Comparative Floral and Pollen Micromorphology of Leonurus japonicus and L. macranthus (Lamiaceae)

Floral micromorphology and pollen morphology of two Leonurus (Lamiaceae) species were examined and compared using scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the diagnostic value of these features to facilitate future studies on floral biology and taxonomy. Floral epidermal patterns were similar in both species, with the conical to central-conical epidermal cells on the adaxial side of the lower lip (corolla). Capitate, peltate, scale-like glandular, and non-glandular trichomes were distributed on the surface of the floral organs. Notably, scale-like anther glands and floral stomata were found on the anthers and abaxial side of the calyx, respectively. Pollen grains had bi-reticulate exine with angular primary lumina and rounded secondary lumina. These characteristics provide indirect evidence of a close association between plant-pollinator interactions and effective pollination. In addition, quantitative traits of pollen grains and trichome types on the adaxial side of the lip differed between the two species. These characteristics may have diagnostic and taxonomic value for the genus Leonurus and family Lamiaceae.

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Comparative Floral Micromorphology in Mimosa sect. Calothamnos (Fabaceae)

Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden ◽

10.3417/2021596 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 106 ◽

pp. 271-291

Author(s):

Mariana C. Grohar ◽

Sonia Rosenfeldt ◽

Renée H. Fortunato ◽

Matías Morales

Keyword(s):

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Morphological Variability ◽

Taxonomic Treatment ◽

Floral Micromorphology ◽

Species Groups ◽

Morphological Differences ◽

Trichome Types ◽

First Time

The genus Mimosa L. is well known for its high morphological variability and the presence of taxonomic complexes—groups of taxa that are not adequately circumscribed and are therefore in continuous revision. For this study, we analyzed flowers from 28 different taxa in Mimosa sect. Calothamnos Barneby and five vegetatively similar taxa from Mimosa sect. Mimosa. We observed three calyx shapes and four (glabrous or pubescent) calyx border types, as well as describe glandular trichomes on the calyx border for the first time in section Calothamnos. While the corolla exhibits only two shape types, trichomes on the corolla are much more diverse, as we found one simple and 11 branched trichome types in diverse orientations and dispositions. Given the taxonomic value of trichomes and profuse terminology in different families, we focused on the detailed description of their micromorphology, type, and shape, finding morphological differences between trichome types, which is an easy way to adequately compare them between even unrelated taxa. Our results using trichome types on the corolla are consistent with the original differentiation of sections Calothamnos and Mimosa. Flower micromorphology also provides characters to distinguish species, groups of species, and varieties within section Calothamnos and could be useful in a future taxonomic treatment of the section. We also found that some floral features, such as inflorescence color and stamen fusion, are associated with the characters used in this study.

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Histochemical and Phytochemical Analysis of Lamium album subsp. album L. Corolla: Essential Oil, Triterpenes, and Iridoids

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26144166 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (14) ◽

pp. 4166

Author(s):

Agata Konarska ◽

Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽

Anna Matysik-Woźniak ◽

Aneta Sulborska ◽

Beata Polak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

High Performance ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Lipophilic Compounds ◽

Histochemical Tests ◽

Microscopy Techniques ◽

Trichome Types ◽

First Time

The aim of this study was to conduct a histochemical analysis to localize lipids, terpenes, essential oil, and iridoids in the trichomes of the L. album subsp. album corolla. Morphometric examinations of individual trichome types were performed. Light and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to show the micromorphology and localization of lipophilic compounds and iridoids in secretory trichomes with the use of histochemical tests. Additionally, the content of essential oil and its components were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Qualitative analyses of triterpenes carried out using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled with densitometric detection, and the iridoid content expressed as aucubin was examined with spectrophotometric techniques. We showed the presence of iridoids and different lipophilic compounds in papillae and glandular and non-glandular trichomes. On average, the flowers of L. album subsp. album yielded 0.04 mL/kg of essential oil, which was dominated by aldehydes, sesquiterpenes, and alkanes. The extract of the L. album subsp. album corolla contained 1.5 × 10−3 ± 4.3 × 10−4 mg/mL of iridoid aucubin and three triterpenes: oleanolic acid, β-amyrin, and β-amyrin acetate. Aucubin and β-amyrin acetate were detected for the first time. We suggest the use of L. album subsp. album flowers as supplements in human nutrition.

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Multi-omics analysis of the bioactive constituents biosynthesis of glandular trichome in Perilla frutescens

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-021-03069-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Peina Zhou ◽

Mengjiao Yin ◽

Shilin Dai ◽

Ke Bao ◽

Chenglin Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Glandular Trichome ◽

Perilla Frutescens ◽

Morphological Features ◽

Limited Information ◽

Bioactive Constituents ◽

Edible Plant ◽

Cell Factories ◽

Custom Made ◽

Trichome Types

Abstract Background Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt is a medicinal and edible plant widely cultivated in Asia. Terpenoids, flavonoids and phenolic acids are the primary source of medicinal ingredients. Glandular trichomes with multicellular structures are known as biochemical cell factories which synthesized specialized metabolites. However, there is currently limited information regarding the site and mechanism of biosynthesis of these constituents in P. frutescens. Herein, we studied morphological features of glandular trichomes, metabolic profiling and transcriptomes through different tissues. Results Observation of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy indicated the presence of three distinct glandular trichome types based on their morphological features: peltate, capitate, and digitiform glandular trichomes. The oil of peltate glandular trichomes, collected by custom-made micropipettes and analyzed by LC–MS and GC–MS, contained perillaketone, isoegomaketone, and egomaketone as the major constituents which are consistent with the components of leaves. Metabolomics and transcriptomics were applied to explore the bioactive constituent biosynthesis in the leaves, stem, and root of P. frutescens. Transcriptome sequencing profiles revealed differential regulation of genes related to terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, respectively with most genes expressed highly in leaves. The genes affecting the development of trichomes were preliminarily predicted and discussed. Conclusions The current study established the morphological and chemical characteristics of glandular trichome types of P. frutescens implying the bioactive constituents were mainly synthesized in peltate glandular trichomes. The genes related to bioactive constituents biosynthesis were explored via transcriptomes, which provided the basis for unraveling the biosynthesis of bioactive constituents in this popular medicinal plant.

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Petal and Sepal Epidermal Micromorphology of Six Lathyrus Taxa (Fabaceae) and their Systematic Value

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha4017503 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 35 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

HÃ¼seyin CILDIR ◽

Ahmet KAHRAMAN ◽

Musa DOGAN

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Light Microscopy ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Systematic Significance ◽

Trichome Types ◽

First Time ◽

Scanning Electron

In this study, the epidermal types and their distribution on dorsal and lateral petals, the trichome types and their density on sepals of Lathyrus chloranthus, L. digitatus, L. laxiflorus subsp. laxiflorus, L. roseus subsp. roseus, L. sativus, and L. tuberosus, belonging to sections Lathyrus, Lathyrostylis, Pratensis, and Orobon of the genus Lathyrus in Turkey were investigated using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the systematic significance of these characters was evaluated. These taxa, except L. sativus, are studied for the first time under aspects of the petal and sepal micromorphology. Three major epidermal types were recognized on the petal: tabular rugose striate cells (TRS), areolate cells with more or less striations (AS), and papillose conical striate cells (PCS). TRS and AS were further subdivided into three subtypes. TRS was found on the dorsal and lateral petals of L. chloranthus, L. sativus, and L. tuberosus: the dorsal petals of L. roseus subsp. roseus and the lateral petals of L. laxiflorus subsp. laxiflorus, while AS was present on the dorsal and lateral petals of L. digitatus and the lateral petals of L. roseus subsp. roseus. PCS was found only on the dorsal petals of L. digitatus. Three main types of trichomes on the sepal were observed: peltate glandular, capitate glandular, and nonglandular trichomes. The capitate glandular and nonglandular trichomes were further subdivided into three subtypes. The peltate glandular trichomes were present only in L. chloranthus, but absent in the others. The capitate glandular trichomes were found in L. chloranthus, L. laxiflorus subsp. laxiflorus, L. roseus subsp. roseus, and L. tuberosus. The nonglandular trichomes were always present in L. chloranthus and L. laxiflorus subsp. laxiflorus. The present results show that the petal and sepal micromorphology can be used in delimitation of the taxa based on petal and sepal micromorphology.

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Clinical significance of miR-129-5p in patients with neonatal sepsis and its regulatory role in the LPS-induced inflammatory response

Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences ◽

10.17305/bjbms.2020.5184 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Meng Li ◽

Xiaoyang Huang ◽

Qingcui Zhuo ◽

Jinghui Zhang ◽

Xiuli Ju

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Response ◽

Clinical Significance ◽

Neonatal Sepsis ◽

Close Association ◽

Disease Diagnosis ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Regulatory Role ◽

Value Analysis ◽

Tnf Α

Neonatal sepsis (NS) occurs in neonates within 28 days, especially preterm infants. The dysregulation of miRNAs is widely detected in NS. The study investigated the expression changes and clinical significance of miR-129-5p in NS patients and further explored the regulatory role of miR-129-5p in the LPS-induced inflammatory response in monocytes. A total of 75 neonates with NS and 84 neonates without NS were recruited. qRT-PCR was used for the measurement of miR-129-5p expression. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed for diagnostic value analysis. ELISA was used to detect the concentration of inflammatory cytokines. Monocytes were isolated from the blood of neonates to investigate the role of miR-129-5p in the LPS-induced inflammatory response in vitro. miR-129-5p was low expressed in the serum of NS cases compared with controls. Serum miR-129-5p had a diagnostic value for NS with a sensitivity of 82.7% and specificity of 79.8%. There was close association for serum miR-129-5p with TNF-α (r = -0.652, p < 0.001) and IL-8 (r = -0.700, p < 0.001) levels in NS patients. Overexpression of miR-129-5p reversed the increasing trend of TNF-α and IL-8 induced by LPS, whereas miR-129-5p downregulation aggravated the increase of TNF-α and IL-8 induced by LPS in monocytes. MiR-129-5p was downregulated in the serum of NS patients, and it might be a promising biomarker for disease diagnosis. Overexpression of miR-129-5p alleviated the inflammatory response of NS.

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Spectral properties, gas exchange, and water potential of leaves of glandular and non-glandular trichome types in Datura wrightii (Solanaceae)

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp03178 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 267 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

James L. Smith II ◽

J. Daniel Hare

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Spectral Properties ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Chemical Defence ◽

Geographic Location ◽

Glandular Trichome ◽

Datura Wrightii ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Sticky Plants ◽

Trichome Types

Plant trichomes commonly serve a role in mechanical and chemical defence against herbivores, but may also have the potential to alter physiology by reducing the amount of light absorbed by leaves, lowering temperatures, and reducing water loss. Populations of Datura wrightii Regel in southern California produce 'sticky' plants with glandular trichomes and 'velvety' plants bearing non-glandular trichomes. Because stickiness is inherited as a dominant Mendelian trait, and the proportions of sticky plants vary among populations with the moisture availability of their environment, there may be some ecophysiological differences between trichome types that contribute to their ability to survive in a particular geographic location. To examine the possible physiological significance of trichome variation, we measured the spectral properties, midday gas-exchange rates, and water potentials of D. wrightii leaves from sticky and velvety plants growing in a field experiment. The differences in leaf reflectance (0.9%) and absorptance (1.3%) of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) between trichome types are too small to have any direct physiologically significant effect. Simulations of leaf temperatures based on the difference in leaf absorptances reveal that leaf temperature would be no more than 1°C lower in velvety compared to sticky plants. Gas-exchange measurements revealed no significant difference between types in their transpiration rates or stomatal conductances. In this case, trichome variation may be more important to plant defenses than to physiology.

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Breeding biology and distyly in Palicourea rigida H. B. & K. (Rubiaceae) in the Cerrados of Central Brazil

Acta Botanica Brasilica ◽

10.1590/s0102-33062010000300012 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 686-696 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Adriana de Oliveira Machado ◽

Ana Palmira Silva ◽

Helder Consolaro ◽

Mariluza A. Granja e Barros ◽

Paulo Eugênio Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Reproductive Success ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Floral Biology ◽

Nectar Production ◽

Central Brazil ◽

Palicourea Rigida ◽

Floral Visitors ◽

Compatible Pollen ◽

Incompatibility Reactions

Distyly is a floral polymorphism more common among the Rubiaceae than in any other angiosperm group. Palicourea rigida is a typically distylous species of the Rubiaceae widely distributed in the Brazilian Cerrados. This work aimed to study the floral biology and breeding system of P. rigida in order to verify if there wasasymmetry between floral morphs. The work was carried out at Fazenda Água Limpa, Brasília-DF, from 1993 to 1995; and at Serra Caldas Novas State Park-Goias and in Clube Caça e Pesca Itororó de Uberlândia-Minas Gerais in 2005 and 2006. Density, height and pin/thrum ratio were assessed for flowering individuals in all areas. Plants were investigated for differences in floral morphology, nectar production, reproductive success and site of self incompatibility reactions. Blooming period was long and concentrated during the rains. Flowers were clearly distylous and with reciprocal herkogamy. They produced nectar and lasted for a single day. In spite of differences in density and height, populations were mostly isoplethic. Nectar production varied in volume and concentration but the differences could not be associated with floral morphs. The species is self-incompatible but reproductive success was always high and independent of floral morphs. There were differences in the site of incompatibility barriers between floral morphs, which were similar to those observed for other Rubiaceae. The main floral visitors and pollinators were the hummingbirds Colibri serrirostris and Eupetomena macroura. High fruit-set indicates that the pollinators transported enough compatible pollen grains between floral morphs, despite their territorial behavior.

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Leaf micromorphology of the Persicaria sect. Cephalophilon (Polygonaceae) and its systematic re-evaluation

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.391.3.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 391 (3) ◽

pp. 167 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

MIN-JUNG KONG ◽

SUK-PYO HONG

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Smooth Surface ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Adaxial Side ◽

Abaxial Side ◽

Stomatal Size ◽

Systematic Significance ◽

Leaf Micromorphology ◽

Anomocytic Stomata

A comparative study of the leaf microstructures of 19 taxa belonging to the Persicaria sect. Cephalophilon and related four Koenigia taxa was performed by LM and SEM to evaluate their systematic significance. Both amphistomatic and hypostomatic leaves were observed in the taxa studied. The stomatal size ranged from 17.04–41.96 × 13.41–37.30 μm, and stomata on the adaxial side were larger than those on the abaxial side in general. Anomocytic stomata occurred most commonly, but more than one type of stomata was observed on the same surface. Paracytic stomata was found in both Persicaria palmata and P. criopolitana. The epidermal cells usually have straight to sinuate anticlinal cell walls (ACW), and the ACW on the abaxial side of most taxa is much more undulated than that on the adaxial side. Cuticular striation was observed in most of the studied taxa, which was restricted to only the adaxial side. Two types of crystals were observed: druse and prismatic, and seven types of trichome were recognized: five types of non-glandular trichomes (stellate with smooth surface, multiseriate with either smooth or striated surface, and uniseriate with either smooth or papillose surface), and two types of glandular trichomes (peltate and long-stalked pilate). The leaf micromorphology in this study was categorized into five types based on the stomata, epidermis, crystal and trichome, as further systematic significance of the leaf epidermal characters within the P. sect. Cephalophilon are discussed. In addition, we propose a new taxonomic combination in the P. sect. Cephalophilon.

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Anatomy of vegetative organs with an emphasis on the secretory structures of two species of Aldama (Asteraceae–Heliantheae)

Botany ◽

10.1139/cjb-2012-0271 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 91 (6) ◽

pp. 335-342 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Tuane Oliveira ◽

Aline Bertolosi Bombo ◽

Beatriz Appezzato-Da-Glória

Keyword(s):

Adventitious Roots ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Aromatic Plants ◽

Secretory Structures ◽

Vegetative Organs ◽

Anatomical Features ◽

Anatomical Analysis ◽

Secretory Cavities ◽

Underground System

Aldama arenaria (Baker) E.E.Schill. & Panero and Aldama robusta (Gardner) E.E.Schill. & Panero are aromatic plants, morphologically very similar and usually confused on the analysis of exsiccates. The present study aimed to identify the secretory structures present in vegetative organs and to survey for anatomical features with diagnostic value between A. arenaria and A. robusta based on an examination of these organs. Aldama arenaria and A. robusta exhibit hydathodes in the dentate ornamentations of the leaf margins and apices in addition to glandular trichomes, secretory cavities and ducts, all of which vary with respect to type and location in each species. Xylopodia and adventitious roots constitute the underground system. The xylopodium is covered by epidermis or by suberised cells resulting from periclinal divisions of parenchyma cells. The tuberisation process of adventitious roots results mainly from hypertrophy and hyperplasia of medullary cells, especially in A. arenaria. Through anatomical analysis, useful features for distinction between A. arenaria and A. robusta in exsiccates and fresh materials were identified, and these features were related mainly to the position and frequency of secretory structures.

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Паліноморфологічні особливості видів підсекції Heterophylla (Nym.) Fed. роду Campanula L. флори України

Ukrainian Journal of Ecology ◽

10.15421/2017_62 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 139-145

Author(s):

N. G. Dremliuga ◽

S. L. Zhygalova

Keyword(s):

Pollen Grains ◽

Polar View ◽

Initial Study ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

The Common ◽

Species Specific

This paper presents results of a palynomorphological study of representatives of subsection Heterophylla (C. rotundifolia, C. kladniana, C. polymorpha, C. serrata) of section Campanula of genus Campanula in the flora of Ukraine. This was the initial study of C. kladniana and C. serrata for the Ukrainian flora. The common and different palynomorphology features were identified for this species. We discovered that the porous and spheroidal in polar view pollen grains were the common palynological features. We aslo founded that the common characteristic of all the species was echinate-wrinkled or rugulose grained surface with disseminated location of thorns without the spines. We suggested that further palynomorphological research of genus Campanula could show the level of the diagnostic value of these peculiarities. The species-specific characteristics were: shape of pollen grains (C. kladniana has spheroidal pollen grains), the number of pores (pollen grains of C. kladniana has three to five pores, C. rotundifolia – three, C. polymorpha and C. serrata – three or four), availability of short thorns on the exina surface (absent in pollen grains ofC. serrata), and the size of pollen grains (the smallest were registered in C. rotundifolia, 22,65x24,82 m-3).

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