scholarly journals A Survey of Candidate Waveforms for beyond 5G Systems

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Filipe Conceição ◽  
Marco Gomes ◽  
Vitor Silva ◽  
Rui Dinis ◽  
Adão Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Power ◽  
Downlink Transmission ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Air Interface ◽  
Power Spectral ◽  
Frequency Domains ◽  
Flexible Resource ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Key Aspects

The 5G and beyond future wireless networks aim to support a large variety of services with increasing demand in terms of data rate and throughput while providing a higher degree of reliability, keeping the overall system complexity affordable. One of the key aspects regarding the physical layer architecture of such systems is the definition of the waveform to be used in the air interface. Such waveforms must be studied and compared in order to choose the most suitable and capable of providing the 5G and beyond services requirements, with flexible resource allocation in time and frequency domains, while providing high spectral and power efficiencies. In this paper, several beyond 5G waveforms candidates are presented, along with their transceiver architectures. Additionally, the associated advantages and disadvantages regarding the use of these transmission techniques are discussed. They are compared in a similar downlink transmission scenario where three main key performance indicators (KPIs) are evaluated. They are the peak-to-average power ratio, the overall system spectral efficiency (wherein the out of band emissions are measured, along with the spectral confinement of the power spectral density of the transmitted signals) and the bit error rate performance. Additionally, other KPIs are discussed.

Forestry Working Groups/Groupes du travail

1989 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-224
Author(s):  
J. J. E. Dosne
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Tropical Forestry ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Working Groups ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Definition Of

The advantages and disadvantages of working in developing countries are reviewed. The definition of a developing country and the aid it receives from Canada are analysed. Projects in these countries do not harm the Canadian industry. The development of natural resources is a priority of international organisations, after health, sanitation and education. Organisations interested in this development are listed. A few notes of forestry projects in Turkey, Jamaica, Honduras, Burkina Faso, Haiti, Costa Rica are enclosed; as well as an ideal project in New Caledonia where they have assumed their own responsibility. A message: all Canadian faculties of forestry, should give a few courses on tropical forestry because of its need and the increasing demand for Canadian foresters in this field. All who have worked overseas agree that there is a certain satisfaction in having contributed to the advancement of developing countries.

Techniques for PAPR Reduction in OFDM Systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 443-444 ◽  
pp. 340-346
Author(s):  
Lin Chen ◽  
Xue Long Hu
Keyword(s):  
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Papr Reduction ◽  
Signal Distortion ◽  
Frequency Division ◽  
Communication Research ◽  
Ofdm Systems ◽  
High Data ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Definition Of

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been focused on in high-data-rate wireless communication research. But the high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is one of the main obstacles to limit wide applications of OFDM. In this paper, based on the definition of the PAPR in OFDM systems, these techniques on PAPR reduction are presented, including signal distortion, signal scrambling, and block coding. The advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are discussed in detail and some performances are achieved by Monte Carlo simulations.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Spectra Estimation of Field Measurement Typhoon Processes Using Wavelets

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang-Dong Zhou ◽  
You-Liang Ding ◽  
Ai-Qun Li
Keyword(s):  
Estimation Method ◽  
Engineering Application ◽  
Frequency Component ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Power Spectral ◽  
Frequency Domains ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Evolutionary Spectra ◽  
Oscillatory Processes

This paper presents a wavelet-based method for estimating evolutionary power spectral density (EPSD) of nonstationary stochastic oscillatory processes and its application to field measured typhoon processes. The EPSD, which is deduced in a closed form based on the definition of the EPSD and the algorithm of the continuous wavelet transform, can be formulated as a sum of squared moduli of the wavelet functions in time domain modulated by frequency-dependent coefficients that relate to the squared values of wavelet coefficients and two wavelet functions with different time shifts. A parametric study is conducted to examine the efficacy of the wavelet-based estimation method and the accuracy of different wavelets. The results indicate that all of the estimated EPSDs have acceptable accuracy in engineering application and the Morlet transform can provide desirable estimations in both time and frequency domains. Finally, the proposed method is adopted to investigate the time-frequency characteristics of the Typhoon Matsa measured in bridge site. The nonstationary energy distribution and stationary frequency component during the whole process are found. The work in this paper may promote an improved understanding of the nonstationary features of typhoon winds.

Historical Experience of Criminalization: to the Centenary of the Guiding Principles on Criminal Law of the RSFSR

2019 ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
Ivan Kozachenko
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Law System ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Concept Planning ◽  
Guiding Principles ◽  
Definition Of

The creation of the Guiding Principles on the Criminal Law of the RSFSR of 1919 is studied taking into account extremely complicated internal and external political situation in the country at the beginning of the twentieth century. Using the methods of analysis, synthesis, as well as comparative and historical method, the author determines the significance of the Guiding Principles in the law system of the young Soviet state. Some key norms of the document are examined. In particular, the definition of criminal law is analyzed and its advantages and disadvantages are identified. It is noted that the definition of a crime was formulated too broadly, and more significant steps in criminalization of different acts were made with the adoption of the RSFSR Criminal Code of 1922. It is indicated which persons were not punished according to the Guidelines. Attention is drawn to the way in which such a method of protection as necessary defense was set forth in this act. The Guiding Principles are not without certain disadvantages: for example, the institution of complicity is not sufficiently disclosed, there is lexical redundancy in the definition of the concept «planning the offence». However, the discrepancies between the main provisions covered in the Guidelines are explainable and excusable, taking into account the historical situation at the time of their adoption. The analyzed document became the basis for Russian criminal law, and some of its provisions are still relevant.

A Comparative Exploration of the Spiritual Authority of the Awliyā’ in the Shi‘i and Sufi Traditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-74
Author(s):  
Rebecca Masterton
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Critical Comparison ◽  
Spiritual Authority ◽  
Central Tenet ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Islamic Belief

This paper aims to engage in a critical comparison of the spiritual authority of the awliyā’ in the Shi‘i and Sufi traditions in order to examine an area of Islamic belief that remains unclearly defined. Similarities between Shi‘i and Sufi doctrine have long been noted, but little research has been conducted on how and why they developed. Taking a central tenet of both, walāyah, the paper discusses several of its key aspects as they appear recorded in Shi‘i ḥadīth collections and as they appear later in one of the earliest Sunni Sufi treatises. By extention, it seeks to explore the identity of the awliyā’ and their role in relation to the Twelve Imams. It also traces the reabsorption into Shi‘i culture of the Sufi definition of walāyah via two examples: the works of one branch of the Dhahabi order and those of Allamah Tabataba’i, a popular twentieth-century Iranian mystic and scholar.

scholarly journals Validity of the Gender Dysphoria diagnosis and incidence trends in Sweden: a nationwide register study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malin Indremo ◽  
Richard White ◽  
Thomas Frisell ◽  
Sven Cnattingius ◽  
Alkistis Skalkidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Medical Intervention ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Incidence Trends ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Nationwide Register Study

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the validity of the Gender Dysphoria (GD) diagnoses in the Swedish National Patient Register (NPR), to discuss different register-based definitions of GD and to investigate incidence trends. We collected data on all individuals with registered GD diagnoses between 2001 and 2016 as well as data on the coverage in the NPR. We regarded gender confirming medical intervention (GCMI) as one proxy for a clinically valid diagnosis and calculated the positive predictive value (PPV) for receiving GCMI for increasing number of registered GD diagnoses. We assessed crude and coverage-adjusted time trends of GD during 2004–2015 with a Poisson regression, using assigned sex and age as interaction terms. The PPV for receiving GCMI was 68% for ≥ 1 and 79% for ≥ 4 GD-diagnoses. The incidence of GD was on average 35% higher with the definition of ≥ 1 compared to the definition of ≥ 4 diagnoses. The incidence of GD, defined as ≥ 4 diagnoses increased significantly during the study period and mostly in the age categories 10–17 and 18–30 years, even after adjusting for register coverage. We concluded that the validity of a single ICD code denoting clinical GD in the Swedish NPR can be questioned. For future research, we propose to carefully weight the advantages and disadvantages of different register-based definitions according to the individual study’s needs, the time periods involved and the age-groups under study.

scholarly journals The Role of Consumer Autonomy in Developing Sustainable AI: A Conceptual Framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2332
Author(s):  
Lena Bjørlo ◽  
Øystein Moen ◽  
Mark Pasquine
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Aids ◽  
Privacy Regulation ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Fundamental Significance ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
Online Decision Making ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Consumer Autonomy

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based decision aids are increasingly employed by businesses to assist consumers’ decision-making. Personalized content based on consumers’ data brings benefits for both consumers and businesses, i.e., with regards to more relevant content. However, this practice simultaneously enables increased possibilities for exerting hidden interference and manipulation on consumers, reducing consumer autonomy. We argue that due to this, consumer autonomy represents a resource at the risk of depletion and requiring protection, due to its fundamental significance for a democratic society. By balancing advantages and disadvantages of increased influence by AI, this paper addresses an important research gap and explores the essential challenges related to the use of AI for consumers’ decision-making and autonomy, grounded in extant literature. We offer a constructive, rather than optimistic or pessimistic, outlook on AI. Hereunder, we present propositions suggesting how these problems may be alleviated, and how consumer autonomy may be protected. These propositions constitute the fundament for a framework regarding the development of sustainable AI, in the context of online decision-making. We argue that notions of transparency, complementarity, and privacy regulation are vital for increasing consumer autonomy and promoting sustainable AI. Lastly, the paper offers a definition of sustainable AI within the contextual boundaries of online decision-making. Altogether, we position this paper as a contribution to the discussion of development towards a more socially sustainable and ethical use of AI.

scholarly journals Establishing a Comprehensive English Teaching Pattern Combining the Communicative Teaching Method and the Grammar-Translation Method

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Kong
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
New Method ◽  
Translation Method ◽  
English Teaching ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Grammar Translation Method ◽  
Teaching Pattern ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Communicative Teaching

Based on the current contradiction between the grammar-translation method and the communicative teaching method in English teaching, this paper, starting with clarifying the task of comprehensive English as well as the definition of the two teaching methods, objectively analyzes their advantages and disadvantages and proposes establishing a new method by fusing them with an elaboration on the reasonability of combining them in the practical teaching of comprehensive English with their complementary advantages.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of the accounting display of transactions with the give-and-take raw materials at restaurant institutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
A. Tsiutsiak ◽  
I. Tsiutsiak
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Activity Type ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Process Representation ◽  
Reliable Representation ◽  
Definition Of

The essence of the definition of «give-and-take raw materials» is investigated and the own vision of this category used by restaurant enterprises is formed. The scheme of conducting transactions with raw materials obtained on the give-and-take conditions at restaurants institutions is given. The peculiarities of the accounting process representation caused by the procurement of raw materials, production of semi-finished products and home-produced dishes are revealed, as well as the order of the realization accounting of such commodity stocks using production-trade and production methods is highlighted. The advantages and disadvantages of the representation in the system of bookkeeping accounts of the economic resources cycle in different ways of the production and trade activity organization of restaurant institutions are given. The emphasis is placed on the fact that in catering establishments the give-and-take raw materials, semi-finished products and home-produced dishes, produced as a result of give-and-take raw materials processings, are not the property of the catering establishment. Therefore, in order to maintain the proper accounting for transactions with the give-and-take raw materials, information about changes in the value of the investigated assets should be represented in the system of bookkeeping off-balance sheet accounts. The order of the display on the bookkeeping accounts of the transactions with the give-and-take raw materials obtained on the give-and-take conditions is highlighted. The peculiarities of calculation of dishes produced on the conditions of the give-and-take transactions are described. It is established that the formation of the value of produced semi-finished products or dishes is carried out for each order received separately, i.e. using the out-of-order cost accounting method. The peculiarities of calculation of home-produced dishes at restaurants institutions are outlined. For reliable representation of information on the availability and movement of the give-and-take raw materials, it is proposed for the enterprises of the investigated economic activity type to open the additional analytical accounts. Recommendations for improving the representation order in the accounting system, of restaurant institutions, give-and-take transactions, using offered analytical accounts, are formed.

scholarly journals Core curriculum in pathology for future Irish medical students

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Humphreys ◽  
Niall Stevens ◽  
Louise Burke ◽  
Mariam Sheehan ◽  
Siobhán Glavey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Core Curriculum ◽  
Medical Doctor ◽  
Medical Graduate ◽  
Medical Council ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
Traditional Lecture ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Key Aspects

AbstractPathology is important in training to become a medical doctor but as curricula become more integrated, there is a risk that key aspects of pathology may be excluded. Following a survey of the current delivery of teaching in Ireland under the auspices of the Faculty of Pathology at the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, suggested components of a core curriculum in pathology have been developed to be delivered at some stage during the medical course. These have been based on key principles and themes required by the Medical Council in Ireland. Professionalism is one of the core principles emphasised by the Medical Council. It includes the role of the pathologist in patient care and other professional values such as patient-centred care, clinical competencies and skills, e.g. explaining results, and knowledge under the various sub-disciplines, i.e. histopathology (including neuropathology), clinical microbiology, haematology, chemical pathology and immunology. In each of these, we suggest key aspects and activities that the medical graduate should be comfortable in carrying out. The methods of delivery of teaching and assessment across pathology disciplines have evolved and adapted to recent circumstances. Lessons have been learned and insights gained during the COVID-19 pandemic as educators have risen to the challenge of continuing to educate medical students. Integrated and multi-disciplinary teaching is recommended to reflect best the professional environment of the medical graduate who works as an integral part of a multi-disciplinary team, with the minimum dependence on the traditional lecture, where at all possible. Finally, options on assessment are discussed, e.g. multiple-choice questions, including their respective advantages and disadvantages.

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