scholarly journals Ultrasound Characteristics of the Cavitary Corpus Luteum after Oestrus Synchronization in Heifers in Relation to the Results of Embryo Transfer

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1706
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Maria Jaśkowski ◽  
Hartwig Bostedt ◽  
Marek Gehrke ◽  
Jędrzej Maria Jaśkowski
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Functional Status ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Progesterone Level ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Tissue Area ◽  
Luteal Tissue ◽  
Ultrasound Assessment

The aim of the study was to conduct an ultrasound analysis of quantitative parameters of the corpus luteum (CL) in recipient heifers on days 6–8 after oestrus, and to compare reproduction potential of both types of CL in those females. Analyses were performed on 300 heifers, synchronized with two injections of cloprostenol. Clinical and ultrasound examinations of ovaries were performed and measurements of the CL were recorded. The blood samples were taken to determine progesterone level. Pregnancy examination was conducted after 6–8 weeks from the ET. Cavitary CL was found in 32.7% heifers In 48.0% of the cavitary CL, its luteal tissue area was reduced by 14.3% compared to the compact CL, while 16.3% of the CL had luteal tissue reduced by more than 33.8%. Progesterone level in blood serum was higher in heifers with the cavitary CL (p < 0.001). Pregnancy rate was higher for females with a cavitary CL (52%) than those with compact ones (33%, p < 0.05). The ultrasound assessment of luteal tissue should be included in the evaluation of the functional status of the CL in ET-recipient heifers. The cavitary CL presence may indicate a higher potential of the recipient in maintaining the pregnancy.

109 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ULTRASONIC MORPHOLOGY OF CORPUS LUTEUM IN HOLSTEIN HEIFERS AND PREGNANCY RATE AFTER EMBRYO TRANSFER

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
A. Shirasawa ◽  
Y. Nakamura ◽  
A. Ideta ◽  
Y. Oono ◽  
M. Urakawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Blood Clot ◽  
Pregnancy Rates ◽  
Bovine Embryo ◽  
Tissue Area ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rectal Palpation ◽  
Experimental Group

Recipient animals for bovine embryo transfer (ET) are routinely selected according to the morphology of the corpus luteum (CL) estimated by rectal palpation. However, rectal palpation is not a precise method of diagnosing the functional status of a CL. Ovarian ultrasonography (US) may be used to improve such diagnoses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between ultrasonographic images of CL and pregnancy rates after ET in Holstein heifers to determine whether US can be used to select recipients for ET. Recipient heifers (n = 285) were selected by detection of natural oestrus or following oestrus synchronization using a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PRID; ASKA Pharmaceutical, Tokyo, Japan). Transrectal US was performed immediately before ET, on Days 6 to 8 of the oestrous cycle (oestrus = Day 0), using a B-mode scanner (HS1500V; Honda Electronics Co. LTD, Aichi, Japan) equipped with a 7.5-MHz linear-array transducer designed for intrarectal placement. A cross-sectional image of the maximal area of the CL and luteal cavity was obtained. The areas of the CL and luteal cavity were each calculated using the formula for the area of an ellipse (height/2 × width/2 × π). (1) Ultrasonic morphology of CL was classified into 3 types: without cavity (n = 128), with cavity (n = 145) and with blood clot (n = 12). (2) The luteal cavity was categorized into 3 groups: small (<100 mm2, n = 93), medium (100 ≤ x < 200 mm2, n = 32) and large (≥200 mm2, n = 20). (3) Luteinized tissue area (total area of CL minus the area of the luteal cavity) was categorized into 3 groups: small (<250 mm2, n = 61), medium (250 ≤ x < 350 mm2, n = 128) and large (≥350 mm2, n = 84). In vivo–produced embryos were transferred nonsurgically into the uterine horn ipsilateral to the CL. Pregnancy was determined by transrectal US on Days 30 to 40 of gestation. The pregnancy rates of each experimental group were analysed by logistic regression. In this study, the pregnancy rate did not differ significantly in each experimental group: (1) without cavity: 77.3% (99/128), with cavity: 75.2% (109/145) and blood clot: 75.0% (9/12); (2) small cavity: 73.1% (68/93), medium: 75.0% (24/32) and large: 85.0% (17/20). The mean area of the cavity was 100.8 ± 110.3 mm2 (mean ± standard deviation) and recipients with 0 to 539.7 mm2 sized cavities had successful pregnancies (observational range was 0 to 539.7 mm2). (3) The pregnancy rates of recipients that had small, medium and large luteinized tissue were 77.0% (47/61), 75.0% (96/128) and 77.4% (65/84), respectively. The mean area of luteinized tissue was 318.9 ± 90.3 mm2 and 155.0 to 620.0 mm2 sized luteinized tissue had pregnancy success (observational range was 132.8 to 620.0 mm2). In conclusion, the results from this study indicate that the presence of a luteal cavity or blood clot has no detrimental effect on pregnancy success after ET in Holstein heifers. Furthermore, no relationship was found between luteinized tissue area at the time of ET and pregnancy rate.

162 FERTILITY OF BEEF RECIPIENTS FOLLOWING A FIXED-TIME EMBRYO TRANSFER PROTOCOL WHICH INCLUDED FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE DILUTED IN HYALURONAN

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
J. W. Thorne ◽  
C. R. Looney ◽  
J. F. Hasler ◽  
D. K. Hockley ◽  
D. W. Forrest
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Transfer Rate ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Pfizer Animal Health ◽  
And Control ◽  
Estradiol 17Β

This study was performed to test the viability of administering Folltropin-V® (FSH, Bioniche Animal Health) diluted in hyaluronan (MAP-5 50 mg, sodium hyaluronate, Bioniche Animal Health) to beef cows enrolled in a recipient synchronization protocol to evaluate its effect on recipient fertility. All recipients were administered an estradiol 17β (2.5 mg, IM) and progesterone (50 mg, IM) combination injection on Day 0, a CIDR® (progesterone 1.34 g, Pfizer Animal Health, Groton, CT, USA) was inserted for 7 days. Lutalyse® (dinoprost tromethamine, Pfizer Animal Health, 25 mg, IM) was administered at the time of CIDR removal on Day 7, and estradiol 17β (1 mg, IM) was administered on Day 8. On Day 16, the presence of at least one corpus luteum, detected via ultrasound, resulted in the recipient receiving an embryo (both fresh and frozen–thawed embryos were used). Embryos were not transferred into cows that did not show ultrasonic evidence of a CL. Dependent variables for which data were collected included circulating progesterone levels at the time of transfer and CL diameter, area, and circumference; measured in millimeters. The total study (n = 274) consisted of both wet (n = 85) and dry (n = 189) cows and included both Bos indicus (Brahman-influenced) crossbred (n = 93) and Bos taurus (Angus-based) cows (n = 181). The experiment consisted of cows being placed in either the treated or control groups, with treated cows receiving a single 40 mg (1 mL) IM injection of Folltropin-V in hyaluronan on Day 5 and control cows receiving no additional injections. Results are shown in Table 1. Transfer rate, conception rate, and pregnancy rate were tested for significance with chi-square analysis and remaining statistics were analyzed with a t-test: two-sample assuming equal variances. There were no significant differences found between the treated and control groups for transfer rate, conception rate, or pregnancy rate. Corpus luteum diameter was shown to be larger in control cows (P < 0.05); however, CL area and circumference did not differ significantly. Folltropin-V given with hyaluronan at a 40-mg dose on Day 5 did not improve fertility, induce a larger CL, or increase circulating progesterone levels in synchronized beef recipients as hypothesized. Further work is needed with Folltropin-V in hyaluronan to determine if an alternative dose or timing of administration would be more appropriate for improving fertility in recipients. Table 1.Fertility data in beef recipients following synchronization for fixed-time embryo transfer with a protocol that included (Treated) or did not include (Control) FSH in hyaluronan

PROLACTIN IN MAINTENANCE OF THE CORPUS LUTEUM OF EARLY PSEUDOPREGNANCY IN THE GOLDEN HAMSTER

1981 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. HARRIS ◽  
B. D. MURPHY
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Golden Hamster ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Progesterone Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Samples

The role of prolactin in the maintenance of the corpus luteum of pseudopregnancy was studied in the golden hamster. Nine groups of seven to fourteen animals each received 1 mg bromocriptine at 11.00 h on days 1, 2 or 3 of pseudopregnancy (three groups for each day). On each day of treatment with bromocriptine, one group of hamsters was injected with bovine prolactin 4 h before bromocriptine, and one group received prolactin 4 h before bromocriptine for three consecutive days following treatment with bromocriptine. One group received bromocriptine only. These nine groups were compared with a control group of animals given 0·85% saline instead of bromocriptine and prolactin. Peripheral blood samples were taken from all hamsters at 11.00 h on days 3, 4, 5 and 6 of pseudopregnancy and plasma levels of progesterone were determined by radioimmunoassay. Luteolysis, indicated by a decline in progesterone level by 24 or 48 h after treatment with bromocriptine, occurred in all hamsters given bromocriptine alone, whether it was administered on day 1, 2 or 3. Pretreatment with a single dose of prolactin did not mitigate the bromocriptine-induced fall in progesterone. In the majority of cases, pretreatment with prolactin plus daily doses of prolactin maintained the progesterone at levels not different from saline-treated hamsters. These data suggest that prolactin is a necessary luteotrophin during early pseudopregnancy without which luteolysis ensues.

103 Effects of administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin at Day 5 post-ovulation on development of the original corpus luteum depend on the locational relationship between the original and accessory corpora lutea

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
K. Hazano ◽  
S. Haneda ◽  
M. Matsui
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Intrauterine Environment ◽  
Prostaglandin F2a ◽  
Tissue Area ◽  
Luteal Tissue ◽  
Relationship Of

In cattle, human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is administered at Day 5 post-ovulation to improve fertility. This treatment can induce ovulation of the first-wave dominant follicle (W1DF), from which an accessory corpus luteum (CL) is generated. In addition, hCG has the effect of promoting CL development. It is possible that the locational relationship between the original and accessary CLs influences the effect of hCG on CL development, because the locational relationship of the CLs affects intraovarian blood flow. The present study aimed to clarify whether the locational relationship between the original and accessory CLs influences the effect of hCG on their development. Cross-bred beef heifers (Holstein×Japanese Black, n=56) were used for the present study. The oestrus cycle was synchronized using oestradiol benzoate (EB) and a controlled internal drug release (CIDR)-based program. Briefly, an administration of EB (2mg) with 9-day CIDR insertion was followed by administration of prostaglandin F2a analogue (PGF2a) on the day of CIDR removal, EB (1mg) 1 day after a PGF2a injection, and GnRH 12h after the second EB injection. At Day 5 post-ovulation, the locational relationship between the original CL and the W1DF was confirmed using transrectal ultrasonography (USG), and two groups were defined: ipsilateral group (IG; n=30), in which the CL and the W1DF are in the same ovary, and contralateral group (CG; n=26), in which the CL and the W1DF are in separate ovaries. Moreover, IG and CG were respectively subdivided into two groups, with or without hCG (1500IU) treatment (IG/hCG, n=15; IG without hCG, n=15, and CG/hCG, n=14; CG without hCG, n=12). The diameter and luteal tissue area (i.e. minus the cavity area) of the original CL and the accessory CL were examined at Days 5, 7, and 14, using USG. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare the diameter and luteal tissue area between IG/hCG and IG without hCG, and between CG/hCG and CG without hCG. In CG, the diameter (P&lt;0.01) and luteal tissue area of the original CL (P&lt;0.001) at Day 7 was increased by receiving hCG, while it did not change in IG. The diameter and luteal tissue area of the original CL at Day 14 were not affected by the administration of hCG in either CG or IG. Moreover, for the accessory CL, no difference of the diameter and luteal tissue area was observed between CG and IG. The present study showed that hCG treatment at Day 5 post-ovulation stimulate the growth of the original CL at Day 7, when the original CL and accessory CL are on contralateral sides. Our results suggest that the effect of administration of the hCG at Day 5 post-ovulation on the original CL development depends on the locational relationship between the original and accessory CL (IG or CG). The function of the CL affects the intrauterine environment for embryonic development. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effect of the hCG injection at Day 5 on the function of CL (i.e. plasma P4 concentration) in IG and CG, respectively.

scholarly journals Comparison of Intra-CL Injection and Peripheral Application of Prostaglandin F2α Analog on Luteal Blood Flow and Secretory Function of the Bovine Corpus Luteum

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka W. Jonczyk ◽  
Katarzyna K. Piotrowska-Tomala ◽  
Dariusz J. Skarzynski
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Secretory Function ◽  
Bovine Corpus Luteum ◽  
Tissue Area ◽  
Luteal Tissue

We investigated the effects of different doses of dinoprost injected directly into the bovine corpus luteum (CL) on (i) concentrations of progesterone (P4) and oxytocin (OT) in peripheral blood and (ii) mRNA levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR), cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1 (P450scc), hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 β- and steroid delta-isomerase 1 (HSD3B), and receptor-interacting protein kinases 1 and 3 (RIPK1, RIPK3) in CL tissue. Moreover, we examined the effects of dinoprost, injected intra-CL or administered intramuscularly (IM), on CL secretory function and on indicators of CL vascular network status: luteal tissue area (LTA), CL blood flow (CLBF), and the CLBF:LTA ratio (Adj. CLBF), in cows at the early and mid-luteal phases. In the Experiment 1, cows (day 10 of the cycle) were allocated to (i) an intra-CL injection of saline (control; n = 3); (ii) an intra-CL injection of dinoprost (1.25 mg; 2.5 mg, or 5 mg; n = 3 for each dose); (iii) an IM administration of saline (control; n = 3); or (iv) an IM administration of dinoprost (25 mg; positive control; n = 3). Concentrations of OT and P4 were measured in plasma samples. The mRNA expression of steroidogenesis- or necroptosis-related factors was determined in CL tissue 4 h after treatments. In Experiment 2, cows on day 4 (n = 12) or day 10 (n = 12) were allocated to (i) an intra-CL injection of dinoprost (2.5 mg/0.5 ml; n = 6), or (ii) IM administration of dinoprost (25 mg/5 ml; n = 6). Concentrations of P4 were measured in plasma samples. Luteal tissue area, CLBF, and Adj. CLBF were assessed based on color Doppler ultrasonography. An intra-CL injection of dinoprost increased OT and decreased P4 levels in the jugular vein (JV) in a dose-dependent manner in cows at the mid-luteal phase. Increased CLBF and Adj. CLBF, accompanied by reduced P4 levels, were observed 2 h after intra-CL dinoprost injection in middle-stage CL. Decreased STAR and increased RIPK1 and RIPK3 mRNA levels confirmed that 2.5 mg dinoprost injected directly into CL is the minimum dose that induces luteolytic cascade. Injection of dinoprost directly into the CL (at a dosage lower than recommended for peripheral application) results in a pattern similar to IM dinoprost administration.

scholarly journals A study of Serum Steroid Hormones Concentrations Of Pregnant Cows

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-182
Author(s):  
AL-Anbaky K. I. H.
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Hormone Level ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Jugular Veins ◽  
Serum Hormones ◽  
Blood Samples

The objective of present work is to estimated peripheral blood serum concentrations of pregnancyhormones, oestradiol , progesterone and testosterone , in cows . For this purpose 24 Frezain- Holsteincows at different stages of pregnancy the blood samples were taken from jugular veins. The serumwere separated and frozen at – 20 c until analysis. The serum hormones were measured by a specificELISA technique (ELISA Linear Multi Reader). The data were represented Mean + S.D. Progesteronewas high during pregnancy reaching a maximum of 91.94 + 26.09 ng/ml during last thirds (6-8months) of pregnancy , but was below 9.12 + 2.41 ng/ml for several months during the pregnancy.Oestradiol levels varied from 9.0+ 2.89 pg/ml in the first thirds of pregnancy to 282.6 + 48 .514 pg/mlduring the last month of gestation. While testosterone hormone level was low 0.32 + 0.12 ng /mlduring pregnancy. The result indicated that the major sources of hormones appeared to be the 0vary(corpus luteum ) and the uterus (placenta). The ovarian contribution was greater during the first – thirdsof pregnancy than later, whereas that made by the placenta was higher during the last thirds ofpregnancy

scholarly journals Luteal progesterone level correlated with immunotherapy success of patients with repeated implantation failures

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Sefrioui ◽  
Aicha Madkour ◽  
Nouzha Bouamoud ◽  
Ismail Kaarouch ◽  
Brahim Saadani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Clinical Pregnancy ◽  
Progesterone Level ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Fresh Embryo Transfer ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear

AbstractImmunotherapy using PBMC administration demonstrated relatively its effectiveness to treat RIF patients but it still unclear to explain some miscarriages. Luteal progesterone level (LPL) issued from corpus luteum after embryo implantation stage could be informative basis data to personalize immunotherapy for RIF patients predicting clinical outcomes. This randomized controlled study included 70 patients undergoing ICSI program presenting at least 3 RIF: 39 for Control of untreated patients and 31 for PBMC-test concerning treated patients with immunotherapy. For PBMC-test group, Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) were isolated from patients on ovulation induction day and cultured three days to be administered to intrauterine cavity of patients two days before fresh embryo transfer. LPL was analyzed at day 15 after embryo transfer and clinical outcomes were calculated including implantation, clinical pregnancy and miscarriage rates. Clinical outcomes were doubly improved after immunotherapy including implantation and clinical pregnancy rates comparing Control versus PBMC-test (10% and 21% vs 24% and 45%). In the other hand, this strategy showed an increase over double in LPL (4ng/ml for Control vs 9ng/ml for PBMC-test) while the latter was correlated to clinical pregnancy. Bypassing the effectiveness of this immunotherapy approach for RIF patients, it is directly correlated to LPL proving the interactive reaction between immune profile of the treated patients and progesterone synthesis by corpus luteum.

100 Relationship between corpus luteum blood flow evaluated via colour Doppler ultrasound and pregnancy rate in bovine embryo transfer recipients

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 176
Author(s):  
M. K. Sermersheim ◽  
B. R. Lindsey ◽  
L. M. Naves ◽  
M. Rubessa ◽  
M. B. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Medical Imaging ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Doppler Ultrasound ◽  
Doppler Imaging ◽  
Bovine Embryo ◽  
Colour Doppler ◽  
Colour Doppler Ultrasound

The advent of colour Doppler ultrasound has allowed evaluation of blood flow to bodily tissues. This novel technology is being tested as a tool to improve efficiency in a variety of livestock reproduction programs. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between blood flow to the ovarian corpus luteum (CL), imaged via colour Doppler ultrasound, and pregnancy rate in crossbred dairy recipients for embryo transfer (ET). Oestrous cycles of Bos indicus×Bos taurus dairy heifers (n=90, 16-24 months of age) were synchronized for embryo transfer on Days 7-8. Immediately before ET, heifers were palpated for the presence of ovarian CL and CL papillae. Presence of CL, CL papillae, and CL lacunae were confirmed via transrectal B-mode ultrasound (Ibex EVO I, E. I. Medical Imaging). Transrectal colour Doppler ultrasound (Ibex EVO I, E. I. Medical Imaging) was used to evaluate blood flow to the CL. Invitro-produced (IVP) blastocysts (qualities I and II) were transferred to the uterine horn ipsilateral to the CL. All palpation, imaging, and embryo transfer was performed by a single technician. Pregnancy was determined via transrectal ultrasound 24-32 days post-embryo transfer (31-39 days of embryo age). Blood flow to the CL was split into three categories: high, median, and low. Presence or absence of two additional CL structures, CL papillae and lacunae, were recorded. Fisher's exact test was used to evaluate data. Statistical differences were considered significant at P&lt;0.05. The overall pregnancy rate was determined to be 40%, 36 out of 90. Pregnancy rates were similar in high (33.9%, 20 of 59), median (59.09%, 13 of 22), and low (33.33%, 3 of 9) blood flow categories. Consistent with previous studies, absence of CL papillae and presence of CL lacunae at the time of ET did not affect pregnancy rate. Doppler blood flow, papillae, and lacunae were also evaluated together in each possible combination. Only one outlier was present; all other differences were not significant. The highest pregnancy rate (66.67%, 10 of 15) was observed in recipients with CLs with median Doppler blood flow, a palpable CL papillae, and no CL lacunae. A larger sample size is required to determine the accuracy of this measurement. In conclusion, recipients with high to low CL blood flow are suitable for IVP embryo transfer programs. Alone, colour Doppler imaging of the CL does not predict pregnancy rate.

P–404 Low serum progesterone on the day of frozen blastocyst transfer is associated with a diminished ongoing pregnancy rate in hormonal replacement therapy cycles

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Maignien ◽  
B Mathilde ◽  
B Valérie ◽  
C Ahmed ◽  
C Charles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Frozen Embryo Transfer ◽  
Blastocyst Transfer ◽  
Progesterone Level ◽  
Ongoing Pregnancy ◽  
Ongoing Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Serum Progesterone ◽  
Hormonal Replacement

Abstract Study question Is there a relationship between progesterone levels on the day of frozen blastocyst transfer and ongoing pregnancy rate (OPR), in hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) cycles? Summary answer Women undergoing HRT-frozen embryo transfer with progesterone levels≤9.76ng/ml on the day of blastocyst transfer had a significantly lower OPR than those with progesterone levels&gt;9.76 ng/ml. What is known already The importance of serum progesterone levels around the time of frozen embryo transfer (FET) is a burning issue, in view of the growing number of FET worldwide. However, the optimal range of serum progesterone levels is not clearly determined and discrepancies arise from the current literature. Study design, size, duration: Observational cohort study with 915 patients undergoing HRT-FET at a tertiary care university hospital, between January 2019 and March 2020. Participants/materials, setting, methods Patients undergoing single autologous blastocyst FET under HRT using exogenous estradiol and vaginal micronized progesterone for endometrial preparation. Women were only included once during the study period. The serum progesterone level was measured in the morning of the FET, in a single laboratory. The primary endpoint was OPR beyond pregnancy week 12. Statistical analysis was conducted using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. Main results and the role of chance Mean serum progesterone level on the day of FET was 12.90 ± 4.89 ng/ml). The OPR was 35.5% (325/915) in the overall population. Patients with a progesterone level ≤ 25th percentile (≤9.76ng/ml) had a significantly lower OPR and a higher miscarriage rate (MR) compared with women with progesterone level over Centile 25 (29.6% versus 37.4%; p = 0.033 and 34.8% versus 21.3%; p = 0.008, respectively). After adjustment for the potential confounders in a multivariate analysis, a serum progesterone level ≤ 9.76 ng/ml on the day of FETand FET of a Day 6-blastocyst (versus Day 5-blastocyst) were found as independent risks factor of lower OPR. Limitations, reasons for caution The main limitation of our study is linked to its observational design. Extrapolation of our results to other laboratories, or other routes and/or doses of administering progesterone also needs to be validated. Wider implications of the findings: This study suggests that a minimum serum progesterone level is needed to optimize reproductive outcomes in autologous blastocyst FET, in HRT-cycles. Further studies are needed to evaluate if modifications of progesterone routes and/or doses may improve pregnancy chances, in an approach to individualize the management of ART patients. Trial registration number NA

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