scholarly journals greenMAC Protocol: A Q-Learning-Based Mechanism to Enhance Channel Reliability for WLAN Energy Savings

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1720
Author(s):  
Rashid Ali ◽  
Muhammad Sohail ◽  
Alaa Omran Almagrabi ◽  
Arslan Musaddiq ◽  
Byung-Seo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Collision Probability ◽  
System Throughput ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Q Learning ◽  
Save Energy ◽  
Accumulated Reward

We have seen a promising acceptance of wireless local area networks (WLANs) in our day-to-day communication devices, such as handheld smartphones, tablets, and laptops. Energy preservation plays a vital role in WLAN communication networks. The efficient use of energy remains one of the most substantial challenges to WLAN devices. Several approaches have been proposed by the industrial and institutional researchers to save energy and reduce the overall power consumption of WLAN devices focusing on static/adaptive energy saving methods. However, most of the approaches save energy at the cost of throughput degradation due to either increased sleep-time or reduced number of transmissions. In this paper, we recognize the potentials of reinforcement learning (RL) techniques, such as the Q-learning (QL) model, to enhance the WLAN’s channel reliability for energy saving. QL is one of the RL techniques, which utilizes the accumulated reward of the actions performed in the state-action model. We propose a QL-based energy-saving MAC protocol, named greenMAC protocol. The proposed greenMAC protocol reduces the energy consumption by utilizing accumulated reward value to optimize the channel reliability, which results in reduced channel collision probability of the network. We assess the degrees of channel congestion in collision probability as a reward function for our QL-based greenMAC protocol. The comparative results show that greenMAC protocol achieves enhanced system throughput performance with additional energy savings compared to existing energy-saving mechanisms in WLANs.

Understanding intentions to reduce energy consumption at the workplace by the employees: case of a developing country

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amna Akhound ◽  
Aseem Majeed Rizvi ◽  
Waqar Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Nadeem Khan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Saving Behavior ◽  
Save Energy

PurposeEnergy-saving behavior of individuals is essential to minimize energy use and reduce the emission of toxic gases. This study's actual focus is to find out the determinants of the energy-saving behavior of individuals in the workplace.Design/methodology/approachAs a theoretical research model, the extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) has been used to analyze the determinants of energy-saving intentions. A survey method is used to collect 289 valid data, and structural equation modeling (SEM) is used to analyze the data.FindingsThe final result shows that the variables attitude at home, subjective norm (SN) and descriptive norms positively impact intention to save energy at the workplace. In contrast, the construct attitude and perceived behavior control is insignificant in this research. On the other hand, the personal moral norm (PMN) is a powerful predictor of individual energy-saving intentions at the workplace.Originality/valueThis research provides insights that will help the organizations understand the behavior of individuals at the workplace for energy-saving intentions to formulate such policies that will enhance individuals' practice for energy savings.

scholarly journals Operational Improvement of Main Pumps for Energy-Saving in Wastewater Treatment Plants

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Kato ◽  
Hiroyuki Fujimoto ◽  
Kenichi Yamashina
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Speed Control ◽  
Operational Improvement ◽  
Energy Independence ◽  
Save Energy

Efforts towards energy independence in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) constitute important policy in Japan. Energy-saving strategies consist of operational improvements and the installation of energy-saving devices. The energy consumed by the main pumps is equal to approximately 14% of the energy consumed by WWTPs in average in Japan. The main pumps, which are simple machines, do not have the innovative, energy-saving devices associated with other equipment used in WWTPs; therefore, realizing energy savings through operational improvement is extremely important. In recent years, variable frequency drives (VFDs) have increasingly been used to control the rotation speed of main pumps in order to save energy. However, there are many cases where power consumption increases due to the excessive rotation speed control ignoring pump characteristics. In this study, improvement of the operating method based on the power consumption analysis is examined for A WWTP. Differences in characteristics between water pumps and wastewater pumps are discussed, and simulation results without rotational speed control show a reduction in power consumption of 10%. Daily operational report data of the WWTP are used for the power consumption analysis, and additional data acquisition is not necessary. Thus, the power consumption analysis method used in this study can be easily applied to other WWTPs.

A Novel Energy Saving Approach through Mobile Collaborative Computing Systems

2012 ◽  
pp. 661-676
Author(s):  
Xiaoxin Wu ◽  
Huan Chen ◽  
Yaoda Liu ◽  
Wenwu Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Handheld Devices ◽  
Collaborative Computing ◽  
Computing Systems ◽  
Collaborative System ◽  
Video Frames ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Save Energy

Energy saving has been studied widely in both of computing and communication research communities. For handheld devices, energy is becoming a more and more critical issue because lots of applications running on handhelds today are computation or communication intensive and take a long time to finish. Unlike previous work that proposes computing or communication energy solutions alone, this paper proposes a novel energy savings approach through mobile collaborative systems, which jointly consider computing and communication energy cost. In this work, the authors use streaming video as investigated application scenario and propose multi-hop pipelined wireless collaborative system to decode video frames with a requirement for maximum inter-frame time. To finish a computing task with such a requirement, this paper proposes a control policy that can dynamically adapt processor frequency and communication transmission rate at the collaborative devices. The authors build a mathematical energy model for collaborative computing systems. Results show that the collaborative system helps save energy, and the transmission rate between collaborators is a key parameter for maximizing energy savings. The energy saving algorithm in computing devices is implemented and the experimental results show the same trend.

Energy Saving Mechanisms for MAC Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 163413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moshaddique Al Ameen ◽  
S. M. Riazul Islam ◽  
Kyungsup Kwak
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Mac Protocols ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Battery Power ◽  
Save Energy

Energy efficiency is a primary requirement in a wireless sensor network (WSN). This is a major design parameter in medium access control (MAC) protocols for WSN due to limited resources in sensor nodes that include low battery power. Hence a proposed MAC protocol must be energy efficient by reducing the potential energy wastes. Developing such a MAC protocol has been a hot research area in WSN. To avoid wasting the limited energy, various energy saving mechanisms are proposed for MAC protocols. These mechanisms have a common design objective—to save energy to maximize the network lifetime. This paper presents a survey on various energy saving mechanisms that are proposed for MAC protocols in WSN. We present a detailed discussion of these mechanisms and discuss their strengths and weaknesses. We also discuss MAC protocols that use these energy saving mechanisms.

Controls of Multiple Chillers in Central Cooling Plants

Solar Energy ◽  
2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slim Menzli ◽  
Otto VanGeet ◽  
Moncef Krarti
Keyword(s):  
Parametric Analysis ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Size Ratio ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Optimal Energy ◽  
Save Energy ◽  
Geographical Locations

This paper summarizes the results of an extensive parametric analysis to assess the potential of multi-chiller plants to save energy associated with electric cooling use. Specifically, the impacts on chiller performance are investigated for two office buildings geometries, three chiller types, and five geographical locations. It was determined that for most office buildings, increasing the number of chillers beyond three does not provide significant additional energy savings for all three types of chillers and for all locations. Moreover, the results of the analysis indicate that a chiller size ratio of 0.65 for the case of a two-chiller central cooling plants provides the optimal energy performance.

scholarly journals Renewable Energy Cooperatives as a Stimulating Factor in Household Energy Savings

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Hoppe ◽  
Frans Coenen ◽  
Maria Bekendam
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Household Energy ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Save Energy

Little is known about how renewable energy cooperatives (REScoops) try to influence energy conservation among households and the resulting impact. In this article the main research question is: What is the predictive value of renewable energy cooperatives on intention to save energy, engagement in energy-saving actions, and self-reported energy conservation by households? A survey was conducted to answer this question. Data analysis involved multivariate and binary logistic regression on data from two cooperatives: Ecopower (Belgium; N = 1000) and Enercoop (France; N = 8290). Results show that in addition to psychological and socio-demographic variables, REScoop items modestly contribute to the explained variation in engagement in energy-saving actions and reported energy conservation. At Enercoop 18.2% of the respondents indicated that their cooperative contributed to household energy savings; for Ecopower this figure was 36.9%. Moreover, at Enercoop, 38.7% of the respondents reported consuming less energy since obtaining cooperative membership; at Ecopower this was 64.7%. The article concludes with suggestions for future research.

A Novel Energy Saving Approach through Mobile Collaborative Computing Systems

2012 ◽  
pp. 90-104
Author(s):  
Xiaoxin Wu ◽  
Huan Chen ◽  
Yaoda Liu ◽  
Wenwu Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Handheld Devices ◽  
Collaborative Computing ◽  
Computing Systems ◽  
Collaborative System ◽  
Video Frames ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Save Energy

Energy saving has been studied widely in both of computing and communication research communities. For handheld devices, energy is becoming a more and more critical issue because lots of applications running on handhelds today are computation or communication intensive and take a long time to finish. Unlike previous work that proposes computing or communication energy solutions alone, this paper proposes a novel energy savings approach through mobile collaborative systems, which jointly consider computing and communication energy cost. In this work, the authors use streaming video as investigated application scenario and propose multi-hop pipelined wireless collaborative system to decode video frames with a requirement for maximum inter-frame time. To finish a computing task with such a requirement, this paper proposes a control policy that can dynamically adapt processor frequency and communication transmission rate at the collaborative devices. The authors build a mathematical energy model for collaborative computing systems. Results show that the collaborative system helps save energy, and the transmission rate between collaborators is a key parameter for maximizing energy savings. The energy saving algorithm in computing devices is implemented and the experimental results show the same trend.

scholarly journals Characterizing the Energy-Saving Behaviors, Attitudes and Awareness of University Students in Macau

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 6341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shujie Zhao ◽  
Qingbin Song ◽  
Chao Wang
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Save Energy ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
High Energy Consumption

Currently, energy and its usage are the primary environmental issues in all countries and regions. As a special social group, university students not only have extremely high energy consumption needs, but they have more advanced consumption concepts. Understanding their energy-saving characteristics could provide foresight for predicting the energy-saving characteristics of future residents. Using data collected from 737 valid questionnaires, from five typical universities in Macau, this study investigated university students' energy-saving behaviors, attitudes and awareness, and analyzed the possible influencing factors. The results showed that the energy-saving behaviors and attitudes of respondents from five university were nearly the same. Meanwhile, 75.98% of the respondents clearly recognized that energy-savings behaviors are closely related to their daily study and life, and 96.61% of the university students thought that it is very necessary to save energy. In addition, 92.94% of students thought it was necessary to carry out energy-saving education in universities. The regression analysis indicated that “the relationship between energy-saving awareness and daily life” and “the necessity of energy-saving education” are positively correlated with the energy-saving awareness at the significance level of 1%, whereas the energy-saving behaviors, “give priority to energy-saving products” and “shut down your computer when going out”, are positively correlated with energy-saving awareness at the significance level of 10% and 5%, respectively. Finally, we proposed effective suggestions for raising the awareness of saving energy among university students.

scholarly journals Joint Optimization of Multi-Hop Broadcast Protocol and MAC Protocol in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6092
Author(s):  
Zhonghui Pei ◽  
Xiaojun Wang ◽  
Zhen Lei ◽  
Hongjiang Zheng ◽  
Luyao Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Contention Window ◽  
Collision Probability ◽  
Q Learning ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Broadcast Protocol

Beacon messages and emergency messages in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) require a lower delay and higher reliability. The optimal MAC protocol can effectively reduce data collision in VANETs communication, thus minimizing delay and improving reliability. In this paper, we propose a Q-learning MAC protocol based on detecting the number of two-hop neighbors. The number of two-hop neighbors in highway scenarios is calculated with very little overhead using the beacon messages and neighbor locations to reduce the impact of hidden nodes. Vehicle nodes are regarded as agents, using Q-learning and beacon messages to train the near-optimal contention window value of the MAC layer under different vehicle densities to reduce the collision probability of beacon messages. Furthermore, based on the contention window value after training, a multi-hop broadcast protocol combined with contention window adjustment for emergency messages in highway scenarios is proposed to reduce forwarding delay and improve forwarding reliability. We use the trained contention window value and the state information of neighboring vehicles to assign an appropriate forwarding waiting time to the forwarding node. Simulation experiments are conducted to evaluate the proposed MAC protocol and multi-hop broadcast protocol and compare them with other related protocols. The results show that our proposed protocols outperform the other related protocols on several different evaluation metrics.

A Novel Energy Saving Approach through Mobile Collaborative Computing Systems

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Xiaoxin Wu ◽  
Huan Chen ◽  
Yaoda Liu ◽  
Wenwu Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Handheld Devices ◽  
Collaborative Computing ◽  
Computing Systems ◽  
Collaborative System ◽  
Save Energy

Energy saving has been studied widely in both of computing and communication research communities. For handheld devices, energy is becoming a more and more critical issue because lots of applications running on handhelds today are computation or communication intensive and take a long time to finish. Unlike previous work that proposes computing or communication energy solutions alone, this paper proposes a novel energy savings approach through mobile collaborative systems, which jointly consider computing and communication energy cost. In this work, the authors use streaming video as investigated application scenario and propose multi-hop pipelined wireless collaborative system to decode video frames with a requirement for maximum inter-frame time. To finish a computing task with such a requirement, this paper proposes a control policy that can dynamically adapt processor frequency and communication transmission rate at the collaborative devices. The authors build a mathematical energy model for collaborative computing systems. Results show that the collaborative system helps save energy, and the transmission rate between collaborators is a key parameter for maximizing energy savings. The energy saving algorithm in computing devices is implemented and the experimental results show the same trend.

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