scholarly journals Identification of Bioactive Plant Volatiles for the Carob Moth by Means of GC-EAD and GC-Orbitrap MS

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 8603
Author(s):  
Seyed Ali Hosseini ◽  
Seyed Hossein Goldansaz ◽  
Astrid T. Groot ◽  
Steph B. J. Menken ◽  
Frans Van Der Wielen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Volatiles ◽  
Chemical Ionization ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
High Confidence ◽  
Minute Amount ◽  
Plant Volatile ◽  
Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Carob Moth

The aim of this study was to validate a workflow that allows structural identification of plant volatiles that induce a behavioral response in insects. Due to the complexity of plant volatile emissions and the low levels at which these bioactive components tend to occur, gas chromatography-electroantennography (GC-EAD) was applied as the prime differentiator technique, i.e., to indicate particular peaks of interest in the chromatogram. In a next step, the analysis was repeated under identical conditions using GC-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS). Combining electron impact (EI) ionization and chemical ionization (CI) with the superior spectral resolution and mass accuracy of the technique enabled straightforward identification of these unknowns, with high confidence in a minute amount of time. Moreover, because of the intrinsic sensitivity of the technique, components that occur at trace amounts but may induce disproportional large behavioral responses are evenly well-identified. We were able to positively identify β-caryophyllene as a bioactive compound in female carob moths. Behavioral attraction was negatively correlated with the amount of β-caryophyllene in host fruits. In an oviposition experiment on filter paper, β-caryophyllene was stimulated in the range of 40–100 ng, while concentrations above 200 ng inhibited oviposition.

Electroantennogram, behavioural responses, and field trapping of Trypophloeus klimeschi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) to eight host volatiles

2019 ◽  
Vol 151 (02) ◽  
pp. 236-250
Author(s):  
Guanqun Gao ◽  
Lulu Dai ◽  
Jing Gao ◽  
Jiaxing Wang ◽  
Hui Chen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Volatiles ◽  
Field Trapping ◽  
Methyl Benzoate ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Populus Alba ◽  
Host Volatiles ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Plant Volatile ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Plant Volatile Compounds

AbstractTrypophloeus klimeschiEggers (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) was first discovered in China in 2003, and it exhibits strong species specificity toPopulus albavar.pyramidalisBunge (Salicaceae). To screen plant volatile compounds for monitoring and trappingT. klimeschi, the electroantennogram responses of adultT. klimeschito eight plant volatiles, including nonanal, 2-methylbutanal, decanal, 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol benzoate, methyl benzoate, methyl salicylate, and geraniol were tested at various concentrations. Behavioural responses of female and male adults to various concentrations of these eight plant volatiles were also determined using a Y-tube olfactometer. We then tested the effectiveness of these compounds as lures for trappingT. klimeschiin the field. Electroantennogram tests showed thatT. klimeschipossesses olfactory sensitivity for eight compounds. Additionally, walkingT. klimeschiexhibited attraction to low concentrations (≤ 1 μg/μL) of all eight compounds in Y-tube olfactometer. Field experiment results indicated that baits composed of each volatile compound alone were more attractive to greater numbers ofT.klimeschithan the control. The methyl benzoate bait was better attracted byT.klimeschithan other tested volatiles. These results suggest that these compounds could be used in attraction of this stem-boring pest. This study could have important implications for the development of an effective semiochemical-based management tool forT. klimeschiin the field.

scholarly journals Analytical method for metabolites involved in biosynthesis of plant volatile compounds

RSC Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (31) ◽  
pp. 19363-19372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiumin Fu ◽  
Ying Zhou ◽  
Lanting Zeng ◽  
Fang Dong ◽  
Xin Mei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Plant Volatiles ◽  
Plant Volatile ◽  
Plant Volatile Compounds

The progress in the successful techniques used for studying metabolites involved in the metabolic routes of plant volatiles is summarized.

scholarly journals Does the Ratio of Compounds in a Plant Volatiles Blend Remain Stable During Transmission by Wind?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoming Cai ◽  
Yuhang Guo ◽  
Lei Bian ◽  
Zongxiu Luo ◽  
Zhaoqun Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Plant Volatiles ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Odor Source ◽  
Plant Volatile ◽  
Principal Component Analyses ◽  
Odor Plumes ◽  
Volatile Profiles

Abstract For plant volatiles to mediate interactions in tritrophic systems, they must convey accurate and reliable information to insects. However, it is unknown whether the ratio of compounds in plant volatile blends remains stable during wind transmission. In this study, volatiles released from an odor source were collected at different points in a wind tunnel and analyzed. The variation in the amounts of volatiles collected at different points formed a rough cone shape. The amounts of volatiles collected tended to decrease with increasing distance from the odor source. Principal component analyses showed that the volatile profiles were dissimilar among different collection points. The profiles of volatiles collected nearest the odor source were the most similar to the released odor. Higher wind speed resulted in a clearer distinction of the spatial distribution of volatile compounds. Thus, variations in the ratios of compounds in odor plumes exist even during transport over short distances.

scholarly journals EAG Responses of Adult Lobesia botrana Males and Females Collected from Vitis vinifera and Daphne Gnidium to Larval Host-Plant Volatiles and Sex Pheromone

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pérez-Aparicio ◽  
Torres-Vila ◽  
Gemeno
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Volatiles ◽  
Methyl Salicylate ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Male Response ◽  
Daphne Gnidium ◽  
Plant Volatile ◽  
Larval Host

We analysed electroantennogram (EAG) responses of male and female adults of the European grapevine moth Lobesiabotrana (Denis et Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) collected as larvae from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) and flax-leaved daphne (Daphne gnidium L.). The host-plant odorants tested were either V. vinifera-specific [1-octen-3-ol, (E)-β-farnesene, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene], D. gnidium-specific (2-ethyl-hexan-1-ol, benzothiazole, linalool-oxide, ethyl benzanoate), or were shared by both host-plants (linalool, methyl salicylate). Sex pheromone compounds were also tested. The male response to the major pheromone component (E7,Z9-12:Ac) was higher than to any other stimuli, whereas the response to the minor pheromone components (E7,Z9-12:OH and Z9-12:Ac) was not different from the response to the plant odorants. The female response to pheromone was lower or not different from that to plant odorants. Methyl salicylate elicited a higher response in females and (E)-β-farnesene elicited a higher response than several other plant odorants in both sexes. Non-significant interactions between host-plant odorant and sex indicated an absence of sex specialization for host-plant volatile detection. The lack of a significant interaction between plant volatiles and larval host-plants suggested that there was no specialization for plant-volatile detection between V. vinifera and D. gnidium individuals.

The Bonding of Polychloroprene to Brass: Rate and Temperature Effects

1984 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 1036-1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Hamed ◽  
F-C. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Adhesive Joints ◽  
Interfacial Region ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Minute Amount ◽  
Sulfur Level ◽  
Low Levels

Abstract The bonding of CR to brass shim has been studied at various test temperatures and rates using a T-peel geometry. Compounds without sulfur adhere relatively weakly to brass, and the bond strength is highly temperature dependent. The bonding strength is greatly enhanced, and its temperature dependence decreased, if the CR contains only a minute amount of sulfur. Adhesive joints made with rubber compositions containing just 0.5 phr or more of sulfur fail by cohesive tearing within the elastomeric layer, when tested at high temperatures; the bond strength thus exceeds the cohesive strength of the elastomer. At sufficiently low temperatures, the locus of fracture changes to the interfacial region. The temperature at which this transition occurs is independent of sulfur levels, suggesting that the bond strength is not very dependent on the sulfur level, at least for concentrations in the range of 0.5–9.0 phr. Unlike NR, which generally requires 3.0 phr or more of sulfur to obtain strong bonding, CR bonds tenaciously to brass when quite low levels of sulfur are present. Additionally, an ultra accelerator such as TMTM does not “destroy” the adhesion of CR to brass, as it does in the case of NR-brass bonding. This indicates that the sulfidation reaction at the interface between the rubber and brass is highly dependent on the chemical characteristics of the elastomer and not just the nature of the compounding ingredients.

scholarly journals β-Ionone: Its Occurrence and Biological Function and Metabolic Engineering

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 754
Author(s):  
Antonello Paparella ◽  
Liora Shaltiel-Harpaza ◽  
Mwafaq Ibdah
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase ◽  
Defense Compounds ◽  
Plant Volatile ◽  
Anticancer Treatment ◽  
Insect Attractant ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Β Carotene

β-Ionone is a natural plant volatile compound, and it is the 9,10 and 9’,10’ cleavage product of β-carotene by the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase. β-Ionone is widely distributed in flowers, fruits, and vegetables. β-Ionone and other apocarotenoids comprise flavors, aromas, pigments, growth regulators, and defense compounds; serve as ecological cues; have roles as insect attractants or repellants, and have antibacterial and fungicidal properties. In recent years, β-ionone has also received increased attention from the biomedical community for its potential as an anticancer treatment and for other human health benefits. However, β-ionone is typically produced at relatively low levels in plants. Thus, expressing plant biosynthetic pathway genes in microbial hosts and engineering the metabolic pathway/host to increase metabolite production is an appealing alternative. In the present review, we discuss β-ionone occurrence, the biological activities of β-ionone, emphasizing insect attractant/repellant activities, and the current strategies and achievements used to reconstruct enzyme pathways in microorganisms in an effort to to attain higher amounts of the desired β-ionone.

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