scholarly journals Detection of Red Wine Faults over Time with Flash Profiling and the Electronic Tongue

Beverages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Victoria D. Paup ◽  
Tara Cook-Barton ◽  
Charles Diako ◽  
Charles G. Edwards ◽  
Carolyn F. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Red Wine ◽  
Electronic Tongue ◽  
Lactobacillus Brevis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Brettanomyces Bruxellensis ◽  
Acetobacter Pasteurianus ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Spoilage Microorganisms ◽  
Financial Losses ◽  
Over Time

Wine faults, often caused by spoilage microorganisms, are considered negative sensory attributes, and may result in substantial economic losses. The objective of this study was to use the electronic tongue (e-tongue) and flash sensory profiling (FP) to evaluate changes in red wine over time due to the presence of different spoilage microorganisms. Merlot wine was inoculated with one of the following microorganisms: Brettanomyces bruxellensis, Lactobacillus brevis, Pediococcus parvulus, or Acetobacter pasteurianus. These wines were analyzed weekly until Day 42 using the e-tongue and FP, with microbial plate counts. Over time, both FP and e-tongue differentiated the wines. The e-tongue showed a low discrimination among microorganisms up to Day 14 of storage. However, at Day 21 and continuing to Day 42, the e-tongue discriminated among the samples with a discrimination index of 91. From the sensory FP data, assessors discriminated among the wines starting at Day 28. Non-spoilage terms were used to describe the wines at significantly higher frequency for all time points until Day 42, at which point the use of spoilage terms was significantly higher (p < 0.05). These results suggest that application of these novel techniques may be the key to detecting and limiting financial losses associated with wine faults.

scholarly journals Metrological performance of single-jet water meters over time

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Carmen Virginia Palau ◽  
Juan Manzano ◽  
Iban Balbastre Peralta ◽  
Benito Moreira de Azevedo ◽  
Guilherme Vieira do Bomfim
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Metrological Operation ◽  
Operation Period ◽  
Single Jet ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
Over Time

To maintain quality measurement of water consumption, it is necessary to know the metrology of single-jet water meters over time. Knowing the accuracy of these instruments over time allows establishing a metrological operation period for different flow rates. This will aid water companies to optimize management and reduce economic losses due to unaccounted water consumption. This study analyzed the influence of time on the measurement error of single-jet water meters to evaluate the deterioration of the equipment and, with that, launch the metrological operation period. According to standards 8316 and 4064 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 808 meters of metrological Class B were evaluated in six water supplies, with age ranges of 3.7 to 16.4 years of use. The measurement error was estimated by comparing the volume measured in a calibrated tank with the volume registered by the meters at flow rates of 30, 120, 750 and 1,500 L h-1. The metrological operation period of the meters was obtained for each flow rate by the relation between error of measurement and time of use (simple linear regression). According to the results, the majority of the equipment presents increasing under-registration errors over time, more pronounced at low flow rates and with less favorable operating conditions. The metrological operation period for flow rates of 30, 120, 750 and 1,500 L h-1 is estimated at approximately 3, 8, 14 and 13 years. This operation period combined with consumption patterns of users will establish the best time to replace the meters.

Economic Impact of Cyber Attacks on Critical Infrastructures

2019 ◽  
pp. 291-314
Author(s):  
Merve Şener
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Critical Infrastructures ◽  
Cyber Attack ◽  
Network Systems ◽  
Financial Losses

Critical infrastructures ensure that activities that are vital and important for individuals can be safely delivered to the society uninterruptedly. The damage on these critical infrastructures caused by cyber-attacks whose control is carried out through computers and network systems is very large. Cyber-attacks directly or indirectly affect companies, institutions, and organizations economically and cause great financial losses. In this chapter, two different categories, energy and finance sector, which are described as critical infrastructure, are discussed; cyber-attacks carried out on these sectors, cyber-attack weapons, and economic losses caused by these attacks are examined.

Application of an electronic tongue to study the effect of the use of pieces of wood and micro-oxygenation in the aging of red wine

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (22) ◽  
pp. 6782-6788 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gay ◽  
C. Apetrei ◽  
I. Nevares ◽  
M. del Alamo ◽  
J. Zurro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Wine ◽  
Electronic Tongue

A systematic review on modelling approaches for economic losses studies caused by parasites and their associated diseases in cattle

Parasitology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rashid ◽  
Muhammad Imran Rashid ◽  
Haroon Akbar ◽  
Liaquat Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Adeel Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
Average Decrease ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
And Control ◽  
Financial Losses

AbstractParasites reside inside or outside their hosts and get host nutrition and blood. Here, we have emphasized economic losses in cattle caused by parasitic diseases due to ecto- and endo- parasites (flies, ticks, mites and helminths). We have outlined different methods/models including economic evaluation techniques and dynamic analysis as a major class, used for the calculation of economic losses caused by parasites in cattle. According to already conducted studies, a decrease in production is mentioned in quantity and percentage while financial losses are expressed in the form of account with respect to per head, herd or for the specific study area. The parasites cause the reduced production and financial losses due to control, treatment and mortality costs. We calculated the average decrease in milk production and organ condemnation as 1.16 L animal−1 day−1 and 12.95%, respectively, from overall cattle parasitic infections. Moreover, the average calculated financial and percentage losses were US$ 50.67 animal−1 year−1 and 17.94%, respectively. Economically important parasitic diseases mentioned here are caused by specific spp. of protozoans and helminths according to data collected from the literature. Protozoan diseases include tick-borne diseases, coccidiosis, neosporosis, trypanosomiasis and cryptosporidiosis. Losses due to tick-borne infections were encountered for decreased milk production, mortality, treatment and control. Losses from coccidiosis were due to decreased weight gain, treatment costs and mortality. While abortion losses were encountered in neosporosis. Trypanosomiasis caused losses due to a decrease in milk yield. Moreover, only diagnostic (conventional or molecular techniques) cost was taken into account for cryptosporidiosis. Economically important nematode parasites are Oesophagostomum spp., Cooperia spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Strongyloides spp., Ostertagia spp. and Haemonchus placei. Due to the zoonotic importance of echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus is the most economically important cestode parasite. Losses caused by echinococcosis were due to organ condemnation, carcass weight loss and decreases hide value, milk production and fecundity. While, fascioliasis is one of the most economically important trematodal disease, which causes cirrhosis of the liver due to parasite migration, and thus, the organ becomes inedible. So, it would be helpful for farmers and researchers to approach these methods/models for calculation of parasitic losses and should adopt suitable measures to avoid long-term economic losses.

scholarly journals Diversity in Spoilage Yeast Dekkera/Brettanomyces bruxellensis Isolated from French Red Wine. Assessment During Fermentation of Synthetic Wine Medium

2008 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Barbin ◽  
Jean-Luc Cheval ◽  
Jean-François Gilis ◽  
Pierre Strehaiano ◽  
Patricia Taillandier
Keyword(s):  
Red Wine ◽  
Brettanomyces Bruxellensis ◽  
Spoilage Yeast

scholarly journals Effect of Technological Characteristics of Various Types of Raw Materials on the Taste and Aroma of Sour Ales

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-244
Author(s):  
Ольга Пономарёва ◽  
Olga Ponomareva ◽  
Екатерина Борисова ◽  
Ekaterina Borisova ◽  
Игорь Прохорчик ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lactobacillus Brevis ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Lactobacillus Delbrueckii ◽  
Sensory Profile ◽  
Brettanomyces Bruxellensis ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics ◽  
Grain Products

Sour ales, traditionally produced in Belgium, Britain, and Germany, have gained wide popularity in America, Europe, and Russia. The paper provides generalized and systematized scientific data related to the technological and biotechnological characteristics of raw materials used in sour ales. The study featured malt, grain products (wheat, corn, rice, barley, rye, and oats), hop, Lactobacillus lactic-acid bacteria, Saccharomyces cerevisiae brewer’s yeast, and Brettanomyces yeast. Sour ales are usually prepared from a combination of different malts, such as Pilsner, Vienna, and Munich. Pilsner is used for malt type, while Munich is mostly employed as a basisfor dark varieties of sour ales. The review presents some of the flavor characteristics of malt types, as well as their recommended content. Unmalted grain products have a significant impact on the technological process and the organoleptic characteristics of acid ales. Unmalted wheat is used for Belgian sour ales, such as Lambic, Fruit Lambic, and Gueuze, in the amount of 30–40%, while 50 % are used in the German variety of Berliner Weiss. In general, the degree of wort pitching for sour ales should not exceed 8-15 IBU, since hop acids kill lactic-acid bacteria. Common hop varieties with a low or medium content of α-acids were found optimal for sour ale production. For example, for Flanders Red Ale, producers most often use one of the best traditional European varieties, namely Saazer (Zatetsky).The following types of homo- and heterofermentative lactic-acid bacteria are recommended for ale production technology: Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lactobacillus plantarum. The aromatic characteristics of the wort fermented with lactic acid bacteria are described in the following terms: bread, yeast, honey, oil, cider, etc. Lactic acid bacteria are used in sour ales production, as well as Brettanomyces yeasts. Currently, brewing widely employstwo types of yeast: Brettanomyces bruxellensis and Brettanomyces anomalus. They give the drink a specific taste and aroma, due to hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) and esters (ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate, phenylacetate, etc.). The paper contains some practical recommendations on the use of specific types of raw materials to produce sour ales with a given sensory profile.

scholarly journals Effect of Light and p-Coumaric Acid on the Growth and Expression of Genes Related to Oxidative Stress in Brettanomyces bruxellensis LAMAP2480

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Catrileo ◽  
Sandra Moreira ◽  
María Angélica Ganga ◽  
Liliana Godoy
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Volatile Phenols ◽  
Brettanomyces Bruxellensis ◽  
Expression Of Genes

Brettanomyces bruxellensis is considered the most significant contaminant yeast in the wine industry since it causes a deterioration in the organoleptic properties of the wine and significant economic losses. This deterioration is due to the production of volatile phenols from hydroxycinnamic acids. These compounds possess antimicrobial properties; however, B. bruxellensis can resist this effect because it metabolizes them into less toxic ones. Recent studies have reported that B. bruxellensis grows under different stress conditions, including p-coumaric acid (pCA) but effective methods for its control have not been found yet. Since that in other yeasts, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it has been described that light affects its growth, and we evaluated whether the light would have a similar effect on B. bruxellensis. The results show that at light intensities of 2,500 and 4,000 lux in the absence of pCA, B. bruxellensis LAMAP2480 does not grow in the culture medium; however, when the medium contains this acid, the yeast adapts to both factors of stress managing to grow. The expression of genes related to oxidative stress in B. bruxellensis LAMAP2480, such as SOD1, GCN4, and ESBP6, showed a higher relative expression when the yeast was exposed to 2,500 lux compared to 4,000 lux, agreeing with the growth curves. This suggests that a higher expression of the genes studied would be related to stress-protective effects by pCA.

scholarly journals Endemic course of epidemic diarrhea of pigs in the stabilized focus of infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-416
Author(s):  
D. M. Masiuk ◽  
O. I. Sosnitsky ◽  
V. S. Nedzvetsky ◽  
A. V. Kokarev ◽  
S. G. Koliada
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Newborn Piglets ◽  
Focus Of Infection ◽  
Over Time

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has been circulating in Ukraine since 2014 and induces an especially dangerous viral infection with a lethal diarrheal syndrome in newborn piglets, with the initial appearance at the focus of infection. The number of infected cases and lethality among diseased piglets of 1–5 days of age can reach 100%, which together with the forced anti-epizootic measures brings significant economic losses. PED can spread to all pigs, but the emergent quality of infectious pathology appears in newborn piglets. No effective and biologically safe means of specific antiviral prophylaxis, which substantially halts the epizootic process is registered, and etiopathogenetic therapy is not developed, therefore PED is an emergent infection which is difficult tocontrol. Over time there appear stationary foci of infection, where evolutionary changes in relationships in the host-parasite system take place fairly rapidly, since pigs are prolific and fast maturing animals able to replace each generation up to three times each year. This leads to a significant variability in interpopulation relationships and the induction of biodiversity in the molecular mechanisms of adaptation and processing of the viral genome. Clinically, genetic modifications of local variants of PEDV – populations are manifested in the form of changes in epizootic peculiarities in the course of infectious pathology in different age groups of animals. Modifications of PEDV may be accompanied by a slight weakening of the intensity of the infectious process, a decrease in mortality and a decrease in the severity of the pathogenesis of diarrheal syndrome. At the same time, the age range of severe abdominal lesions expands from newborn piglets to fattening animals of older age groups of 28, 32, 70 days. Using a set of measures to combat the PED, including “reverse feeding” recycled infected biomaterial from convalescent pigs, eradication of the pathogen from the environment of the host macroorganisms through a total disinfection regime and strict compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules of animal husbandry provide temporary positive results, but in theory this approach is incorrect, since contamination of animals leads to the dispersal of the virus and the formation of endemic foci of infection. The persistence of the virus in convalescent organisms is not fixed, the external inanimate environment can only be a mechanical factor in transmission of the pathogen preserving the viability of PEDV over time. Stabilization of the epizootic foci of infection is possible due to three factors: a) dissemination of the virus in “reverse feeding”; b) preservation of the virus in the external environment as a result of poor-quality disinfection; c) occurrence of a non-immune element among the convalescent young gilts, who as a result of juvenile insufficiency of the immune system have a low titer accumulation of colostral antibodies to the virus received in the biomaterial through reverse feeding. Due to the lack of “lactogenic immunity”, neonatal pigs as biological indicators for the presence of PEDV in the environment begin reproducing the virus in the enterocytes and develop a typical diarrheal syndrome PED. 

scholarly journals INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF WEEDS IN A PERENNIAL CROP:THE EXAMPLE OF CRANBERRIES

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1163g-1163
Author(s):  
M.J. Else
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Perennial Crops ◽  
Over Time

In Integrated Pest Management (IPM), the costs of a control measure are compared to the potential for economic losses caused by a pest, with control measures being recommended only when expected costs of losses exceed costs of control. IPM models have been developed largely for insect pests, which multiply rapidly and for which timely population assessments are thus essential. Weed pests, on the other hand, multiply slowly. In the case of perennial crops, weeds may not reach populations sufficient to warrant control under conventional IPM criteria for many years. It is proposed that IPM concepts be adapted to weedy pests of perennial crops by creating models in which the long-term costs and consequences of both weeds and weed control measures are considered. These models would take into account expected increases in control costs and decreases in effectiveness of control measures over time and as a consequence consider some weeds to have effective thresholds at or near zero.

Understanding investors’ propensity to litigate

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Cornell ◽  
Anne M. Magro ◽  
Rick C. Warne
Keyword(s):  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Executive Mba ◽  
Management Responsibility ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Management Reporting ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Financial Losses ◽  
Harmful Event

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine investors’ propensity to litigate when harmful events occur subsequent to accounting choices. Consistent with Culpable Control Theory, the authors find that investors are more likely to pursue litigation against management when managers are perceived to have more financial reporting flexibility, such as when they apply imprecise, principles-based accounting guidance. Investors are more likely to pursue litigation when they find management more responsible for harmful events, and they find management more responsible for those events when they perceive management to have more reporting flexibility. To provide additional insight, the authors investigate how the relationship between reporting flexibility and assessed manager responsibility is mediated by investors’ perceptions of management’s self-interested behavior. The authors consider monetary and non-monetary motivations for litigation against management such as recouping financial losses and punishing management. The results suggest that recouping financial losses is not the sole motivation for litigation. The authors provide evidence that punishing management is an important non-monetary component of the litigation decision. The results contribute to the limited literature on investor litigation decisions and inform the debate surrounding the potential effects of more principles-based accounting standards. Design/methodology/approach The authors test the hypotheses using an experiment with a 2×1 between-subjects design in which the authors manipulate reporting flexibility at two levels by varying the precision of accounting guidance and measure all other variables of interest. Participants are 82 part-time executive MBA program students at a major public university in the USA. Most participants work full-time (94 percent), own or have owned stocks either directly or through retirement plans (84 percent), indicate general investment knowledge (97 percent), and report high levels of familiarity with corporate financial statements, including balance sheets and income statements (92 percent). Thus, the authors conclude that these executive MBA students are reasonable surrogates for investors. Findings Consistent with the predictions, perceived management reporting flexibility affects investors’ propensity to pursue litigation against management. The authors find that the assignment of responsibility to management for harmful events such as investor losses, employee job losses, and economic losses suffered by a community mediates the relationship between reporting flexibility and investors’ intention to litigate. The authors also find that the relationship between reporting flexibility and assignment of responsibility to management for harmful events is not direct but instead works through the effect of reporting flexibility on perceived management self-interested behavior. As predicted, assessed management responsibility for the harmful event is positively related to investors’ propensity to litigate against management, and this relation is only partially mediated by investors’ perceptions that the litigation will be successful. This result suggests that the litigation decision is driven at least in part by corporate governance goals such as the desire for retribution or punishment of management. The second experiment provides additional support for the theory that the desire to punish management is an important component of investors’ litigation decisions. Research limitations/implications The research makes important contributions to the literature on investor litigation and to the ongoing debate regarding principles- vs rules-based accounting standards. While some archival research addresses the conditions under which securities litigation occurs, little empirical research has directly addressed the investor decision to litigate. The paper provides additional evidence to address the question of why investors litigate. By doing so, the authors add to the debate on the desirability of shifting from more rules-based to more principles-based accounting standards. Practical implications The theory tested in this study could be used to design mechanisms to mitigate the differential propensity for investors to litigate under differing accounting regimes. As standard setters discuss a move to more principles-based standards in the USA, some observers have expressed concern that investor litigation will increase. The theory suggests that if the standard-setting body can control perceptions of management reporting flexibility such that investors believe principles-based standards provide no more flexibility than rules-based standards, they can limit an increase in the amount of investor litigation. Originality/value The authors contribute to theory by providing evidence regarding why investors desire to pursue litigation against management. The authors find that the assignment of responsibility to management for harmful events mediates the relationship between reporting flexibility and investors’ intention to litigate. The authors also find that the relationship between reporting flexibility and assignment of responsibility to management for harmful events is not direct but instead works through the effect of reporting flexibility on perceived management self-interested behavior. Furthermore, assessed management responsibility for the harmful event is positively related to investors’ propensity to litigate against management, and this relation is only partially mediated by investors’ perceptions that the litigation will be successful. Those findings provide theoretical contributions to the literature.

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