scholarly journals Dietary Immunostimulant CpG Modulates MicroRNA Biomarkers Associated with Immune Responses in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Xue ◽  
Nardos Tesfaye Woldemariam ◽  
Albert Caballero-Solares ◽  
Navaneethaiyer Umasuthan ◽  
Mark D. Fast ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Mirna Expression ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Small Rna Deep Sequencing ◽  
The Impact

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators in fish immune responses. However, no study has previously characterized the impact of polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (pIC) and formalin-killed typical Aeromonas salmonicida (ASAL) on miRNA expression in Atlantic salmon fed a commercial diet with and without immunostimulant CpG. To this end, first, we performed small RNA deep sequencing and qPCR analyses to identify and confirm pIC- and/or ASAL-responsive miRNAs in the head kidney of salmon fed a control diet. DESeq2 analyses identified 12 and 18 miRNAs differentially expressed in pIC and ASAL groups, respectively, compared to the controls. Fifteen of these miRNAs were studied by qPCR; nine remained significant by qPCR. Five miRNAs (miR-27d-1-2-5p, miR-29b-2-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-146a-1-2-3p, miR-221-5p) were shown by qPCR to be significantly induced by both pIC and ASAL. Second, the effect of CpG-containing functional feed on miRNA expression was investigated by qPCR. In pre-injection samples, 6 of 15 miRNAs (e.g., miR-181a-5-3p, miR-462a-3p, miR-722-3p) had significantly lower expression in fish fed CpG diet than control diet. In contrast, several miRNAs (e.g., miR-146a-1-2-3p, miR-192a-5p, miR-194a-5p) in the PBS- and ASAL-injected groups had significantly higher expression in CpG-fed fish. Multivariate statistical analyses confirmed that the CpG diet had a greater impact on miRNA expression in ASAL-injected compared with pIC-injected fish. This study identified immune-relevant miRNA biomarkers that will be valuable in the development of diets to combat infectious diseases of salmon.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN C AND AEROMONAS VACCINE ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND DISEASE RESISTANCE OF GROUPER (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-85
Author(s):  
Ilmiah ◽  
St. Hidayah Triana ◽  
Asmi Citra Malina A.R. Tassakka ◽  
Alex Rantetondok ◽  
Hilal Anshary
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Epinephelus Fuscoguttatus ◽  
Titre Antibody

We evaluated the effectiveness of vitamin C and Aeromonas salmonicida vaccine in grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) for increasing immune responses and protection against A .salmonicida. The vitamin C used was polyethoxylated ascorbic and tocopherol. The vaccine was prepared from formalin-killed cells and concentrated extracellular products of a single isolate A. salmonicida. Bath immersion vitamin C and vaccine trials were conducted for 60 min. Fish used had a mean weight 25 g. Control groupers were injected with tryptic soy broth. The results showed that vitamin C enhanced phagocytic activity in head kidney leucocytes of grouper 7, 14, 28 and 36 days after treatments. A significant different of the antibody titre was found between control fish and the treated fish at 42 days after treatments. In addition, at day 42, Relative Percent Survival (RPS) for control group was 53.3 %, vitamin C-treated group was 80.0 % and vaccinated group was 90.0 %. The results of this study suggest that bath immersion of vitamin C provided an increasing of phagocytic activity (non-specific immune responses), titre antibody (specific immune responses) and protection against A. salmonicida infection in grouper. A. salmonicida vaccine also en-hanced titre antibody and protection against A. salmonicida infection in grouper.

scholarly journals The impact of Piscirickettsia Salmonis infection on genome-wide DNA methylation profile in Atlantic Salmon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Mukiibi ◽  
Carolina Peñaloza ◽  
Alejandro Gutierrez ◽  
José M. Yáñez ◽  
Ross D. Houston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanism ◽  
Piscirickettsia Salmonis ◽  
The Impact

Salmon rickettsial septicaemia (SRS), caused by the intracellular bacteria Piscirickettsia Salmonis, generates significant mortalities to farmed Atlantic salmon, particularly in Chile. Due to its economic importance, a wealth of research has focussed on the biological mechanisms underlying pathogenicity of P. salmonis, the host response, and genetic variation in host resistance. DNA methylation is a fundamental epigenetic mechanism that influences almost every biological process via the regulation of gene expression and plays a key role in the response of an organism to stimuli. In the current study, the role of head kidney and liver DNA methylation in the response to P. salmonis infection was investigated in a commercial Atlantic salmon population. A total of 66 salmon were profiled using reduced representation bisulphite sequencing (RRBS), with head kidney and liver methylomes compared between infected animals (3 and 9 days post infection) and uninfected controls. These included groups of salmon with divergent (high or low) breeding values for resistance to P. salmonis infection, to examine the influence of genetic resistance. Head kidney and liver showed organ-specific global methylation patterns, but with similar distribution of methylation across gene features. Integration of methylation with RNA-Seq data revealed that methylation levels predominantly showed a negative correlation with gene expression, although positive correlations were also observed. Methylation within the first exon showed the strongest negative correlation with gene expression. A total of 911 and 813 differentially methylated CpG sites were identified between infected and control samples in the head kidney at 3 and 9 days respectively, whereas only 30 and 44 sites were differentially methylated in the liver. Differential methylation in the head kidney was associated with immunological processes such as actin cytoskeleton regulation, phagocytosis, endocytosis and pathogen associated pattern receptor signaling. We also identified 113 and 48 differentially methylated sites between resistant and susceptible fish in the head kidney and liver respectively. Our results contribute to the growing understanding of the role of methylation in regulation of gene expression and response to infectious diseases, and in particular reveal key immunological functions regulated by methylation in Atlantic salmon in response to P. salmonis.

scholarly journals Fluorescent Microplastic Uptake by Immune Cells of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel S. Abihssira-García ◽  
Youngjin Park ◽  
Viswanath Kiron ◽  
Pål A. Olsvik
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Marine Fauna ◽  
Imaging Flow Cytometry ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
The Impact

The ubiquitous presence of microplastics and their marine ecotoxicity are major public concerns. Microplastics are ingested accidentally by the marine fauna or are taken up indirectly through the food chain. These particles can accumulate in cells and tissues and affect the normal biological functions of organisms, including their defense mechanisms. There is limited information available about the response of immune cells to microplastics; the degree of uptake by the cells, the response of different organs or the impact of environmental concentrations of microplastic are matters that remain unclear. Moreover, very little is known about the toxicity of different polymer types. This study aimed to shed light on the physical impact of small microplastics (1–5 μm) on cells from Atlantic salmon. Immune cells from intestine, blood, and head kidney were exposed to green fluorescent polyethylene microplastic (PE-MP), yellow fluorescent polystyrene microplastic (PS-MP) and both. High (50 mg/L), medium (5 mg/L), and low (0.05 mg/L) concentrations were tested for 1, 24, 48, and 72 h to study cell mortality and microplastic uptake. Quantitative data of microplastic uptake by fish immune cells were obtained for the first time by imaging flow cytometry. Salmon immune cells showed a relatively low ability to phagocytose microplastics. Less than 6% of the cells ingested the particles after 48 h of exposure to high concentrations. Cells also phagocytosed microplastics at low concentrations although at low rates (<0.1%). PE-MPs was phagocytosed by higher percentage of cells compared to PS-MPs and the former bioaccumulated in time while the latter decreased over time. However, each cell generally phagocytosed more PS-MPs particles than PE-MPs. Cells from different tissues showed different responses to the microplastic polymers. In conclusion, this study shows that immune cells of Atlantic salmon can phagocytose microplastics, and the impact is dependent on the microplastic type. PE-MPs, the most abundant polymer in the oceans and a widely used plastic in salmon aquaculture, was more easily taken up than PS-MPs. Furthermore, the study demonstrates how imaging flow cytometry can be applied in microplastics research.

Abstract P156: Fiber-rich Diet Suppresses Lactobacillus And Increases Blood Pressure In The Shr Independently Of T-lymphocyte Immune Responses

Hypertension ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Yang ◽  
Luis M Colon-Perez ◽  
Kacy L Magee ◽  
Wendi L Malphurs ◽  
Thomas W Vickroy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Diet Switch

Introduction: Gut dysbiosis has been linked to hypertension in both rodents and humans. Microbial metabolites such as propionate have been shown to regulate blood pressure (BP), while butyrate, one of the major fermented end-products of fiber, reportedly produces beneficial anti-inflammatory effects in multiple dysbiosis-related diseases. Therefore, we tested the impact of a fiber-rich, butyrolytic diet on BP regulation and immune responses in the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Methods: SHR (5 wo) were placed on either the fructooligosaccharides/inulin-rich diet (Fiber, N=6), or its calorie-matched control diet (Control, N=6) (Research Diets, Inc.) for 10 weeks. Baseline BP was measured by tail cuff every week for the duration of the study. Fecal samples were collected for HPLC analysis of butyrate, and Lactobacillus population by QPCR. Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging was used to monitor neural activity in cardioregulatory brain regions. Blood was analyzed for circulating lymphocyte populations previously implicated in BP control in the SHR (CD3 + CD45 + , CD4 + CD25 + , CD8 + ). Results: Fiber-rich diet produced an increase in fecal butyrate levels as early as five weeks (Control vs. Fiber, 4.9umol/g vs. 9.7umol/g, p=0.068, N=6). This was associated with contraction of fecal Lactobacillus (47.5% vs. 5.9%, p=0.0008, N=6). However, we observed significantly higher systolic BP (181.4mmHg vs. 201.7 mmHg, p=0.0088, N=6) in the fiber group compared with control, beginning with week 9 post-diet switch. Changes in neural activation were observed in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN) (3.3 voxel vs. 7.3 voxel, p=0.26) and amygdala (93.3 voxel vs. 31 voxel, p=0.0059, N=3). No changes in circulating T-lymphocytes were observed between the two groups: CD3 + CD45 + (32.4% vs. 32.1% lymphocytes); CD4 + CD25 + (1.05% vs. 0.78% lymphocytes); CD8 + (18.7% vs. 16.2% lymphocytes, N=6) at week 10 post-diet switch. Conclusion: Fiber-rich diet suppression of Gut Lactobacillus is associated with increase in BP in the SHR, independently of T-lymphocyte responses. The observed higher neural activity in PVN and lower in amygdala in the fiber group suggest direct effects of gut bacterial metabolites on brain cardioregulatory regions.

scholarly journals A Diet High in Lipid Soluble Forms of Choline Modulates Gut-Associated Immune Function in Sprague-Dawley Dams

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1119-1119
Author(s):  
Jessy Azarcoya Barrera ◽  
Dhruvesh Patel ◽  
Catherine Field ◽  
Yves Pouliot ◽  
Susan Goruk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Oral Tolerance ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives Oral tolerance is the state of unresponsiveness to dietary antigens that are not harmful to the host, a process that begins in the gut and influences both local and peripheral immune responses. Lipid soluble forms of choline have been shown to beneficial affect peripheral immune responses during pregnancy and lactation, yet little is known about the impact of the different choline forms on the gut-associate lymphoid tissue (GALT). Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of feeding buttermilk-derived choline forms on the GALT in lactating dams. Methods Sprague-Dawley dams were randomized to consume one of three diets, all containing 1.9 g/kg of total choline: 1-Control (100% free choline (FC)), 2-Buttermilk (37% phosphatidylcholine (PC), 34% sphingomyelin, 17% glycerophosphocholine (GPC), 7% FC, 5% phosphocholine) and 3-Placebo (50% PC, 25% FC, 25% GPC). Immune cell phenotypes of mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and Peyer's patches (PP) were measured by flow cytometry. Ex vivo cytokine production by immune cells isolated from MLN stimulated with Concanavalin A (ConA) and Ovalbumin (OVA) was measured by ELISA. Results In MLN, dams from the buttermilk and placebo groups had a higher production of IL-10 after both ConA and OVA stimulation and a higher proportion of helper T cells expressing co-inhibitory marker (CD4+CD152+) when compared to the control diet (both P < 0.05). No changes were found in IL-2, TNF-α, or IL-6 production and the proportion of regulatory T cells (CD3+CD4+CD25+FoxP3+) among groups. In PP, dams from the buttermilk group had a higher proportion of CD45RA + cells (B cells) compared to both the placebo and control diets and dams from the placebo diet had a higher proportion of dendritic cells (DC, OX62+OX6+) compared to both the buttermilk and control diets (both P < 0.05). Conclusions Compared to the control diet (only FC), the buttermilk and placebo diets appear to beneficially modulate oral tolerance by increasing the production of IL-10 (an important mediator) and could be partially explain by the higher proportion of CD4+CD152+cells in MLN. In PP, the higher proportion of B cells in the buttermilk and DC in the placebo groups, suggests that dams from these groups may have better antigen presentation function, which may further assist the induction of oral tolerance. Funding Sources Dairy Farmers of Canada, NSERC, CONACYT.

scholarly journals A Bioactive Extract Rich in Triterpenic Acid and Polyphenols from Olea europaea Promotes Systemic Immunity and Protects Atlantic Salmon Smolts Against Furunculosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Salomón ◽  
M. Dolors Furones ◽  
Felipe E. Reyes-López ◽  
Lluis Tort ◽  
Joana P. Firmino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
I Kappa B Kinase

In the present study, the modulation of the transcriptional immune response (microarray analysis) in the head kidney (HK) of the anadromous fish Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed a diet supplemented with an olive fruit extract (AQUOLIVE®) was evaluated. At the end of the trial (133 days), in order to investigate the immunomodulatory properties of the phytogenic tested against a bacterial infection, an in vivo challenge with Aeromonas salmonicida was performed. A total number of 1,027 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (805 up- and 222 downregulated) were found when comparing the transcriptomic profiling of the HK from fish fed the control and AQUOLIVE® diets. The HK transcripteractome revealed an expression profile that mainly favored biological processes related to immunity. Particularly, the signaling of i-kappa B kinase/NF-kappa and the activation of leukocytes, such as granulocytes and neutrophils degranulation, were suggested to be the primary actors of the innate immune response promoted by the tested functional feed additive in the HK. Moreover, the bacterial challenge with A. salmonicida that lasted 12 days showed that the cumulative survival was higher in fish fed the AQUOLIVE® diet (96.9 ± 6.4%) than the control group (60.7 ± 13.5%). These results indicate that the dietary supplementation of AQUOLIVE® at the level of 0.15% enhanced the systemic immune response and reduced the A. salmonicida cumulative mortality in Atlantic salmon smolts.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document