after metamorphosis

Herpetozoa ◽

10.3897/herpetozoa.32.e35627 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 21-31

Author(s):

Octavian Craioveanu ◽

Cristina Craioveanu ◽

Ioan Ghira ◽

Vioara Mireșan ◽

Tibor Hartel

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development ◽

Vegetarian Diet ◽

Bufo Bufo ◽

The Body ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Larval Performance ◽

Food Of Animal Origin ◽

Condition Indices ◽

Carry Over

Natural diets of anuran larvae vary widely in their relative amounts of nutrients. The proportion of these ingested nutrients has significant influence on larval and post-metamorphic performance. Here, we use the Common Toad to address the role of diet (exclusively carnivore, exclusively vegetarian and mixed) on growth and development of tadpoles and short-term carry-over effects on post-metamorphic animals. Larvae fed on an exclusively vegetarian diet performed better (faster growth and development) than larvae fed on exclusively carnivore and mixed diets. Larvae fed on the exclusively carnivore diet had the lowest performance. Regarding the carry-over effects of larval diets, although the body condition indices of the toadlets were similar in all treatments, there was a major difference in the survival rate. While toadlets, originating from larvae fed on a vegetarian diet, were more successful and had the lowest mortality, those fed on a carnivore diet had the highest mortality level. Our results suggest that a plant-based diet may contain all the necessary nutrients needed by Bufobufo larvae. Furthermore, a diet based exclusively on food of animal origin might be detrimental for the larval performance and could have significant carry-over effects on the post-metamorphic animal.

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Vitamin B6 Deficiency can Reduce Fuel Storage and Utilization in Physically Trained Rats

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831.78.2.64 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 78 (2) ◽

pp. 64-69 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Choi ◽

Cho

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Muscle Protein ◽

Plasma Free Fatty Acid ◽

Vitamin B ◽

Liver Protein ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Before And After ◽

Fuel Storage ◽

Exercise Muscle

This study investigated the effect of vitamin B6 deficiency on the utilization and recuperation of stored fuel in physically trained rats. 48 rats were given either vitamin B6-deficient (B6–) diet or control (B6+) diet for 4 weeks and were trained on treadmill for 30 minutes daily. All animals were then subdivided into 3 groups: before-exercise (BE); during-exercise (DE); after-exercise (AE). The DE group was exercised on treadmill for 1 hour just before being sacrificed. Animals in the AE group were allowed to take a rest for 2 hours after being exercised like the DE group. Glucose and free fatty acids were compared in plasma. Glycogen and triglyceride were compared in liver and skeletal muscle. Protein levels were compared in plasma, liver, and skeletal muscle. Compared with the B6+ group, plasma glucose levels of the B6– group were significantly lower before and after exercise. Muscle glycogen levels of the B6– group were significantly lower than those of the B6+ group regardless of exercise. The liver glycogen level of the B6– group was also significantly lower than that of B6+ group during and after exercise. Before exercise, plasma free fatty acid levels were not significantly different between the B6+ and B6– groups, and plasma free fatty acid levels of the B6– group were significantly lower during and after exercise. The muscle triglyceride level of the B6– group was significantly lower than that of the B6+ group before exercise, and there were no differences between B6+ and B6– groups during and after exercise. Liver triglyceride levels were not significantly different between B6+ and B6– groups. Plasma protein levels of the B6– group were lower than those of B6+ before and after exercise. Muscle protein levels of the B6– group were not significantly different from those of the B6+ group. Liver protein levels of the B6– group were significantly lower than that of the B6+ group after exercise. Liver protein levels of both B6+ and B6– groups were not significantly changed, regardless of exercise. Thus, it is suggested that vitamin B6 deficiency may reduce fuel storage and utilization with exercise in physically trained rats.

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Occurrence of Cis-11,12-Methylene-Hexadecanoic Acid in the Red Alga Solieria pacifica (Yamada) Yoshida

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26082286 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (8) ◽

pp. 2286

Author(s):

Gwang-Woo Kim ◽

Jae-Man Sim ◽

Yutaka Itabashi ◽

Min-Jeong Jung ◽

Joon-Young Jun

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Red Alga ◽

Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Monoenoic Acid ◽

Resonance Spectroscopy ◽

Hexadecenoic Acid ◽

Cyclopropane Fatty Acid ◽

Hexadecanoic Acid

Fatty acids in marine algae have attracted the attention of natural chemists because of their biological activity. The fatty acid compositions of the Solieriaceae families (Rhodophyceae, Gaigartinales) provide interesting information that unusual cyclic fatty acids have been occasionally found. A survey was conducted to profile the characteristic fatty acid composition of the red alga Solieria pacifica (Yamada) Yoshida using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). In S. pacifica, two cyclopentyl fatty acids, 11-cyclopentylundecanoic acid (7.0%), and 13-cyclopentyltridecanoic acid (4.9%), and a cyclopropane fatty acid, cis-11,12-methylene-hexadecanoic acid (7.9%) contributed significantly to the overall fatty acid profile. In particular, this cyclopropane fatty acid has been primarily found in bacteria, rumen microorganisms or foods of animal origin, and has not previously been found in any other algae. In addition, this alga contains a significant amount of the monoenoic acid cis-11-hexadecenoic acid (9.0%). Therefore, cis-11,12-methylene-hexadecanoic acid in S. pacifica was likely produced by methylene addition to cis-11-hexadecenoic acid.

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Undeclared (Poly)phosphates Detection in Food of Animal Origin as a Potential Tool toward Fraud Prevention

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10071547 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1547

Author(s):

Radmila Pavlovic ◽

Federica Di Cesare ◽

Francesca Longo ◽

Franco Abballe ◽

Sara Panseri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽

Exchange Chromatography ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Food Of Animal Origin ◽

Conductometric Detection ◽

Q Exactive ◽

Phosphate Treatment ◽

Potential Tool ◽

Vulnerable Population Groups

(Poly)phosphates are approved as water-preserving and emulsifying agents that improve the appearance and consistency of many food products. The labelling of added (poly)phosphates is essential for protecting vulnerable population groups and to prevent unfair trade practices resulting in economic fraud. The problems with (poly)phosphates’ utilisation concerns both analytical and legislative issues, such as: (1) their straightforward detection; (2) excessive addition altering freshness perception and misleading consumers; (3) uncontrolled usage increasing foodstuff weight; (4) application in products where they are not permitted; and (5) no indication on the label. Bearing all these issues in mind, the main purpose of this study was the quantification and screening of the (poly)phosphates profile in meat, marine and dairy products (160 samples), of which 43 were without declared (poly)phosphate treatment. Analysis was completed by high-performance ion-exchange chromatography either with conductometric detection or coupled to Q-Exactive Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. Although the (poly)phosphates profiles varied greatly according to species and processing type, the following criteria for detection of illicit treatment were established: high orthophosphate level, quantified short-chain (poly)phosphate anions and the presence of long-chain forms. In conclusion, the instrumental platforms used in this study can be recommended to inspection bodies as reliable methods for the detection of food adulteration with (poly)phosphates.

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