The Efficacy of Functional Composts Manufactured Using Spent Coffee Ground, Rice Bran, Biochar, and Functional Microorganisms

Spent coffee grounds (SCGs), one of the world’s most discarded wastes, may be an excellent resource as an organic fertilizer because of its richness in nutrients. The objective of this study was to develop a quality functional compost using SCGs, rice bran, biochar, SCG extract, and functional microbes (plant growth promoting and plant pathogen-suppression bacteria), and then to test their functional efficacy for a potential commercial application. Essentially, two types of representative composts (Tr_1 and Tr_5 on the laboratory and pilot scale, respectively) were developed and passed all the official commercial quality standards. For pilot-scale composting, populations of Halotalea_uc, Corynebacterium nuruki, and Lactobacillus acidipiscis increased by augmentation of the composting microbes (MA-1) and the functional microbes (Bacillus cereus SB-3, Bacillus toyonensis SB-4, and Streptomyces sasae St-3). The higher total flavonoid content (11% increase compared to control) of pepper leaves in PT-1 and the higher TEAC in PT-1 (36.2%) and PT-2 (32.5%) proved the efficacy of the functional composts bioaugmented with the functional microbes. The seedling growth of radish seeds treated with Streptomyces sasae St-3 as a biocontrol agent significantly increased despite the presence of the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae. The total phenol content and TEAC in pepper plant leaves were significantly higher in Tr_5 than in the control (Tr_4), whereas there were no differences in Tr_4 and Tr_5 infested with the fungal pathogens, indicating that SB-3, SB-4, and St-3 cultures amended within the compost (Tr_5) may facilitate the production of the antioxidants in the absence of the pathogens. However, a significant reduction in the antioxidants (total phenolic content and TEAC) was observed in the pepper plants whose roots were infected with the pathogens, indicating that the pathogens could neutralize functionalities of the functional microbes. It was concluded that the enhancement of functional microbes in the compost would aid in the biological control of pathogens in the soil environment. Further functional compost studies are necessary in terms of mechanisms of plant growth-promotion, mechanisms of pathogen suppression by the actinobacterial biocontrol agents, and interactions between the two mechanisms, as well as quality enhancement of the composts.

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Protists as main indicators and determinants of plant performance

Microbiome ◽

10.1186/s40168-021-01025-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sai Guo ◽

Wu Xiong ◽

Xinnan Hang ◽

Zhilei Gao ◽

Zixuan Jiao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Agricultural Practices ◽

Plant Performance ◽

Organic Fertilization ◽

Plant Yield ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Beneficial Microorganisms ◽

Plant Growth Promoting ◽

Plant Growth Promoting Microbes

Abstract Background Microbiomes play vital roles in plant health and performance, and the development of plant beneficial microbiomes can be steered by organic fertilizer inputs. Especially well-studied are fertilizer-induced changes on bacteria and fungi and how changes in these groups alter plant performance. However, impacts on protist communities, including their trophic interactions within the microbiome and consequences on plant performance remain largely unknown. Here, we tracked the entire microbiome, including bacteria, fungi, and protists, over six growing seasons of cucumber under different fertilization regimes (conventional, organic, and Trichoderma bio-organic fertilization) and linked microbial data to plant yield to identify plant growth-promoting microbes. Results Yields were higher in the (bio-)organic fertilization treatments. Soil abiotic conditions were altered by the fertilization regime, with the prominent effects coming from the (bio-)organic fertilization treatments. Those treatments also led to the pronounced shifts in protistan communities, especially microbivorous cercozoan protists. We found positive correlations of these protists with plant yield and the density of potentially plant-beneficial microorganisms. We further explored the mechanistic ramifications of these relationships via greenhouse experiments, showing that cercozoan protists can positively impact plant growth, potentially via interactions with plant-beneficial microorganisms including Trichoderma, the biological agent delivered by the bio-fertilizer. Conclusions We show that protists may play central roles in stimulating plant performance through microbiome interactions. Future agricultural practices might aim to specifically enhance plant beneficial protists or apply those protists as novel, sustainable biofertilizers.

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Crude Citric Acid of Trichoderma asperellum: Tomato Growth Promotor and Suppressor of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10020222 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 222

Author(s):

Abdulaziz A. Al-Askar ◽

WesamEldin I. A. Saber ◽

Khalid M. Ghoneem ◽

Elsayed E. Hafez ◽

Amira A. Ibrahim

Keyword(s):

Citric Acid ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Organic Acid ◽

Wilt Disease ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Chlorophyll Pigments

Presently, the bioprocessing of agricultural residues to various bioactive compounds is of great concern, with the potential to be used as plant growth promoters and as a reductive of various diseases. Lycopersiconesculentum, one of the most consumed crops in the human diet, is attacked by Fusarium wilt disease, so the main aim is to biocontrol the pathogen. Several fungal species were isolated from decayed maize stover (MS). Trichodermaasperellum was chosen based on its organic acid productivity and was molecularly identified (GenBank accession number is MW195019). Citric acid (CA) was the major detected organic acid by HPLC. In vitro, CA of T.asperellum at 75% completely repressed the growth of Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL). In vivo, soaking tomato seeds in CA enhanced the seed germination and vigor index. T. asperellum and/or its CA suppressed the wilt disease caused by FOL compared to control. There was a proportional increment of plant growth and yield, as well as improvements in the biochemical parameters (chlorophyll pigments, total phenolic contents and peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities), suggesting targeting both the bioconversion of MS into CA and biological control of FOL.

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Impact of Foliar Application of Amino Acids on Total Phenols, Phenolic Acids Content of Different Mints Varieties under the Field Condition

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10030599 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 599

Author(s):

Živilė Tarasevičienė ◽

Aloyzas Velička ◽

Aurelija Paulauskienė

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Phenolic Acids ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Mentha Piperita ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Total Phenol Content ◽

Individual Response ◽

Total Phenols ◽

Wide Range

Phenolic compounds have a number of benefits to human health and can be used as preventive compounds for the development of some chronic diseases. Mentha plants are not only a good source of essential oils, but also contain significant levels of wide range of phenolic compounds. The aim of this research was to investigate the possibility to increase phenols content in Mentha plants under the foliar application with L-phenylalanine, L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine at two concentrations (100 mg L−1 and 200 mg L−1) and to create preconditions for using this plant for even more diverse purposes. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of phenols in mints were performed by HPLC method. Foliar application of amino acids increased the total phenol content from 1.22 to 3.51 times depending on the treatment and mint variety. The most pronounced foliar application to total phenols content was tryptophane especially in Mentha piperita “Swiss”. Mentha piperita “Swiss” was affected most by foliar application and the amount of total phenolic acids depending on the treatment ranged from 159.25 to 664.03 mg 100 g−1 (DW), respectively, non-sprayed and sprayed with tryptophane 100 mg L−1. Our results suggest that the biophenol content varies according to such factors as foliar application and variety, and every single mint variety has individual response to different applications of amino acids.

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PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) dan BUAH NANAS(Ananas comosus) TERHADAP SPESIFIKASI PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR RUMPUT LAUT Euchema cottonii (Effect of Adding PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) and Pineapple (Ananas comosus) for Specifications of Organic Liquid Fertilizer Euchema cottonii)

SAINTEK PERIKANAN Indonesian Journal of Fisheries Science and Technology ◽

10.14710/ijfst.12.2.139-145 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 139

Author(s):

Indriyanti Indriyanti ◽

Eko Nurcahya Dewi ◽

Eko Susanto

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Organic Nitrogen ◽

Organic Liquid ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽

Ananas Comosus ◽

Nitrogen Levels ◽

Plant Growth Promoting ◽

Growth Promoting ◽

Nitrogen Phosphorus

ABSTRAK Euchema cottonii mengandung unsur mikro dan makro nutrien, serta zat pengatur tumbuh tanaman seperti auksin, giberelin, sitokinin, dan etilen sehingga sangat berpotensi sebagai pupuk organik penyubur tanaman. Penambahan buah nanas berfungsi sebagai sumber C, P, dan K pada ekstrak pupuk rumput laut cair. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan bioaktivator PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria)dan buah nanas terhadap kandungan C-organik, nitrogen, fosfor, kalium, pH, suhu, bakteri patogen, dan organoleptik warna. Material yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah E. cottonii, PGPR, dan buah nanas.. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan yaitu perlakuan kontrol (A), penambahan PGPR dan buah nanas 40% (B), penambahan PGPR dan buah nanas 50% (C), dan penambahan PGPR dan buah nanas 60% (C). Parameter yang diukur adalah C-organik, nitrogen, fosfor, kalium, pH, suhu, bakteri pathogen, dan oraganoleptik warna. Data parametrik dianalisa dengan uji ANOVA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan buah nanas yang berbeda memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap kadar C-organik, fosfor, dan kalium (p<0,05), sedangkan nilai nitrogen tidak berbeda nyata. Perlakuan penambahan nanas 50% akan meningkatkan kandungan nitrogen dua kali lebih besar dari pada kontrol. Perlakuan terbaik yaitu pada penambahan PGPR dan nanas 60% dengan kandungan C, P, K berturut-turut adalah 7,02%, 3,44%, dan 3,41%. Kata kunci: Euchema cottonii, Pupuk Oganik Cair, PGPR, Nanas ABSTRACT Euchema cottoniicontains elements ofmicroandmacronutrients, andplantgrowth regulatorssuch asauxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, andethyleneso ithasgreat potentialas anorganicfertilizer forfertilisingcrops. Addition A. comosusserves asa source of C, P, and Kin theliquid organic fertilizer. This study aimedtodetermine the effect ofbio-activatorPGPRandA. comosus on the content ofC-organic, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, pH, temperature, pathogens, and color. The materialusedin this studywereE.cottonii, PGPR, andA. comosus.This research wasexperimentallaboratoriesusing completely randomized designwith 4 differenttreatments and 3replications, namely control (A), addition ofPGPR and A. comosus 40%(B), addition of PGPR and A. comosus 50% (C), and addition of PGPR and A. comosus 60% (D). Parametersmeasured wereC-organic, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, pH, temperature, pathogens, and color organoleptic. Parametric datawere analyzed byANOVA. The results showedthat theaddition ofPGPRandA.comosussignificantly affect(P<0.05) to thelevels ofc-organic, phosphoruslevels, potassium levels, but not nitrogen levels. Addition of pineapple 50% will increase the nitrogen content twice higher than control. The best treatment is addition of PGPR and pineapple 60% with the content of C, P, K respectively 7.02%, 3.44% and 3.41%. Keywords: Euchema cottoni, Liquid Organic Fertilizer, PGPR, Ananas comosus

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Plant Growth Modulates Metabolites and Biological Activities in Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules23092177 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (9) ◽

pp. 2177 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mariem Saada ◽

Hanen Falleh ◽

Marcelo Catarino ◽

Susana Cardoso ◽

Riadh Ksouri

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Vegetative Stage ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Human Pathogens ◽

Retama Raetam ◽

Physiological Stage ◽

Main Class

This work focuses on the variability of Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb bioactive compounds as a function of the plant cycle. The main results showed that it exhibited the highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids, along with superior levels of vitamin C and total phenolic compounds (66.49%, 645.6 mg·100 g−1 FW and 23.9 mg GAE·g−1, respectively) at the vegetative stage. Instead, at the flowering and mature fruiting stages, R. raetam (Forssk.) Webb exhibited notable contents of proline (25.4 μmol·g−1 DW) and carotenoids (27.2 μg·g−1 FW), respectively. The gathered data concerning the antioxidant activity highlighted the effectiveness of the vegetative stage in comparison to the other periods. Actually, IC50 and EC50 values of the hydromethanolic extract obtained from the plant shoots at the vegetative stage were of 23, 380, 410, 1160 and 960 μg·mL−1 (DPPH• and ABTS•+ radicals scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating power and β-carotene bleaching activity, respectively). Furthermore, the four studied stages showed appreciable antibacterial capacities against human pathogens with a higher efficiency of the vegetative stage extract. Finally, the LC-DAD-ESI/MSn analysis revealed the predominance of isoflavonoids as main class of phenolic compounds and demonstrates that individual phenolic biosynthesis was clearly different as a function of plant growth. These findings highlight that reaching the optimum efficiency of R. raetam (Forssk.) Webb is closely linked to the physiological stage.

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ANTIOXIDANT EVALUATION AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT OF VARIOUS RICE BRAN EXTRACTS OF THREE VARIETIES RICE FROM SEMARANG-CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i6.16565 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 377 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sukrasno Sukrasno ◽

Slamet Tuty ◽

Irda Fidrianny

Keyword(s):

Rice Bran ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Red Rice ◽

Black Rice ◽

Dpph Assay ◽

Rice Bran Extract ◽

Dpph Scavenging

Objectives: The objectives of this research were to evaluate antioxidant activity from different polarities rice bran extract of three varieties of rice using two methods of antioxidant testing which were FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and correlation of total phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid content with their EC50 of FRAP and IC50 of DPPH antioxidant activities. Methods: Extraction was conducted by reflux using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evaporated using rotary evaporator. Determination of total phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid content, antioxidant activities using FRAP and DPPH assays were performed by UV-visible spectrophotometry and its correlation with EC50 of FRAP capacities and IC50 of DPPH scavenging activities were analyzed by Pearson’s method. Results: Ethanolic rice bran extract of black rice showed the lowest EC50 of FRAP capacity 64.35 µg/ml and IC50 of DPPH scavenging activity 23.92 µg/ml. The highest phenolic content, flavonoid content and carotenoid content were also given by ethanolic rice bran extract of black rice. There were significantly negative correlation between total phenolic content and carotenoid content in rice bran extract of red rice and black rice with their IC50 of DPPH. Conclusions: All of rice bran extracts (except n-hexane rice bran extract of black rice and ethanolic rice bran extract of white rice) were very strong antioxidant, by DPPH assay. Phenolic and carotenoid compounds in rice bran extracts of red rice and black rice were the major contributor in antioxidant activity by DPPH assay. Rice bran extracts of black rice had linear results by FRAP and DPPH assays.

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Serapan Hara N, P, K dan Pertumbuhan Tanaman Jagung Pada Berbagai Dosis Pupuk Anorganik dan Organik di Tanah Inceptisol

Jurnal Sains Teknologi & Lingkungan ◽

10.29303/jstl.v0i0.245 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 55-66

Author(s):

Mulyati Mulyati ◽

Baharuddin AB ◽

R Sri Tejo Wulan

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Nutrient Uptake ◽

Agronomic Traits ◽

Block Design ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Organic Fertilizers ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Two Factors ◽

Inorganic And Organic

The use of inorganic fertilizers has an important role in increasing plant growth and production. But it also causes various problems such as decreasing soil organic matter, soil acidity, soil degradation, nutrient imbalance and increasing environmental pollution. Therefore, it needs to be balanced with the provision of organic fertilizers. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of application of various doses of inorganic and organic fertilizers on N, P, K nutrient uptake and maize plant growth. The experimental design used was a randomized block design arranged in a factorial manner consisting of two factors. The first factor is the dose of inorganic fertilizer (A): 0, 150 and 300 kg ha-1 phonska and the second factor is organic fertilizer plus (P): 0, 10, 20 tons ha-1. The two factors were combined and each treatment combination was repeated three times. The data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance at the 5% level of significance. The results showed that there was no interaction between the application of inorganic and organic fertilizers on the growth and nutrient uptake of N, P and K. However, the application of inorganic and organic fertilizers had a significant effect on all tested agronomic traits except for plant height. Nutrient uptake of N, P and K also increased significantly due to the application of inorganic and organic fertilizers. The balance of inorganic and organic fertilizer application increases the availability of nutrients as well as the uptake of N, P, and K nutrients by maize plants.

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UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN PENENTUAN TOTAL KANDUNGAN FENOLIK EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN NANAMUHA (Bridelia monoica Merr)

PHARMACON ◽

10.35799/pha.9.2020.29268 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 178

Author(s):

Julia Elsa Lakoro ◽

Max R. J. Runtuwene ◽

Paulina V. Y. Yamlean

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Extraction Method ◽

Total Phenol ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Total Phenol Content ◽

Phenol Compounds ◽

Activity Test ◽

Ic50 Value ◽

Dpph Method ◽

Ethanol Extracts

ABSTRACTNanamuha (Bridelia monoica Merr.) is a plant that was used as a cancer and tumor drug by the Sangihe Islands community. This plant contains phenol compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of nanamuha leaves that grow in the Sangihe Island to have antioxidant activity and determine the total phenolic ethanol extracts of nanamuha leaf. The extraction method used is maceration with ethanol solvent p.a. The extracts obtained was determined total phenolic and antioxidant activity test using DPPH method. Based on the results obtained, the ethanol extracts of nanamuha leaves has antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 75,03 µg / mL and the result showed that the total phenol content the ethanol extracts of nanamuha leaves of 53,34 mg / L. Keywords : Nanamuha leaf, total phenol, antioxidant activity, DPPH ABSTRAKNanamuha (Bridelia monoica Merr.) merupakan tanaman yang dimanfaatkan sebagai obat kanker dan tumor oleh masyarakat Kepulauan Sangihe. Tanaman ini memiliki kandungan senyawa fenol, flavonoid, alkaloid dan tanin. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah unutuk mengetahui potensi dari daun nanamuha yang tumbuh di Kepulaun Sangihe ini memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dan menentukan total fenolik dari ekstrak etanol daun nanamuha. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan adalah maserasi dengan pelarut etanol p.a. Ekstrak yang diperoleh ditentukan total fenolik dan uji aktivitas antioksidan dengan metode DPPH. Berdasarkan hasil yang didapatkan ekstrak etanol daun nanamuha memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dengan nilai IC50 75,03 µg/mL dan hasil penelitian menunjukan total kandungan fenolik ekstrak etanol daun nanamuha sebesar 53,34 mg/L. Kata kunci : Daun Nanamuha, Total fenol, Aktivitas antioksidan, DPPH

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Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content in Caulerpa filiformis (Chlorophyta) from Sechura Bay and Paracas Bay, Peru

Revista Peruana de Biología ◽

10.15381/rpb.v27i1.17596 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 061-066 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Joyce Mamani ◽

Jorge Chávez ◽

Eder Apumayta ◽

Patricia Gil-Kodaka

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

Total Phenol ◽

North Coast ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Total Phenol Content ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Phenol Content ◽

The North

In Peru, Caulerpa filiformis is a marine algae listed as an invasive species. For years, its distribution has been considered to be in the north coast (Isla Lobos de Afuera and Piura) until a recent report of its distribution in the central coast (Ancash, Lima, and Ica). The present investigation aims to determine the main groups of secondary metabolites, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of C. filiformis from Sechura Bay (Piura) and Paracas Bay (Ica). The main chemical groups were determined through phytochemical screening, the content of phenols by the Folin–Ciocalteu method, and antioxidant activity by the ABTS method (2,2-azinobis-[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid]) and 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The phytochemical screening of the methanolic extract of C. filiformis from Sechura Bay and Paracas Bay revealed the presence of carbohydrates, polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, lipids, alkaloids, steroids, and triterpenes for both extracts. The total phenol content of the extract of C. filiformis from Sechura Bay (39.31 ± 0.39 mg of AGE/g extract) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that from Paracas Bay (18.78 ± 0.31 mg of AGE/g extract). In the ABTS and DPPH assays, the antioxidant capacity of the Sechura C. filiformis extract (IC50 = 3.49 ± 0.01 and 2.18 ± 0.02 mg/mL) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of the Paracas C. filiformis extract (IC50 = 6.41 ± 0.02 and 2.42 ± 0.04 mg /mL). These findings suggest that the methanolic extract of C. filiformis is a source of secondary metabolites with an antioxidant potential.

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Prediction of Total Phenolic Content in Extracts of Prunella Species from HPLC Profiles by Multivariate Calibration

ISRN Chromatography ◽

10.5402/2012/120780 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Saliha Sahin ◽

Esra Isik ◽

Cevdet Demir

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Multivariate Calibration ◽

Principal Component Regression ◽

Principal Component ◽

Total Phenol ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Total Phenol Content ◽

Phenol Content ◽

Calibration Methods ◽

Hplc Profiles

The multivariate calibration methods—principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLSs)—were employed for the prediction of total phenol contents of four Prunella species. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometric approaches were used to determine the total phenol content of the Prunella samples. Several preprocessing techniques such as smoothing, normalization, and column centering were employed to extract the chemically relevant information from the data after alignment with correlation optimized warping (COW). The importance of the preprocessing was investigated by calculating the root mean square error (RMSE) for the calibration set of the total phenol content of Prunella samples. The models developed based on the preprocessed data were able to predict the total phenol content with a precision comparable to that of the reference of the Folin-Ciocalteu method. PLS model seems preferable, because of its predictive and describing abilities and good interpretability of the contribution of compounds to the total phenol content. Multivariate calibration methods were constructed to model the total phenol content of the Prunella samples from the HPLC profiles and indicate peaks responsible for the total phenol content successfully.

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