scholarly journals Techno-Economic Evaluation of Hand Sanitiser Production Using Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch-Based Bioethanol by Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 5987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre Fahriz Perdana Harahap ◽  
Jabosar Ronggur Hamonangan Panjaitan ◽  
Catia Angli Curie ◽  
Muhammad Yusuf Arya Ramadhan ◽  
Penjit Srinophakun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Simultaneous Saccharification And Fermentation ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Simultaneous Saccharification

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is a potential raw material abundantly available for bioethanol production. However, the second-generation bioethanol is still not yet economically feasible. The COVID-19 pandemic increases the demand for ethanol as the primary ingredient of hand sanitisers. This study evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of hand sanitiser production using OPEFB-based bioethanol. OPEFB was alkaline-pretreated, and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) was then performed by adding Saccharomyces cerevisiae and cellulose enzyme. The cellulose content of the OPEFB increased from 39.30% to 63.97% after pretreatment. The kinetic parameters of the OPEFB SSF at 35 °C, which included a µ max, ks, and kd of 0.018 h−1, 0.025 g/dm3, and 0.213 h−1, respectively, were used as input in SuperPro Designer® v9.0. The total capital investment (TCI) and annual operating costs (AOC) of the plant were $645,000 and $305,000, respectively, at the capacity of 2000 kg OPEFB per batch. The batch time of the modelled plant was 219 h, with a total annual production of 32,506.16 kg hand sanitiser. The minimum hand sanitiser selling price was found to be $10/L, achieving a positive net present value (NPV) of $108,000, showing that the plant is economically feasible.

scholarly journals Optimisation of Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) for Biobutanol Production Using Pretreated Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Md Razali ◽  
Mohamad Ibrahim ◽  
Ezyana Kamal Bahrin ◽  
Suraini Abd-Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Substrate Concentration ◽  
Clostridium Acetobutylicum ◽  
Simultaneous Saccharification And Fermentation ◽  
Consolidated Bioprocessing ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Central Composite ◽  
Simultaneous Saccharification ◽  
Clostridium Acetobutylicum Atcc 824

This study was conducted in order to optimise simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) for biobutanol production from a pretreated oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. Temperature, initial pH, cellulase loading and substrate concentration were screened using one factor at a time (OFAT) and further statistically optimised by central composite design (CCD) using the response surface methodology (RSM) approach. Approximately 2.47 g/L of biobutanol concentration and 0.10 g/g of biobutanol yield were obtained after being screened through OFAT with 29.55% increment (1.42 fold). The optimised conditions for SSF after CCD were: temperature of 35 °C, initial pH of 5.5, cellulase loading of 15 FPU/g-substrate and substrate concentration of 5% (w/v). This optimisation study resulted in 55.95% increment (2.14 fold) of biobutanol concentration equivalent to 3.97 g/L and biobutanol yield of 0.16 g/g. The model and optimisation design obtained from this study are important for further improvement of biobutanol production, especially in consolidated bioprocessing technology.

scholarly journals Spent FCC E-Cat: Towards a Circular Approach in the Oil Refining Industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Ferella ◽  
Idiano D’Adamo ◽  
Simona Leone ◽  
Valentina Innocenzi ◽  
Ida De Michelis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Fluid Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Refining Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Discounted Cash Flow

Every year the oil refining industry consumes thousand tons of fluid catalytic cracking zeolite from the E-cat generated in the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit. In the present paper, a new process for recycling of fluid catalytic cracking catalysts (FCCCs) is presented. The process, previously tested at laboratory scale, was simulated by SuperPro Designer catalysts (FCCCs, also known as equilibrium catalysts, E-cat), which are mainly landfilled. Their intrinsic value is quite low and the content of rare earth elements (REEs), as lanthanum and cerium oxides, is around 3%wt. Moreover, their reuse in other industrial processes as raw material is very scarce. For each metric ton of spent FCCC treated for recovery of REEs, nearly the same amount of waste is generated from the process, the majority of which is represented by the solid residue resulting from the leaching stage. The manuscript presents a technological study and an economic analysis for the recovery of REEs, as well as the production of synthetic © software package. The plant was designed for a capacity of 4000 metric tons per year. The discounted cash flow (DCF) method was applied and Net Present Value (NPV) equal to about two-million € and Discounted Payback Time (DPBT) equal to two years defined the profitability of the process for recycling of FCCCs. This result depends on the selling price of zeolite. Consequently, a break-even point (BEP) analysis was conducted on this critical variable and the condition of economic feasibility was verified with a price of 1070 €/ton. This study tried to implement recycling strategies towards circular economy models.

scholarly journals Pretreated of banana pseudo-stem as raw material for enzymatic hydrolysis and bioethanol production

2018 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 01035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kusmiyati ◽  
Ryzka Pratiwi Sukmaningtyas
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Simultaneous Saccharification And Fermentation ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Process Variations ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Fermentation Method ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
Simultaneous Saccharification

Development of alternative energy is needed to solve the energy problem, including bioethanol. Banana pseudo-stem is a lignocellulose material that can used to produce bioethanol. Banana pseudo-stem has 28.83% cellulose and 19.39% lignin. The amount of lignin will reduce by pretreatment process. Variations of pretreatment methods by autoclaving of banana-pseudo stem in a steam, 0.5N, 1N, 1.5N, 2N NaOH solutions for 90 minutes were employed. Then the preteated samples were further enzymatic hydrolysed for 24, 48, 72 hours. The fermentation method of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) was applied using cellulase enzyme and yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for 120 hours. The variation of the pretreatment process by increasing of NaOH concentration solutions led to decreased the lignin content while increased in cellulose content. The lowest lignin content was 11.44% and the highest cellulose was 51.66%. The highest sugar content was 29.8 g/L (at pretreatment 2N NaOH solution, 72 hours hydrolysis). The highest bioethanol amount (4.32 g/L) was produced from pretreated banana stem using 2N NaOH solution.

scholarly journals Techno-economic evaluation of integrated levulinic acid-bioethanol plant design based on oil palm empty fruit bunches

2021 ◽  
Vol 926 (1) ◽  
pp. 012064
Author(s):  
Muryanto ◽  
K L Putri ◽  
P Srinophakun ◽  
M Gozan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Plant Design

Abstract Currently, renewable energy started to become a focus of the world as it can be an alternative to fossil energy. Bioethanol is the result of glucose fermentation derived from lignocellulosic raw material (second-generation bioethanol). As one of the countries with the most significant biomass resources globally, Indonesia has a huge opportunity to develop the bioethanol industry. Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) is the most significant solid waste generated by oil palm plantations. Levulinic acid can be used as a chemical platform for biodiesel production, which has a higher selling price than bioethanol. In this research, techno-economic evaluation of integrated levulinic acid-bioethanol plant based on OPEFB was conducted. Optimization of production capacity is done to determine the suitable plant capacity so that the integrated levulinic acid-bioethanol plant is feasible to be developed. Based on simulation results with SuperPro Design 9.5 and analysis of the economic value, Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Return Rate (IRR), and the payback period is 53.939.000 USD; 29,77%; and 4,52 years, respectively. In conclusion, an integrated levulinic acid-bioethanol plant based on OPEFB has fulfilled the economic parameters of a chemical plant.

scholarly journals Financial Profitability and Sensitivity Analysis of Palm Oil Plantation in Indonesia

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1365-1373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tereza Svatoňová ◽  
David Herák ◽  
Abraham Kabutey
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Discount Rate ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Oil Palm Plantation ◽  
Spreadsheet Model

Oil palm cultivation in Indonesia is increasing. This study investigates the financial and economic aspects of establishing an oil palm plantation using data collected in 2014. The financial case study is undertaken from the perspective of company in North Sumatra, Indonesia. A spreadsheet model was used to develop and calculate the net present value (NPV), return of investment (ROI), internal rate of return (IRR) and payback period (PP). Sensitivity analysis of the NPV to the default discount rate (10%) was included. A 8,000 ha plantation over 25 years was estimated to result in a positive NPV of USD 10,670 with a ROI 73.50% and an IRR at 14.83% and payback period of 6.75 years. Establishing an oil palm plantation seems to be very profitable investment on the basis of the assumptions made. System is tested on sensitivity in different capital and recurrent costs and in selling price of raw material, while change in selling price of FFB is more sensitive to NPV than change in investment and recurrent costs Discount rate is also one of the factors affecting NPV and system is tested between 5–15% change in discount rate.

scholarly journals Effect of various pretreatments of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibres for subsequent use as substrate on the performance of cellulase production by Aspergillus terreus

BioResources ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-307
Author(s):  
Mahdi Shahriarinour ◽  
Mohd Noor Abdul Wahab ◽  
Shuhaimi Mustafa ◽  
Rosfarizan Mohamad ◽  
Arbakariya B. Ariff
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Aspergillus Terreus ◽  
Cellulase Production ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Effective Microorganisms ◽  
Chemical Pretreatments ◽  
Main Components ◽  
High Cellulose

The possibility of using treated oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibres as substrate for cellulase production by Aspergillus terreus was studied using shaking flask fermentation. The effect of different chemical pretreatments, i.e. formic acid, acetic acid, propylamine, phosphoric acid, and n-butylamine, on the suitability of OPEFB fibres as fermentation substrate was investigated. The findings revealed that pretreatment with these chemicals significantly (P<0.05) increased the cellulose and reduced the lignin contents prior to enzymatic hydrolysis. However, fermentation using OPEFB fibres pretreated with phosphoric acid gave the highest cellulase production, which was related to high cellulose content. Further improvement in cellulase production was obtained when the chemically pretreated OPEFB fibres were subsequently treated hydrothermally (autoclaved at 160oC for 10 min) and then biologically (using effective microorganisms). The final activity of the three main components of cellulase (FPase, CMCase, and β-glucosidase) obtained in fermentation by A. terreus using optimally treated OPEFB fibres was (0.77 U mL−1, 8.5 U mL-1, and 6.1 U mL-1), respectively. The production of all these three major components of cellulase using pretreated OPEFB fibres (i.e. chemical, hydrothermal, and biological) were about three times higher than those obtained from fermentation using untreated OPEFB fibres.

scholarly journals Effect of Pre-hydrolysis on Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of Native Rye Starch

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 923-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewelina Strąk-Graczyk ◽  
Maria Balcerek
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Simultaneous Saccharification And Fermentation ◽  
Ethanol Yield ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Simultaneous Saccharification

Abstract The rising population and increasing demand for food place added pressure on the agricultural sector to maintain high process efficiency while implementing environmentally friendly methods. In this study, we investigate the effect of pre-hydrolysis of native rye starch and its influence on the yield of ethanol obtained by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) from high gravity rye mashes with 25% and 28% w w−1 dry matter content. Fermentation was carried out in a 3-day system at a temperature of 35 ± 1 °C using the dry distillery yeast Ethanol Red (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The characteristics of the tested raw material and changes in the native rye starch during enzymatic hydrolysis were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM images revealed characteristic changes on the surface of the starch, which was found to have a layered structure, as well as interesting behavior by the yeast during SSF when the glucose concentration in the environment was lowered. Both in the mashes with 25% and 28% w w−1 dry matter, starch pre-hydrolysis did not significantly increase either the initial amounts of sugars available to the yeast or the fermentation efficiency and ethanol yield in comparison to the mashes without this pre-treatment.

scholarly journals Techno-Economic Analysis for Bioethanol Plant with Multi Lignocellulosic Feedstocks

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-328
Author(s):  
Penjit Srinophakun ◽  
Anusith Thanapimmetha ◽  
Thongchai Rohitatisha Srinophakun ◽  
Pramuk Parakulsuksatid ◽  
Chularat Sakdaronnarong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Ethanol Yield ◽  
Continuous Production ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch

Oil palm empty fruit bunch and trunk are classified as primary lignocellulosic residues from the palm oil industry. They are considered to be promising feedstocks for bioconversion into value-added products such as bioethanol. However,using these lignocellulosic materials to produce bioethanol remains a significant challenge for small and medium enterprises. Hence, techno-economic and sensitivity analyses of bioethanol plant simultaneously treating these materials were performed in this study. The information based on preliminary experimental data in batch operations wasemployed to develop a simulation of an industrial-scale semi-continuous production process. Calculations of mass balance, equipment sizes, and production cost estimation of the production plant of various capacities ranging from 10,000 L/day to 35,000 L/day were summarized. The result based on 20 years of operation indicated that the net present value of theplant of lower capacities was negative. However,thisvalue became positive when the plant operated with a higher capacity, 35,000 L/day.The highest ethanol yield, 294.84 LEtOH/tonfeedstock, was produced when the planttreated only an empty fruit bunch generating 8.94% internal rate of return and US$0.54 production cost per unit.Moreover, the higher oil palm trunk ratio in the feedstock, the lower ethanol yield contributing to the higher production cost per unit.©2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

Fuel Ethanol Production from Wet Oxidised Corn Stover by S. Cerevisiae

2011 ◽  
Vol 343-344 ◽  
pp. 963-967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang Qiang ◽  
Anne Belinda Thomsen
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Corn Stover ◽  
Simultaneous Saccharification And Fermentation ◽  
Ethanol Concentration ◽  
Ethanol Yield ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wet Oxidation ◽  
Inhibition Effect ◽  
Simultaneous Saccharification

In order to find out appropriate process for ethanol production from corn stover, wet oxidation（195°C，15 minutes）and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) was carried out to produce ethanol. The results showed that the cellulose recovery of 92.9% and the hemicellulose recovery of 74.6% were obtained after pretreatment. 86.5% of cellulose was remained in the solid cake . After 24h hydrolysis at 50°C using cellulase（Cellubrix L）,the achieved conversion of cellulose to glucose was 64.8%. Ethanol production was evaluated from dried solid cake and the hydrolysate was employed as liquid fraction . After 142 h of SSF with substrate concentration of 8% (W/V), ethanol yield of 73.1 % of the theoretical based on glucose in the raw material was obtained by S. cerevisiae(ordinary baker’ yeast) . The corresponding ethanol concentration and volumetric productivity were 17.2g/L and 0.121g/L.h respectively. The estimated total ethanol production was 257.7 kg/ton raw material by assuming consumption of both C-6 and C-5. No obvious inhibition effect occurred during SSF. These instructions give you the basic guidelines for preparing papers for WCICA/IEEE conference proceedings.

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