scholarly journals Estimates of the Economic Cost Caused by Five Major Reproductive Problems in Dairy Animals in Assam and Bihar, India

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3116
Author(s):  
Ram Pratim Deka ◽  
Ulf Magnusson ◽  
Delia Grace ◽  
Thomas F. Randolph ◽  
Rajeswari Shome ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Cost ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Animal Population ◽  
Native Breed ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Exotic Breed ◽  
Value Loss ◽  
Dairy Animals ◽  
Dairy Animal

Reproductive problems in dairy animals reduce fertility, prevent conception, create problems in the delivery of healthy calves, lead to postpartum complications, increase inter-calving periods, reduce milk yield, and lower overall lifetime productivity. This study aimed at understanding the incidence of reproductive problems and the cost caused by these. The study covered 954 dairy animals in Bihar and 1348 dairy animals in Assam that were selected using a multi-stage random sampling method. The costs were calculated as the sum of income losses and expenditures incurred. The major cost incurred resulted from extended calving intervals (46.1% of the total cost), followed by loss through salvage selling (38.1%), expenditure for treatment of repeat breeders (5.9%), loss of milk production (5.3%) and expenditure for extra inseminations (2.0%). About one fifth of the selected reproductive problems were left untreated. The estimated cost of reproductive problems was Indian Rupees (INR) 2424.9 (USD 36.1) per dairy animal per year (of the total dairy animal population) which represented approximately 4.1% of the mean value loss of dairy animals (INR 58,966/USD 877) per year. Reproductive problems were significantly (p < 0.001) higher among improved (exotic breed or cross-bred) dairy animals than indigenous (native breed or nondescript indigenous) dairy animals. The study suggests that with the increase of improved dairy animal population, the loss may further increase. The study concludes that any economic estimation of reproduction problems based on aetiology without confirmatory diagnoses could be highly misleading because of the complex nature of the problems.

scholarly journals Association of Livestock Ownership and Household Dietary Quality: Results from a Cross-Sectional Survey from Rural India

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 6060
Author(s):  
Adithya Pradyumna ◽  
Mirko S. Winkler ◽  
Jürg Utzinger ◽  
Andrea Farnham
Keyword(s):  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dairy Animals ◽  
Livestock Ownership ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dairy Animal

Studies from India and several eastern African countries found that the impact of dairy animal ownership on household nutrition varied greatly, depending on the socio-geographic context. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between livestock ownership and household dietary quality in rural Kolar district, India. We collected data from a household survey in four study villages (n = all 195 households of the four villages) of Kolar district, applying a cross-sectional design. Kendall’s rank correlation coefficient was employed to determine the correlation between milk consumption and other dietary variables. Multivariable logistic regression was used to describe the relationship between dairy animal ownership and household milk consumption. Households owning dairy animals more often had access to irrigation (58.3% vs. 25.2%) and were less often woman-headed (2.4% vs. 22.5%). Household milk consumption was significantly correlated with consumption of vegetable variety, egg, and meat (all p-values < 0.05). After adjusting for multiple confounders, the odds ratio of milk consumption between dairy animal-owning households as compared to other households was 2.11 (95% confidence interval 0.85, 5.45). While dairy animal ownership was found to be associated with improved dietary quality, larger households were in a better position to adopt dairy animals, which, in turn, might contribute to better household nutrition.

scholarly journals The human−animal relationship in dairy animals

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (S1) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Fabio Napolitano ◽  
Andrea Bragaglio ◽  
Emilio Sabia ◽  
Francesco Serrapica ◽  
Ada Braghieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Traditional Farming ◽  
Good Practices ◽  
Dairy Animals ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Dairy Animal

AbstractThe present study aims to identify margins for the improvement of dairy animal welfare and production based on the quality of the human−animal relationship (HAR). The main tool proposed to improve the quality of HAR in dairy animals is training of stock-people by targeting their attitude and behaviour. Given that a good quality HAR may benefit the welfare of dairy animals and productivity, new technologies, by monitoring the handling routine on farm, may be more effective in promoting good practices. In particular, the implementation of new technologies may allow identification of specific inappropriate behaviours to be targeted at stockperson level, thus increasing the efficacy of training. However, an issue related to the introduction of new technologies in the farms, particularly in those that follow traditional farming practices, is the resistance to innovation which may be encountered.

scholarly journals Profit efficiency among catfish farmers in Benue State, Nigeria

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (54) ◽  
pp. 6759-6775
Author(s):  
PT Tsue ◽  
◽  
WL Lawal ◽  
VO Ayuba
Keyword(s):  
Computer Software ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Profit Efficiency ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Short Run ◽  
And Training ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

The study examined profit efficiency among catfish farmers in Benue State of Nigeria using a stochastic profit frontier approach . A multi- stage sampling technique was used to collect data from 143 catfish farmers through a well structured questionnaire. T he study used a Cobb- Douglas stochastic profit frontier function to analyze the data and was estimated using a computer software, FRONTIER 4.1 version. The estimated elasticity parameters of variables with respect to g ross profit of catfish farmers revealed the significance of all the independent variables included in the stochastic profit function. However, the number of ponds (-0.02), cost of feed ( -0.30), cost of fingerlings ( -0.11) and cost of hired labour ( -0.004) had an inverse relationship with the profit of farmers with cost of feed being the most important variable decreasing the prof it of farmers in the study area. The negative elasticity of number of ponds with respect to farmers’ profit was likely due to under -utilization of ponds capacity. The result further indicated that the kilogramme of catfish produced (elasticity of 1.43) was the most important variable determining profit in catfish farming in the study area. Analysis of profit efficiency revealed a varied (23 -99%) profit efficiency of the farmers with a mean value of 0.84. This implies that the farmers were able to obtain a little above 80 percent of their potential profit from a unit mix of inputs. This means that about 16 percent of the profit is lost due to inefficiency of management. Thus, in the short run there is scope for increasing profit from catfish production by 16 percent by adopting the technology and the techniques used by the ‘best practiced’ catfish farmers. Analysis of the factors influencing profit efficiency revealed that while age of famers, farming experience and duration of culture positively influence d profit efficiency, years of education, off -catfish -farm income, and training negatively influenced profit efficiency. The policy implication of these findings is that profit inefficiency in catfish production can be reduced significantly overtime as the farmers get more experienced a nd a more conducive environment is created , to encourage more aged farmers to be involved in catfish production in a bid to alleviate poverty and food insecurity in the state and the country at large.

scholarly journals TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF POULTRY EGG PRODUCTION IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA.

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
Olatokunbo H Osinowo ◽  
Esther T Tolorunju
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Stochastic Frontier ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Socio Economic Variables

There is a retarded growth in poultry egg production in Ogun state, Nigeria. This has led to high cost of production and the average market prices of the product. The study therefore examined the technical efficiency of poultry egg production in Ogun state, Nigeria using the stochastic frontier production function model. Primary data were collected using a set of structured questionnaire from one hundred and twenty (120) poultry egg farmers who were selected using multi-stage sampling techniques, from Poultry Association of Nigeria, Ogun State chapter. The level of technical efficiencies (TE) varied widely across farms, ranging between 64 percent and 97 percent, with a mean value of 85.6 percent. Only years of experience negatively affected the TE while an increase in other socio-economic variables, such as education, age and location of farm led to an increase in the TE value. The major constraints in poultry egg production ranked in order of unbearable cost of feed, inadequate fund and capital, lack of disease control facilities and unstable power supply. This study recommends dissemination of improved modern technology in egg production to the poultry egg farmers.

scholarly journals A Review of Theoretical Perspectives in Cognitive Science on the Presence of 1/f Scaling in Coordinated Physiological and Cognitive Processes

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten L. Wijnants
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Mathematical Concepts ◽  
Systems Methodology ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Large Sets ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Wide Range

Time series of human performances present fluctuations around a mean value. These fluctuations are typically considered as insignificant, and attributable to random noise. Over recent decades, it became clear that temporal fluctuations possess interesting properties, however, one of which the property of fractal 1/f scaling. 1/f scaling indicates that a measured process extends over a wide range of timescales, suggesting an assembly over multiple scales simultaneously. This paper reviews neurological, physiological, and cognitive studies that corroborate the claim that 1/f scaling is most clearly present in healthy, well-coordinated activities. Prominent hypotheses about the origins of 1/f scaling are confronted with these reviewed studies. It is concluded that 1/f scaling in living systems appears to reflect their genuine complex nature, rather than constituting a coincidental side-effect. The consequences of fractal dynamics extending from the small spatial and temporal scales (e.g., neurons) to the larger scales of human behavior and cognition, are vast, and impact the way in which relevant research questions may be approached. Rather than focusing on specialized isolable subsystems, using additive linear methodologies, nonlinear dynamics, more elegantly so, imply a complex systems methodology, thereby exploiting, rather than rejecting, mathematical concepts that enable describing large sets of natural phenomena.

Bereichsspezifische Strategien im Stochastiksunterricht

2019 ◽  
pp. 149-168
Author(s):  
Stefan Götz
Keyword(s):  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Directed Graphs ◽  
Random Processes ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Absorption Probability ◽  
Specific Strategy ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
One Step ◽  
Multi Level

For multi-stage random experiments, probability trees are used for their description. Using the path rules, probabilities for the results of such multi-level experiments can be calculated from the probabilities that characterize the transitions from one step to the next. A natural next step is to look for sequences of random experiments, which can be represented by directed graphs. Analogous to the path rules, mean value rules serve to determine probabilities for an end of these random processes and their expected durations. Directed graphs and mean rules represent domain-specific strategies that take up and develop concepts of stochastic teaching at secondary level. Classification: D54, K64, N74, D29. Keywords: stochastics education, stochastically thinking, domain-specific strategy, MARKOV chains, directed graph, absorption probability, mean hitting time, transition probabilities, “Mittelwertsregeln”.

BREEDING PRACTICES IN DAIRY ANIMALS UNDER MILKSHED AREA OF SOUTH GUJARAT

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
V.S. Prajapati ◽  
G.M. Chaudhari ◽  
Vijay L. Parmar ◽  
R.R. Singh ◽  
N.B. Jadav
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Breeding Management ◽  
Breeding Time ◽  
Dairy Animals ◽  
Breeding Practices ◽  
Natural Service ◽  
Dairy Animal

A field study was conducted to collect the information on breeding management practices followed by the dairy animal owners of Navsari district of South Gujarat. Two hundred respondents of 10 villages having elite dairy animals were included in the study. Data revealed that 100 % farmers observed only mucus discharge and bellowing as a sole symptom of heat detection. About 88 % of respondents used scientific AI for breeding their animals, while remaining 7.5 & 4.5 % farmers used either natural service are both AI and natural service. Some 98 % respondents bred their female animals between 12 and 18 hrs after heat detection, while remaining 2 % of respondents bred their animals after 18 hrs of heat detection. This shows awareness of farmers regarding ideal breeding time that results in better conception.

scholarly journals Storing E-waste in Green Infrastructure to Reduce Perceived Value Loss through Landfill Siting and Landscaping: A Case Study in Nanjing, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fu Chen ◽  
Xiaoxiao Li ◽  
Yongjun Yang ◽  
Huping Hou ◽  
Gang-Jun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Minimum Distance ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Perceived Value ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Landfill Siting ◽  
Value Loss

Electronic waste (e-waste) represents a severe global environmental issue due to the fast upgrading and updating of electronic products and the high environmental risk. Current low recycling technology, high economic cost, and weak disposal capability make it difficult for e-waste to be rendered 100% harmless. E-waste disposal requires new site-selection methods and site-saving technology to take into account the loss of public perceived value. This study attempts to improve e-waste disposal through siting and landscaping to reduce perceived value loss. The first step is to determine the minimum distance for landfill siting by surveying the minimum loss of perceived value and to use the geographic information system (GIS) to sketch the suitable landfill site thereafter. To optimize the landfill landscape, a landscape infrastructure and its filling process have been designed to reduce the environmental risk and ensure future reuse potential. The application case showed that the minimum distance is 521 m, which was sensitive to the educational level and occupation of residents. The key to landfill landscaping is the construction of isolation layers and the integration of the landfill and urban landscape. The method described in this paper is characterized by minimizing the perceived loss of value to the public, reducing environmental risks, and preserving the resource value of e-waste. This design could provide an alternative to current electronic waste processing methods.

scholarly journals The Economic Cost of Tobacco Farming in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 9447
Author(s):  
AKM Ghulam Hussain ◽  
Abu Shara Shamsur Rouf ◽  
Shafiun Nahin Shimul ◽  
Nigar Nargis ◽  
Tara Mona Kessaram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Cost ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Environmental Cost ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Livelihood Options ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic ◽  
Tobacco Cultivation ◽  
Sample Water ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Buy Back

The extent of tobacco cultivation remains substantially high in Bangladesh, which is the 12th largest tobacco producer in the world. Using data from a household survey of current, former, and never tobacco farmers, based on a multi-stage stratified sampling design with a mix of purposive and random sampling of households, this study estimated the financial and economic profitability per acre of land used for tobacco cultivation. The environmental effects of tobacco cultivation on land and water resources were estimated using laboratory tests of sample water and soil collected from tobacco-cultivating and non-tobacco cultivating areas. The study finds that tobacco cultivation turns into a losing concern when the opportunity costs of unpaid family labour and other owned resources, and the health effects of tobacco cultivation are included. Tobacco cultivation poses a significantly high environmental cost that causes a net loss to society. Nevertheless, the availability of unpaid family labour and the options of advanced credit as well as a buy back guarantee from the tobacco companies attract farmers to engage in and continue tobacco cultivation. Therefore, supply side interventions to curb the tobacco epidemic in Bangladesh need to address major drivers of tobacco cultivation to correct the wrong incentives and motivate tobacco farmers to switch to alternative livelihood options.

Genetic approaches to enhancing nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) in cereals: challenges and future directions

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor Garnett ◽  
Darren Plett ◽  
Sigrid Heuer ◽  
Mamoru Okamoto
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Genotype By Environment Interaction ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
High Yields

Over 100 million tonnes of nitrogen (N) fertiliser are applied globally each year to maintain high yields in agricultural crops. The rising price of N fertilisers has made them a major cost for farmers. Inefficient use of N fertiliser leads to substantial environmental problems through contamination of air and water resources and can be a significant economic cost. Consequently, there is considerable need to improve the way N fertiliser is used in farming systems. The efficiency with which crops use applied N fertiliser – the nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) – is currently quite low for cereals. This is the case in both high yielding environments and lower yielding environments characteristic of cereal growing regions of Australia. Multiple studies have attempted to identify the genetic basis of NUE, but the utility of the results is limited because of the complex nature of the trait and the magnitude of genotype by environment interaction. Transgenic approaches have been applied to improve plant NUE but with limited success, due, in part, to a combination of the complexity of the trait but also due to lack of accurate phenotyping methods. This review documents these two approaches and suggests future directions in improving cereal NUE with a focus on the Australian cereal industry.

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