scholarly journals A Review on Microbial Products and Their Perspective Application as Antimicrobial Agents

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1860
Author(s):  
Alka Rani ◽  
Khem Chand Saini ◽  
Felix Bast ◽  
Sunita Varjani ◽  
Sanjeet Mehariya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Antimicrobial Compounds ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Streptomyces Spp ◽  
Pharmaceutical Applications ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant ◽  
Microbial Products

Microorganisms including actinomycetes, archaea, bacteria, fungi, yeast, and microalgae are an auspicious source of vital bioactive compounds. In this review, the existing research regarding antimicrobial molecules from microorganisms is summarized. The potential antimicrobial compounds from actinomycetes, particularly Streptomyces spp.; archaea; fungi including endophytic, filamentous, and marine-derived fungi, mushroom; and microalgae are briefly described. Furthermore, this review briefly summarizes bacteriocins, halocins, sulfolobicin, etc., that target multiple-drug resistant pathogens and considers next-generation antibiotics. This review highlights the possibility of using microorganisms as an antimicrobial resource for biotechnological, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications. However, more investigations are required to isolate, separate, purify, and characterize these bioactive compounds and transfer these primary drugs into clinically approved antibiotics.

scholarly journals A Simple Assay to Screen Antimicrobial Compounds Potentiating the Activity of Current Antibiotics

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junaid Iqbal ◽  
Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui ◽  
Shahana Urooj Kazmi ◽  
Naveed Ahmed Khan
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Tree Bark ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Antimicrobial Compounds ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant

Antibiotic resistance continues to pose a significant problem in the management of bacterial infections, despite advances in antimicrobial chemotherapy and supportive care. Here, we suggest a simple, inexpensive, and easy-to-perform assay to screen antimicrobial compounds from natural products or synthetic chemical libraries for their potential to work in tandem with the available antibiotics against multiple drug-resistant bacteria. The aqueous extract ofJuglans regiatree bark was tested against representative multiple drug-resistant bacteria in the aforementioned assay to determine whether it potentiates the activity of selected antibiotics. The aqueous extract ofJ. regiabark was added to Mueller-Hinton agar, followed by a lawn of multiple drug-resistant bacteria,Salmonella typhior enteropathogenicE. coli. Next, filter paper discs impregnated with different classes of antibiotics were placed on the agar surface. Bacteria incubated with extract or antibiotics alone were used as controls. The results showed a significant increase (>30%) in the zone of inhibition around the aztreonam, cefuroxime, and ampicillin discs compared with bacteria incubated with the antibiotics/extract alone. In conclusion, our assay is able to detect either synergistic or additive action ofJ. regiaextract against multiple drug-resistant bacteria when tested with a range of antibiotics.

scholarly journals Bacteriological Profile of Neonatal Sepsis in a Tertiary Level Hospital of Nepal

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Khanal ◽  
S Manandhar ◽  
GP Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Neonatal Sepsis ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

Introduction: Neonatal sepsis is one of the most common reasons for admission to neonatal units in developing countries. It is also a major cause of mortality in both developed and developing countries. This study was done to determine the bacterial profile causing neonatal sepsis and to assess their susceptibility pattern to various antimicrobial agents. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional prospective study was conducted in Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal among 340 neonates suspected of neonatal sepsis. Blood culture was performed and organisms were identified with Gram staining and conventional biochemical methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results: The prevalence rate of neonatal sepsis was 20.3%. Among 340 neonates, 52.17% were males and 47.82% were females. Gram positive cocci were the most predominant isolates (88.40%). Among Gram positive cocci Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common isolates (72.46%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (7.24%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (4.34%) and Enterococcus fecalis (4.34%). Gram negative bacilli were found in 11.60% of the growth positive samples of which E.coli and Klebsiella spp were found in 10.14% and 1.44% respectively. Sensitivity to Amikacin was highest among all types of organisms isolated. Vancomycin and Gentamycin sensitivity was highest for Gram positive and Gram negative organisms respectively. Ampicillin resistance was highest among isolates. Among the 69 isolates 48 were Multiple drug resistant. Conclusion: The predominance of Gram positive cocci particularly Coagulase negative Staphylococci is shown. Empirical antibiotic therapy should be reviewed for Multiple drug resistant strains. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v34i3.9183 J Nepal Paediatr Soc 2014;34(3):175-180

scholarly journals Bacteriophage therapy: a potential solution for the antibiotic resistance crisis

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (02) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhabiz Golkar ◽  
Omar Bagasra ◽  
Donald Gene Pace
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Bacteriophage Therapy ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant ◽  
History Of

The emergence of multiple drug-resistant bacteria has prompted interest in alternatives to conventional antimicrobials. One of the possible replacement options for antibiotics is the use of bacteriophages as antimicrobial agents. Phage therapy is an important alternative to antibiotics in the current era of drug-resistant pathogens. Bacteriophages have played an important role in the expansion of molecular biology and have been used as antibacterial agents since 1966. In this review, we describe a brief history of bacteriophages and clinical studies on their use in bacterial disease prophylaxis and therapy. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of bacteriophages as therapeutic agents in this regard.

scholarly journals Antibacterial activities of aqueous and methanol extracts of Nigella sativa on some multiple drug resistant diarrheic bacterial agents

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Adedayo Emmanuel Ogunware ◽  
Hassan Zainab Adewunmi
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant

Combinations of various antimicrobial agents have been introduced as an extra successful strategy to combat multiple drug resistant infections. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of Nigella sativa seeds on several multi-drug resistant diarrheic bacterial agents. 30 Stool samples were collected from Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH), in Nigeria and standard biochemical tests were performed to confirm the diarrheic isolates. Then, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done on the organisms, followed by screening the effectiveness of Nigella sativa seed extracts on the bacterial agents obtained from the samples. 16 samples tested positive for diarrheic agents Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli 0157H:7 and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The methanolic extracts of Nigella sativa showed the highest zone of inhibition of 12mm for K. pneumoniae at a concentration of 300mg/dl ,10mm for E. coli 0157H:7 at a concentration of 200mg/dl, and 10mm for E. coli at a concentration of 200mg/dl, respectively. The methanolic extracts showed much stronger activity than the aqueous extracts of Nigella sativa which did not show significant activity towards the diarrheic agents isolated.

Drug of Choice in the Treatment of Multiple Drug Resistant (MDR) Salmonellae Isolated from Wildlife in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-180
Author(s):  
O. O. Oludairo
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant

Multiple drug resistant (MDR) strains of Salmonella are frequently encountered with increased rates in recent years. Many variants of the organism have developed MDR genes which they retain even when antimicrobial drugs are no more in use, limiting the choice of drugs for therapy of Salmonella infections resulting in morbidity and mortality in both man and animals and raising more public health questions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of Salmonella spp. to twelve antimicrobial agents using the disk diffusion method. Eight Salmonella spp. isolated from wildlife were tested. All the isolates exhibited MDR, showing resistance to at least four and up to nine antimicrobial agents. They were all highly resistant (100%) to ceftazidime, cephazoline, cefuroxidine and ampicillin but were susceptible to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. Six resistant patterns were observed, with ampicillin-cefuroxime sodiumcephazolin-ceftazidime and streptomycin-ampicillin-cefuroxime sodium-cephazolin-ceftazidime resistant patterns exhibited by two isolates each. The substantial multiple resistance pointed to the fact that limitations could be faced in choosing drugs for the treatment of Salmonella infections and that mortality and economic losses could be experienced especially if sensitivity tests are not carried out before antimicrobial choice is made for treatments in both man and animals.

scholarly journals NATURAL ANTIMICROBIALS IN THE PIPELINE AND POSSIBLE SYNERGISM WITH ANTIBIOTICS TO OVERCOME MICROBIAL RESISTANCE

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
EMTENAN M HANAFI ◽  
ENAS N DANIAL
Keyword(s):  
Quorum Sensing ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Quorum Sensing Inhibitors ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant

The unresponsive use of antibiotics led to the appearance of multiple drug-resistant bacteria strains. Studying the mechanism by which bacteria can resist antibiotics, the so called quorum sensing and biofilm formation, enabled the researchers to find bioactive compounds, derived from eukaryotes and prokaryotes. The disrupt of this mechanism is called quorum sensing inhibitors or quorum quenchers. This article provides an overview on the current research done on such bioactive compounds, the possible use of them as antibiotic alternatives, what are the advantage and disadvantages, the source from which it has been extracted, and how it may succeed to overcome bacterial resistance. The recommendation of researchers is to use some of these natural antimicrobial compounds combined to lower doses of antibiotics for treatment, the fastest way to limit the adverse effects of the exploitation of antibiotics and to avoid bacterial resistance.

scholarly journals PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF SEEDS OF Monodora myristica ON SELECTED MICROORGANISMS

2020 ◽  
pp. 3674-3686
Author(s):  
F.A. Jimoh ◽  
A.T. Ajao ◽  
R.F. Zakariyah ◽  
M.B. Odebisi-Omokanye ◽  
H.O. Abdulrahman
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Hexane Extract ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant ◽  
Hexane Extracts ◽  
Monodora Myristica

The increase in the prevalence of effects of many synthetic antimicrobial agents and incidence of multiple drug resistant microorganisms has spurred scientists on the research for plant-based antimicrobial of therapeutic potentials. The Monodora myristica has been used in Nigeria traditionally as condiments and has been harnessed as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of skin infection and dysentery. Aqueous, n-hexane and ethanolic extracts of the seeds was screened for antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms implicated in causing vagina infections. This finding showed that the efficacy of the extracts was concentration dependent. Aqueous, ethanolic and N-hexane extract showed varying degree of inhibition with different magnitude against the test isolates. Ethanolic extract showed highest activities against Candida albican, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae with 21.5mm, 19.5 mm each respectively. The same patterns of of inhibition was also observed in N-hexane extract. The antimicrobial effect of the two extracts were statistically not significant. The extracts had minimum concentration that ranged between 150mg/ml and 200mg/ml. The ethanolic extract showed more inhibitory effects compare to the aqueous and n- hexane extracts. The ethanolic extract found to contain highest quantity of phytochemicals while aqueous extract has lowest amount of the phytochemicals. It is therefore can be affirmed that Monodora myristica seed extracts could be exploited as therapeutic agents to drug resistant microorganisms.

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