scholarly journals Advances in Reproductive Endocrinology and Neuroendocrine Research Using Catfish Models

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2807
Author(s):  
Balasubramanian Senthilkumaran ◽  
Sonika Kar
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Hypoxia Tolerance ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
High Fecundity ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
New Information ◽  
Insight Into

Catfishes, belonging to the order siluriformes, represent one of the largest groups of freshwater fishes with more than 4000 species and almost 12% teleostean population. Due to their worldwide distribution and diversity, catfishes are interesting models for ecologists and evolutionary biologists. Incidentally, catfish emerged as an excellent animal model for aquaculture research because of economic importance, availability, disease resistance, adaptability to artificial spawning, handling, culture, high fecundity, hatchability, hypoxia tolerance and their ability to acclimate to laboratory conditions. Reproductive system in catfish is orchestrated by complex network of nervous, endocrine system and environmental factors during gonadal growth as well as recrudescence. Lot of new information on the molecular mechanism of gonadal development have been obtained over several decades which are evident from significant number of scientific publications pertaining to reproductive biology and neuroendocrine research in catfish. This review aims to synthesize key findings and compile highly relevant aspects on how catfish can offer insight into fundamental mechanisms of all the areas of reproduction and its neuroendocrine regulation, from gametogenesis to spawning including seasonal reproductive cycle. In addition, the state-of-knowledge surrounding gonadal development and neuroendocrine control of gonadal sex differentiation in catfish are comprehensively summarized in comparison with other fish models.

scholarly journals Effects of Diethylstilbestrol on Zebrafish Gonad Development and Endocrine Disruption Mechanism

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 941
Author(s):  
Xuan Liu ◽  
Xianyi Xie ◽  
Hongling Liu
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Gonadal Differentiation ◽  
Environmental Estrogen ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Gonadal Maturity

Environmental estrogen is a substance that functions as an endocrine hormone in organisms and can cause endocrine system disruption. A typical environmental estrogen, diethylstilbestrol (DES), can affect normal sexual function and organism development. However, even though the effects of different exposure stages of DES on the endocrine system and gonadal development of zebrafish juveniles are unknown, sex determination is strongly influenced by endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). From 10–90 days post fertilization (dpf), juvenile zebrafish were exposed to DES (100 and 1000 ng/L) in three different stages (initial development stage (IDS), 10–25 dpf; gonadal differentiation stage (GDS), 25–45 dpf and gonadal maturity stage (GMS), 45–60 dpf). Compared with that of IDS and GMS, the growth indicators (body length, body weight, and others) decreased significantly at GDS, and the proportion of zebrafish females exposed to 100 ng/L DES was significantly higher (by 59.65%) than that of the control; in addition, the zebrafish were biased towards female differentiation. The GDS is a critical period for sex differentiation. Our results show that exposure to environmental estrogen during the critical gonadal differentiation period not only affects the development of zebrafish, but also affects the population development.

scholarly journals Specific miRNA-GPCR networks regulate Sox9a/Sox9b activities to promote gonadal renewal in zebrafish

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinlu Du ◽  
Huiping Guo ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Jiacheng Wu ◽  
Minyou Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Mechanistic Insight ◽  
Regulatory Circuits ◽  
Primary Oocyte ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractFertility and endocrine function rely on a tightly regulated synchronicity within the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis. FSH/cAMP/MAPK/ Sox9 axis signaling and its regulated specific miRNAs are thought to regulate vertebrate gonadal development and sex differentiation, and yet the regulatory networks are largely unknown. Here we construct small RNA and mRNA libraries from sexually matured ovary and testis of zebrafish to identify specific miRNA-target pairs. Integration of Targetscan prediction and in vivo induced gene expression highlight four specific miRNAs that conditionally target three G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) x-Sox9 signaling genes, and implicate two regulatory circuits of miR430a-Sox9a in the testis and miR218a-Sox9b in the ovary. Co-injected Sox9a-miR430a mixture increases the proportion of spermatogonia but degenerates primary oocyte, while Sox9b-miR218a mixture induces renewal of ovarian follicles. Co-immunoprecipitation and mass-spectrometry analyses further reveal that miR430a and Sox9a synergistically activate testicular PKC/Rock1 signals while miR218a and Sox9b constrict ovary PKC/PI3K/Rock1 signaling. These results clarify specific miRNAs-GPCR regulatory networks of Sox9a/Sox9b switch, and also provide mechanistic insight into gonadal rejuvenation and plasticity.

The Oxford Handbook of the Brazilian Economy

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Investment ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Closed Economy ◽  
Current Characteristics ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Contemporary Context ◽  
Over Time

Brazil constitutes a globally vital but troubled economy. It accounts for the largest GDP in Latin America and ranks among the world’s largest exporters of critical commodities including iron ore, soya, coffee, and beef. In recent years Brazil’s global economic importance has been magnified by a surge in both outward and inward foreign direct investment. This has served to further internationalize what has been historically a relatively closed economy. The purpose of this Handbook is to offer real insight into the Brazil’s economic development in contemporary context, understanding its most salient characteristics and analyzing its structural features across various dimensions. At a more granular level, this volume accomplishes the following tasks. First, it provides an understanding of the economy’s evolution over time and the connection of its current characteristics to this evolution. Second, it analyzes Brazil’s broader place in the global economy, and considers the ways in which this role has changed, and is likely to change, over coming years. Third, reflecting contemporary concerns, the volume offers an understanding, not only of how one of the world’s key economies has developed and transformed itself, but also of the ways in which this process has yet to be completed. The volume thus analyzes the current challenges facing the Brazilian economy and the kinds of issues that need to be tackled for these to be addressed.

Small rodent communities (Muridae) in Gabonese savannas: species diversity and biogeographical affinities

Mammalia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-François Mboumba ◽  
Maxime R. Hervé ◽  
Véronique Guyot ◽  
Frederic Ysnel
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Small Rodent ◽  
Small Rodents ◽  
South West ◽  
New Information ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mus Minutoides ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Coastal Basin

Abstract The study contributes to the knowledge of species composition and biogeographical affinities of savannas rodent in Gabon. Unlike small rodents in Gabonese forests, there is little data on the diversity of small rodents in Gabonese savannas. The diversity and distribution of rodent murid communities was studied in four different types of savanna in Gabon: Coastal Basin (South-West), Lopé/Okanda (in the Center), Batéké Plateaux (Southeastern) and Ngougnié/ N’yanga (in the South). A total of 428 individuals representing six species were captured over 11,920 trap nights. Trap success was highly variable (2.2–6.9 %). The most abundant species were Mus minutoides (69%) followed by Lemniscomys striatus (21.5%). Indices of species richness varied from 2 to 5 and diversity (Shannon and Weaver) was low in the four savannas with the highest value at Ngougnié/N’yanga (H′ = 1.2). Species distributions show that Gabonese savanna small rodents conform to four distribution types, with one species known from Zambesian savannas exhibiting austral affinities (Pelomys campanae: occurs in three southern savannas). This new information provides important insight into the biogeography of small rodents at a local and regional level. Moreover, the correspondence analysis highlighted an influence of local ecological factors on population abundance.

scholarly journals Accelerating Scientific Publication in Biology

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald D Vale
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Scientific Publication ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Postdoctoral Training ◽  
The Public ◽  
New Information ◽  
Funding Agencies ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Catalytic Effects

Scientific publications enable results and ideas to be transmitted throughout the scientific community. The number and type of journal publications also have become the primary criteria used in evaluating career advancement. Our analysis suggests that publication practices have changed considerably in the life sciences over the past thirty years. More experimental data is now required for publication, and the average time required for graduate students to publish their first paper has increased and is approaching the desirable duration of Ph.D. training. Since publication is generally a requirement for career progression, schemes to reduce the time of graduate student and postdoctoral training may be difficult to implement without also considering new mechanisms for accelerating communication of their work. The increasing time to publication also delays potential catalytic effects that ensue when many scientists have access to new information. The time has come for life scientists, funding agencies, and publishers to discuss how to communicate new findings in a way that best serves the interests of the public and the scientific community.

scholarly journals INSIGHT INTO PHARMACEUTICAL IMPORTANCE OF BRYOPHYTES

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-88
Author(s):  
Greeshma G.M ◽  
Manoj G.S ◽  
Murugan K
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Biotic Factor ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Insight Into

Historically, Bryophytes were accounted to be a monophyletic group and were placed in an inclusive Bryophyta. Some species are aquatic though some can adapt and live in arid regions. Bryophytes size ranges from microscopic to 12 inches in length, the average size is between 0.5 – 2 inches long and colors vary from green to black and sometimes colorless. Bryophytes plays a vital role in the biosphere even their size is insignificant. As a biotic factor in the environment, they provide food for numerous herbivorous birds and animals. They prevent soil erosion by carpeting the soil. Bryophytes cause the outer portion of rock to slowly crumble as they grow with lichens on rock surfaces. And because of it they contribute and help to soil formation. When mixed with the soil, bryophytes increase the water-holding capacity of the soil and the amount of organic matter in the soil. Some bryophytes like sphagnum or peat moss has some economicimportance. It is used as packing material for breakable or fragile objects such as figurines and dinnerware’s. It is also used as packing materials for transporting plants and plant parts, since sphagnum holds water and hence prevent plants from drying during transport. As a whole, bryophytes are of little economic importance to man.

scholarly journals A Transcriptomic Analysis of Gonads from the Low-Temperature-Induced Masculinization of Takifugu rubripes

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3419
Author(s):  
He Zhou ◽  
Yuqing Sun ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Ziyu Zhou ◽  
Kexin Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Transcriptome Sequencing ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Takifugu Rubripes ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Low Temperature Treatment ◽  
Cultured Fish ◽  
Insight Into

The phenotypic sex of fish is usually plastic. Low-temperature treatment induces the masculinization of Takifugu rubripes, resulting in pseudo-males (PM) with the physiological sex of a male (M) and genetic sex of a female (F). For a comparison of gonadal transcriptomes, we collected gonads from three groups of T. rubripes (F, M, and PM) for high-throughput transcriptome sequencing. The results provided 467,640,218 raw reads (70.15 Gb) and a total of 436,151,088 clean reads (65.43 Gb), with an average length of 150 bp. Only 79 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between F and PM, whereas 12,041 and 11,528 DEGs were identified between F and M, and PM and M, respectively. According to the functional annotation of DEGs, 13 DEGs related to gonadal development were screened (LOC101066759, dgat1, limk1, fbxl3, col6a3, fgfr3, dusp22b, svil, abhd17b, srgap3, tmem88b, bud4, and mustn10) which might participate in formating PM. A quantitative PCR of the DEGs confirmed the reliability of the RNA-seq. Our results provide an important contribution to the genome sequence resources for T. rubripes and insight into the molecular mechanism of masculinization in a cultured fish subject to low-temperature treatment.

scholarly journals Research on threat detection in cyber security based on machine learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 2113 (1) ◽  
pp. 012074
Author(s):  
Qiwei Ke
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Information Privacy ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Threat Detection ◽  
Vulnerability Detection ◽  
New Information ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Potential Problems ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract The volume of the data has been rocketed since the new information era arrives. How to protect information privacy and detect the threat whenever the intrusion happens has become a hot topic. In this essay, we are going to look into the latest machine learning techniques (including deep learning) which are applicable in intrusion detection, malware detection, and vulnerability detection. And the comparison between the traditional methods and novel methods will be demonstrated in detail. Specially, we would examine the whole experiment process of representative examples from recent research projects to give a better insight into how the models function and cooperate. In addition, some potential problems and improvements would be illustrated at the end of each section.

Transcription factor GATA-4 is expressed in a sexually dimorphic pattern during mouse gonadal development and is a potent activator of the Mullerian inhibiting substance promoter

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (14) ◽  
pp. 2665-2675 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.S. Viger ◽  
C. Mertineit ◽  
J.M. Trasler ◽  
M. Nemer
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Downstream Target ◽  
Müllerian Inhibiting Substance ◽  
Coordinated Expression ◽  
Mullerian Inhibiting Substance

Mammalian gonadal development and sexual differentiation are complex processes that require the coordinated expression of a specific set of genes in a strict spatiotemporal manner. Although some of these genes have been identified, the molecular pathways, including transcription factors, that are critical for the early events of lineage commitment and sexual dimorphism, remain poorly understood. GATA-4, a member of the GATA family of transcription factors, is present in the gonads and may be a regulator of gonadal gene expression. We have analyzed the ontogeny of gonadal GATA-4 expression by immunohistochemistry. GATA-4 protein was detected as early as embryonic day 11.5 in the primitive gonads of both XX and XY mouse embryos. In both sexes, GATA-4 specifically marked the developing somatic cell lineages (Sertoli in testis and granulosa in ovary) but not primordial germ cells. Interestingly, abundant GATA-4 expression was maintained in Sertoli cells throughout embryonic development but was markedly down-regulated shortly after the histological differentiation of the ovary on embryonic day 13.5. This pattern of expression suggested that GATA-4 might be involved in early gonadal development and possibly sexual dimorphism. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that the Mullerian inhibiting substance promoter which harbors a conserved GATA element is a downstream target for GATA-4. Thus, transcription factor GATA-4 may be a new factor in the cascade of regulators that control gonadal development and sex differentiation in mammals.

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