scholarly journals Laboratory- and Semi-Industrial-Scale Thermomechanical Processing of TRIP-Aided Steel with Acicular Ferrite

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 9512
Author(s):  
Adam Skowronek ◽  
Adam Grajcar
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Acicular Ferrite ◽  
Retained Austenite ◽  
Thermomechanical Processing ◽  
Isothermal Holding ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Slow Cooling ◽  
Multiphase Microstructure ◽  
The Stability

The modification of the deformation and cooling methods resulting in the obtainment of acicular ferrite promotes an increase in the proportion of retained austenite (RA) and a corresponding increase in mechanical properties in Si-Al TRIP-aided steel. The effect of controlled thermomechanical processing in laboratory- and semi-industrial scales on the possibility of obtaining acicular ferrite and a high fraction of retained austenite was investigated. The steel was hot deformed in three steps: at 1050, 900 and 750 ˚C to introduce dislocations into the hot-deformed pancake austenite. Next, slow cooling in a ferritic transformation region was performed, followed by isothermal holding of steel at 450 ˚C. The interrupted tensile tests at the strain levels of 5, 10 and 15% were performed to investigate the mechanical properties response and the stability of the obtained retained austenite. Light and scanning electron microscopy, XRD and EBSD analyses were performed to assess microstructural features. The produced material showed a multiphase microstructure containing acicular ferrite and 10% of retained austenite. The microstructures obtained in both production methods were slightly different due to high temperature inertia in the semi-industrial process.

Influence of Finish-Rolling Conditions on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low-Alloy Mn-Ni-Cr-Mo Steel Grade

2011 ◽  
Vol 465 ◽  
pp. 386-389
Author(s):  
Petr Kawulok ◽  
Rostislav Kawulok ◽  
Ivo Schindler ◽  
Jaroslav Sojka ◽  
Martin Kraus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Physical Simulation ◽  
Thermomechanical Processing ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Ultimate Tensile Stress ◽  
Rolling Temperature ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Slow Cooling ◽  
Finish Rolling Temperature ◽  
Finish Rolling

A physical simulation of the thermomechanical processing of the Mn-Ni-Cr-Mo low-alloy steel was performed in the laboratory rolling mill Tandem in the Institute of Modelling and Control of Forming Processes at VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava. The task was to determine the influence of the finish rolling temperature on the structural and mechanical properties of the rolled products. After different modes of rolling and slow cooling in the furnace, the final structure of the tested samples was in all cases composed of ferrite, bainite and islands of martensite. The finish rolling temperature markedly influenced a part by volume of the individual phases as well as the structure homogeneity. The results of the tensile tests at room temperature indicated that the studied steel did not show any pronounced dependence of the yield stress on the finish rolling temperature in the investigated range of values (750 – 1000 °C). On the other hand, the closely corresponding dependences of the ultimate tensile stress and elongation exhibited a considerable and very complex course, which can be explained mainly by the martensite fraction originating during the last stage of the final air cooling from temperature 600 °C.

The Effects of Intercritical Annealing Temperature and Initial Microstructure on the Stability of Retained Austenite in a 0.1C-6Mn Steel

2016 ◽  
Vol 879 ◽  
pp. 1847-1852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Steineder ◽  
Daniel Krizan ◽  
Reinhold Schneider ◽  
Coline Beal ◽  
Christof Sommitsch
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Retained Austenite ◽  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Intercritical Annealing ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Initial Microstructure ◽  
Intercritical Annealing Temperature ◽  
Batch Annealing ◽  
The Stability

The effects of the intercritical annealing temperature and initial microstructure on the stability of retained austenite were investigated for a 0.1C-6Mn (wt-%) steel. Medium-Mn transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels exhibit a strong dependence of their mechanical properties on the variation of intercritical annealing temperature. This behavior is strongly linked to the amount and stability of the retained austenite. Thus, interrupted tensile tests were used to examine the effect of annealing temperature on the stabilization of the retained austenite. Detailed microstructural investigations were employed to elaborate the effects of its chemical and mechanical stabilization. Furthermore, the final microstructure was varied by applying the batch annealing step to an initial non-deformed and deformed microstructure respectively. Retained austenite stability along with resulting mechanical properties of the investigated medium-Mn TRIP steel was significantly influenced as the amount and morphology of the respective phases altered as a consequence of both initial microstructure and applied intercritical annealing temperature.

scholarly journals Effects of Temperature and Time of Isothermal Holding on Retained Austenite Stability in Medium-Mn Steels

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Grajcar ◽  
Paweł Skrzypczyk ◽  
Aleksandra Kozłowska
Keyword(s):  
Retained Austenite ◽  
Thermomechanical Processing ◽  
Isothermal Holding ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Noticeable Effect ◽  
Austenite Stability ◽  
Bainitic Steels ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Microscopy Techniques

Effects of isothermal holding time and temperature on the stability of retained austenite in medium manganese bainitic steels with and without Nb microaddition were investigated. The amount of retained austenite for various variants of thermomechanical processing was determined by X-ray diffraction. Relationships between processing conditions and microstructure were revealed using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The isothermal holding temperatures changed from 500 to 300 °C and the time was from 60 to 1800 s. The optimal time and temperature of isothermal holding for all the investigated steels were 400 °C and 300 s, respectively. The relationships between the Mn content, amount of retained austenite, and carbon enrichment of the retained austenite (RA) were observed. The noticeable effect of Nb microaddition on the amount of retained austenite was not observed. In general, the carbon content in RA was slightly lower for the steels containing Nb. The optimum gamma phase amount was up to 18% for the 3% Mn steels, whereas it was c.a. 13% for the steels with 5% Mn. It was found that the morphology of blocky/interlath retained austenite depends substantially on the isothermal holding temperature.

scholarly journals Strength Enhancement of Superduplex Stainless Steel Using Thermomechanical Processing

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1094
Author(s):  
M. A. Lakhdari ◽  
F. Krajcarz ◽  
J. D. Mithieux ◽  
H. P. Van Landeghem ◽  
M. Veron
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Thermomechanical Processing ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Strength Enhancement ◽  
Industrial Material ◽  
Superduplex Stainless Steel ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Strength Improvement

The impact of microstructure evolution on mechanical properties in superduplex stainless steel UNS S32750 (EN 1.4410) was investigated. To this end, different thermomechanical treatments were carried out in order to obtain clearly distinct duplex microstructures. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, together with texture measurements, were used to characterize the morphology and the preferred orientations of ferrite and austenite in all microstructures. Additionally, the mechanical properties were assessed by tensile tests with digital image correlation. Phase morphology was not found to significantly affect the mechanical properties and neither were phase volume fractions within 13% of the 50/50 ratio. Austenite texture was the same combined Goss/Brass texture regardless of thermomechanical processing, while ferrite texture was mainly described by α-fiber orientations. Ferrite texture and average phase spacing were found to have a notable effect on mechanical properties. One of the original microstructures of superduplex stainless steel obtained here shows a strength improvement by the order of 120 MPa over the industrial material.

Temperature-Dependent Mechanical Stability of Retained Austenite in Thermomechanically Processed 3Mn Steel

2021 ◽  
Vol 1016 ◽  
pp. 762-767
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Kozłowska ◽  
Adam Grajcar ◽  
Aleksandra Janik ◽  
Krzysztof Radwański
Keyword(s):  
Retained Austenite ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Trip Effect ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Static Tensile ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Backscatter Diffraction

The temperature-dependent mechanical stability of retained austenite in medium-Mn transformation induced plasticity 0.17C-3.3Mn-1.6Al-1.7Al-0.22Si-0.23Mo thermomechanically processed steel was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. Specimens were deformed up to rupture in static tensile tests in a temperature range 20–200°C. It was found that deformation temperature affects significantly the intensity of TRIP effect. In case of specimens deformed at temperatures higher than 60°C, a gradual temperature-related decrease in the stability of γ phase was noted. It indicates a progressive decrease of the significance of the TRIP effect and at the same time the growing importance of the thermally activated processes affecting a thermal stability of retained austenite.

scholarly journals Substructure Development and Damage Initiation in a Carbide-Free Bainitic Steel upon Tensile Test

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1261
Author(s):  
Mari Carmen Taboada ◽  
Amaia Iza-Mendia ◽  
Isabel Gutiérrez ◽  
Denis Jorge-Badiola
Keyword(s):  
Retained Austenite ◽  
High Strength Steels ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Tempered Martensite ◽  
Damage Initiation ◽  
Advanced High Strength Steels ◽  
Significant Strength ◽  
The Stability

Carbide-free bainitic (CFB) steels belong to the family of advanced high strength steels (AHSS) that are struggling to become part of the third-generation steels to be marketed for the automotive industry. The combined effects of the bainitic matrix and the retained austenite confers a significant strength with a remarkable ductility to these steels. However, CFB steels usually show much more complex microstructures that also contain MA (Martensite–Austenite) phase and auto-tempered martensite (ATM). These phases may compromise the ductility of CFB steels. The present work analyzes the substructure evolution during tensile tests in the necking zone, and deepens into the void and crack formation mechanisms and their relationship with the local microstructure. The combination of FEG-SEM imaging, EBSD, and X-ray diffraction has been necessary to characterize the substructure development and damage initiation. The bainite matrix has shown great ductility through the generation of high angle grain boundaries and/or large orientation gradients around voids, which are usually found close to the bainite and MA/auto-tempered martensite interfaces or fragmenting the MA phase. Special attention has been paid to the stability of the retained austenite (RA) during the test, which may eventually be transformed into martensite (Transformation Induced Plasticity, or TRIP effect).

Effect of temperature on the biaxial mechanics of excised lung parenchyma of the dog

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 1171-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Debes ◽  
Y. C. Fung
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Stretch Ratio ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Slow Cooling ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Creep And Stress Relaxation ◽  
Tissue Material

The influence of temperature on the mechanical properties of excised saline-filled lung parenchyma of the dog was studied at low lung volume. The motivation of this study was to determine whether lung tissue material without the influence of surface tension undergoes a phase transition in the 20–40 degrees C range, as does synthetic elastin studied by Urry in 1984–1986. Dynamic biaxial and uniaxial tensile tests were done, and strain vs. Lagrangian stress curves were recorded during slow cooling and heating between 40 and 10 degrees C. To emphasize the effects of elastin, strains (defined as stretch ratio minus one) were kept below 30%. A slight decrease in compliance occurred with cooling over the entire temperature range. This effect may be attributed to collagen. It was accompanied by a gradual increase in length as the tissue cooled, an effect that may be attributed to elastin. This process was partially reversible with reheating. However, this effect is in contrast with the sudden drastic change in mechanical properties of synthetic elastin described by Urry. Hysteresis, creep, and stress relaxation were small at these low strains. Possible causes of these effects are discussed.

scholarly journals Novel Approach of Nanostructured Bainitic Steels’ Production with Improved Toughness and Strength

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1220
Author(s):  
Peter Kirbiš ◽  
Ivan Anžel ◽  
Rebeka Rudolf ◽  
Mihael Brunčko
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Retained Austenite ◽  
Bainitic Ferrite ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Isothermal Transformation ◽  
Impact Testing ◽  
Bainitic Steels

The tendencies of development within the field of engineering materials show a persistent trend towards the increase of strength and toughness. This pressure is particularly pronounced in the field of steels, since they compete with light alloys and composite materials in many applications. The improvement of steels’ mechanical properties is sought to be achieved with the formation of exceptionally fine microstructures ranging well into the nanoscale, which enable a substantial increase in strength without being detrimental to toughness. The preferred route by which such a structure can be produced is not by applying the external plastic deformation, but by controlling the phase transformation from austenite into ferrite at low temperatures. The formation of bainite in steels at temperatures lower than about 200 °C enables the obtainment of the bulk nanostructured materials purely by heat treatment. This offers the advantages of high productivity, as well as few constraints in regard to the shape and size of the workpiece when compared with other methods for the production of nanostructured metals. The development of novel bainitic steels was based on high Si or high Al alloys. These groups of steels distinguish a very fine microstructure, comprised predominantly of bainitic ferrite plates, and a small fraction of retained austenite, as well as carbides. The very fine structure, within which the thickness of individual bainitic ferrite plates can be as thin as 5 nm, is obtained purely by quenching and natural ageing, without the use of isothermal transformation, which is characteristic for most bainitic steels. By virtue of their fine structure and low retained austenite content, this group of steels can develop a very high hardness of up to 65 HRC, while retaining a considerable level of impact toughness. The mechanical properties were evaluated by hardness measurements, impact testing of notched and unnotched specimens, as well as compression and tensile tests. Additionally, the steels’ microstructures were characterised using light microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The obtained results confirmed that the strong refinement of the microstructural elements in the steels results in a combination of extremely high strength and very good toughness.

Effect of Retained Austenite Stability on Mechanical Properties of Bainitic Rail Steel

2014 ◽  
Vol 1004-1005 ◽  
pp. 198-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Kai Wang ◽  
Zhun Li Tan ◽  
Gu Hui Gao ◽  
Xiao Lu Gui ◽  
Bing Zhe Bai
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Impact Toughness ◽  
Retained Austenite ◽  
Rail Steel ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Austenite Stability ◽  
Retained Austenite Stability ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Stability

Retained austenite has an important effect on strength and toughness of 20Mn2SiCrMo bainitic rail steel. In this work, the stability of retained austenite and mechanical properties have been studied. The results show that impact toughness of experimental steel has close relationship with the stability of retained austenite. When tempered at lower than 350°C, retained austenite owns good thermal stability, corresponding to relatively high impact toughness.

scholarly journals Influence of Prior Martensite on Bainite Transformation, Microstructures, and Mechanical Properties in Ultra-Fine Bainitic Steel

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Guo ◽  
Xianying Feng ◽  
Aimin Zhao ◽  
Qiang Li ◽  
Jun Ma
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Retained Austenite ◽  
Bainitic Ferrite ◽  
Growth Direction ◽  
Bainitic Transformation ◽  
Bainitic Steel ◽  
Bainite Transformation ◽  
Multiphase Microstructure ◽  
Microstructures And Mechanical Properties ◽  
The Impact

A multiphase microstructure comprising of different volume fractions of prior martensite and ultra-fine bainite (bainitic ferrite and retained austenite) was obtained by quenching to certain temperatures, followed by isothermal bainitic transformation. The effect of the prior martensite transformation on the bainitic transformation behavior, microstructures, and mechanical properties were discussed. The results showed that the prior martensite accelerated the subsequent low-temperature bainite transformation, and the incubation period and completion time of the bainite reaction were significantly shortened. This phenomenon was attributed to the enhanced nucleation ratio caused by the introduced strain in austenite, due to the formation of prior martensite and a carbon partitioning between the prior martensite and retained austenite. Moreover, the prior martensite could influence the crystal growth direction of bainite ferrite, refine bainitic ferrite plates, and reduce the dimension of blocky retained austenite, all of which were responsible for improving the mechanical properties of the ultra-fine bainitic steel. When the content of the prior martensite reached 15%, the investigated steels had the best performance, which were 1800 MPa and 21% for the tensile strength and elongation, respectively. Unfortunately, the increased content of the prior martensite could lead to a worsening of the impact toughness.

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