Production of Wood Pellets from Poplar Trees Managed as Coppices with Different Harvesting Cycles

High-density biomass plantations have played a key role in the national energy landscape in Italy since the 1990s but, to date, an inversion of tendency and a significant reduction of cultivated areas has been noted. Despite this, the existing plantations have seen their coppicing rotation become significantly lengthened, resulting in large quantities of biomass per hectare. This study aimed to identify the best raw material suitable for pellet production using whole trees or stems without branches from poplar plantations at the end of the third, sixth and ninth year of age. All types of pellets made reach the requirements of class A1 for diameter, length, moisture content, ash melting point, lower heating value, as well as nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and heavy metals. None of the theses satisfied the bulk density parameters while for ashes and mechanical durability, a great variability was observed according to the different raw materials used. An improvement in terms of heating value was observed by transforming the poplar wood chips refined into pellets. The pelletizing process using high density poplar plantation as a raw material highlights the possibility of obtaining a product that meets many of the quality standards required on the market. These aspects are closely related to the innovation carried out in the agro-forestry sector for effective energetic sustainability.

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PEMBUATAN BIOBRIKET DARI PELEPAH DAN CANGKANG KELAPA SAWIT: PENGARUH VARIASI KOMPOSISI BAHAN BAKU DAN WAKTU KARBONISASI TERHADAP KUALITAS BRIKET

Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU ◽

10.32734/jtk.v5i3.1542 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 31-37

Author(s):

Iriany ◽

Cindy Carnella ◽

Cici Novita Sari

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Raw Material ◽

Heating Value ◽

Carbonization Process ◽

Palm Shell ◽

Used Oil ◽

High Heating Value ◽

Materials Used ◽

Palm Fronds

Briquette was a product of the compaction process of biomass residue used as fuel and it is formed using binder. Briquette from biomass has a high heating value. The quality of briquettes influenced by raw material composition and the time of carbonization. The carbonization process in the manufacture of briquettes could improve heating value and reduce smoke produced from burning briquette. This research is aim to study the effect of variations in the composition of raw materials and carbonization time on the heating value and the characteristics of the resulting briquettes. The materials used are palm fronds, palm shells, starch, used oil, H2SO4 and Tri Ethyl Amine (TEA). The ratios of palm frond and palm shell charcoal in this research is 1: 2, 1: 4, 1: 6 and 1: 8 with variation of carbonization time 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes and 120 minutes. The research began with the carbonization process of the raw materials. Then charcoal product of carbonization was pressed using an binder starch and used oil as much as 20% based on the weight of raw materials at the ratio of 1: 1. The best quality from this research is obtained at the ratio palm fronds and oil palm shell 1: 8 with carbonization time of 120 minutes, heating value 15107,138 cal/g, moisture content 6%, ash content of 5,185%, volatile matter 39,226%, fixed carbon 70,955%, density 0,442 g/cm3, burning rate 0,273 g/min, and compressive strength 0,046 N / mm2. The result shows the briquettes produced had a strong structure, it was not easily broken and it was not moldy when stored.

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Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12102237 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 2237 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

P. R. Sarika ◽

Paul Nancarrow ◽

Abdulrahman Khansaheb ◽

Taleb Ibrahim

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Phenol Formaldehyde ◽

Raw Material ◽

Wood Industry ◽

Suitable Material ◽

The Past ◽

Wide Range ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Sustainable Materials ◽

Materials Used

Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin continues to dominate the resin industry more than 100 years after its first synthesis. Its versatile properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, fire resistance, and dimensional stability make it a suitable material for a wide range of applications. PF resins have been used in the wood industry as adhesives, in paints and coatings, and in the aerospace, construction, and building industries as composites and foams. Currently, petroleum is the key source of raw materials used in manufacturing PF resin. However, increasing environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion have driven industries to seek sustainable alternatives to petroleum based raw materials. Over the past decade, researchers have replaced phenol and formaldehyde with sustainable materials such as lignin, tannin, cardanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, and glyoxal to produce bio-based PF resin. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards improving the properties of bio-based phenolic resin. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of PF resins, particularly those created from sustainable raw material substitutes, and modifications applied to the synthetic route in order to improve the mechanical properties.

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Changes in the Vietnamese Timber Processing Industry: A Case of Quang Tri Province, North Central Region

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12080984 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 984

Author(s):

Seiji Iwanaga ◽

Dang Thai Hoang ◽

Hirofumi Kuboyama ◽

Dang Thai Duong ◽

Hoang Huy Tuan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Economies Of Scale ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Medium Density Fiberboard ◽

Tree Planting ◽

Raw Material ◽

Wood Pellets ◽

Planted Forests ◽

Processing Industry ◽

Glued Laminated Timber ◽

On Farm

Vietnam’s forestry policies have expanded the area of planted forests in order to meet the supply of raw materials for the timber processing industry. However, the diversity and volume of demand in the industry have also increased, and a shortage of raw materials can be assumed. For clarifying the correspondence of stakeholders, we explore changes in the resource supply behavior of forestry companies and procurement strategies of companies that manufacture lumber for glued laminated timber, medium density fiberboard (MDF) and wood pellets. Next, we discuss issues and future developments surrounding the supply and demand for timber from planted forests. According to a survey of Quang Tri Province, both industrial and on-farm tree planting play an important role in Vietnam’s wood industry. The origin of the supply has been categorized according to its purpose (products). On the other hand, with the declining supply of imported timber and natural forest timber, inquiries from sawmills and glued laminated timber factories for timber from planted forests have increased, and wood pellet manufacturers are facing competition for raw material procurement with MDF manufacturers, and the supply of timber from planted forests is becoming scarce. The key to the solution lies in improving the low productivity of current on-farm tree planting. To this end, forming farmer groups upon the acquisition of forest certification will help achieve economies of scale and bargaining power.

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Incorporation of sugarcane bagasse ash waste as an alternative raw material for red ceramic

Cerâmica ◽

10.1590/s0366-69132013000300019 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 59 (351) ◽

pp. 473-480 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

K. C. P. Faria ◽

J. N. F. Holanda

Keyword(s):

Sugarcane Bagasse ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Phase Evolution ◽

Linear Shrinkage ◽

Raw Material ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

Clay Material ◽

Natural Clay ◽

Materials Used ◽

Sugarcane Industry

The sugarcane industry generates huge amounts of sugarcane bagasse ashes (SCBA). This work investigates the incorporation of a SCBA waste as an alternative raw material into a clay body, replacing natural clay material by up to 20 wt.%. Clay ceramic pieces were produced by uniaxial pressing and fired at temperatures varying from 700 to 1100 ºC. The technological properties of the clay ceramic pieces (linear shrinkage, apparent density, water absorption, and tensile strength) as function of the firing temperature and waste addition are investigated. The phase evolution during firing was followed by X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the SCBA waste could be incorporated into red ceramics (bricks and roofing tiles) in partial replacement for natural clay material. These results confirm the feasibility of valorisation of SCBA waste to produce red ceramic. This use of SCBA can also contribute greatly to reducing the environmental problems of the sugarcane industry, and also save the sources of natural raw materials used in the ceramic industry.

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Petrography

The Oxford Handbook of Archaeological Ceramic Analysis ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199681532.013.15 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 232-265 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Patrick Degryse ◽

Dennis Braekmans

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Rock Fragments ◽

Historical Materials ◽

Fabric Analysis ◽

Trade And Exchange ◽

Indispensable Tool ◽

Materials Used ◽

Ceramic Petrography ◽

Material Provenance

Petrography has developed into an indispensable tool for ceramic fabric analysis, specifically studying the mineralogical and textural composition of ceramic objects. Petrography is a technique commonly used in geology to describe and classify rocks. Ceramic petrography studies clay-based archaeological or historical materials. Using a polarizing light microscope (PLM) in ceramic studies, the different raw materials used to make a ceramic object can be identified, ranging from clays and other minerals to rock fragments and inorganic or organic temper. The technique moreover feeds into the study of raw material provenance and origin, and is able to discern the different technological procedures followed to make the ceramic object (from shaping to firing), next to providing clues on the function of the object. This information not only helps reconstruct trade and exchange of raw materials and ceramics, but aids in reconstructing society behind the pot.

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Influence of the Position of Ignition Source on the Raw Materials Used to Produce Biofuel in Form of Wood Pellets

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.693.335 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 693 ◽

pp. 335-339

Author(s):

Jozef Horváth ◽

Karol Balog ◽

Tomáš Chrebet

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Beech Wood ◽

Ignition Source ◽

Wood Pellets ◽

Hot Air ◽

Spruce Wood ◽

Loss Of Weight ◽

Materials Used ◽

Picea Excelsa

The aim of present work is monitoring thermal decomposition tested samples depending on distance of ignition source, subsequent generation of flame and flameless combustion. Tested samples are used to produce biofuel in form of pellets, which can be made of spruce wood (Picea excelsa, L.) and beech wood (Fagus sylvatica) and have a direct effect on the properties of these pellets. Measurements are carried out according to standard STN ISO 871:2010 Determination of ignition temperature using a hot-air furnace. External ignition source (electrically heated spiral of the wire canthal) is used to analyze different conditions of test samples. Distance between external ignition source and tested samples is 10, 50 and 90 mm. The experiments are performed at an air flow rate 38, 25, 12,5 and 0 mm.s-1. The results show the rate of loss of weight and the flow rates of the material of the test samples at the different test conditions.

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DETERMINANTS OF THE SELECTION OF RAW MATERIALS USED IN ANIMAL FEED PRODUCTION

Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.1380 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol XXII (2) ◽

pp. 191-199

Author(s):

Magdalena Śmiglak-Krajewska

Keyword(s):

Animal Feed ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Soya Bean ◽

Raw Material ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Feed Production ◽

Bean Meal ◽

Materials Used ◽

Soya Bean Meal ◽

Selection Of

The main purpose of this paper was to identify the factors affecting the selection of raw materials used by feed operators in feed production. An attempt was also made to indicate the barriers to increasing the use of native protein plants by feed operators in feed production. Today, many EU countries (including Poland) primarily rely on vegetable protein derived from genetically modified soya bean meal (mainly imported from South America and the U.S.) in addressing their needs for protein raw material used in animal feed. For many years now, Poland has taken steps to increase the production and use of native protein raw material to partially replace soya bean meal imports. The use of mixes of diverse domestic protein sources derived from grain legumes (peas, field beans, lupine) can provide an advantageous alternative to compound feeding stuff based on imported post-extraction soya bean meal. To meet the objective defined above, this paper relied on the results of a 2018 survey conducted with a sample of 29 feed operators located across the country. More than half (55%) of the enterprises surveyed did not use legumes in feed production; the use of legumes was above 10% in only 3% of respondents. When asked about the key factors affecting the selection of raw materials used in production processes, the respondents declared to be interested in buying large batches of homogeneous raw materials that meet specific quality parameters (33% replied “rather yes” and 67% replied “definitely yes”). The protein content of plant seeds used in feed production was identified as another aspect of extreme importance (55% replied “rather yes” and 24% replied “definitely yes”).

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Traditional and new raw materials for spirit beverage production

Folia Biologica et Oecologica ◽

10.18778/1730-2366.16.17 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

pp. 70-78

Author(s):

Szymon Ługowoj ◽

Maria Balcerek

Keyword(s):

Ethanol Production ◽

Raw Materials ◽

The Other ◽

Raw Material ◽

Fast Growing ◽

Growth Requirements ◽

Other Hand ◽

Materials Used ◽

Production Industry

The ethanol production industry is a fast growing branch of the economy in many countries, and there is a rich tradition of spirit beverage production of many unique drinks such as Polish vodka and Starka or Irish and Scotch whisk(e)y, all of which have unique organoleptic features. This variety is possible thanks to different raw materials used for production such as rye, barley or corn and potatoes, as well as technological solutions developed over the generations of manufacturing. Rye deserves a closer look due to its low growth requirements and many different uses as well as its long tradition of cultivation, especially in Poland. On the other hand, manufacturers are currently interested in using new, original raw materials for the production of so-called craft alcohols. Buckwheat is an example of a raw material that can be successfully used in the production of original spirits.

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Effect of washing time and storage of raw Material on Surimi and Kamaboko of Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.)

Journal of Marine and Coastal Science ◽

10.20473/jmcs.v7i3.20733 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 89

Author(s):

Eka Saputra

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Frozen Storage ◽

Storage Period ◽

Raw Material ◽

Minced Fish ◽

Materials Used ◽

And Storage

This study aim was to determine the effect of washing and raw materials on frozen storage on the quality of surimi and kamaboko from raw material of tilapia (Oreochromis sp). There were three types of raw materials used, namely minced fish, surimi, and surimi with addition of sorbitol, with three washing treatments and four weeks frozen storage period observed every week. The method used consisted of measurements of pH, water content, bite test, and folding test. Then the results obtained for the best kamaboko tilapia (Oreochromis sp) were obtained from fillet raw materials compared to the raw material of Minced fish and raw materials of Minced Fish + Sorbitol, with a frequency of washing once and frozen storage for 3 weeks.

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Kajian Peningkatan Potensi Ekspor Pelet Kayu Indonesia sebagai Sumber Energi Biomassa yang Terbarukan

Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan ◽

10.22146/jik.34125 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 99 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Victor Tulus Pangapoi Sidabutar

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

The United States ◽

Biomass Energy ◽

Raw Material ◽

Wood Pellets ◽

Fossil Energy ◽

Renewable Biomass ◽

World Today

Dunia saat ini mulai beralih dari menggunakan batu bara ke sumber energi yang terbarukan. Salah satunya adalah pelet kayu demi mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca dan meningkatkan penggunaan energi terbarukan pengganti energi fosil. Produsen utama pelet kayu di dunia saat ini adalah Amerika Serikat sedangkan untuk wilayah ASEAN adalah Vietnam. Di ASEAN, potensi Indonesia tidak kalah dari Vietnam. Indonesia unggul dalam jumlah luas hutan tanam dan pertanian yang lebih luas dibandingkan Vietnam. Selain itu, keragaman hayati tumbuhan yang ada dapat dijadikan sumber bahan baku pelet kayu yang unik dibandingkan pesaing lainnya. Legalisasi dan regulasi untuk keberlangsungan bahan baku merupakan persyaratan utama untuk memasuki pasar Eropa. Pemerintah Indonesia memberikan dukungan penuh dengan semakin mudahnya perijinan terkait legalisasi dan keberlangsungan bahan baku kayu. Study of Increasing the Export Potential of Indonesia Wood Pellets as a Source of the Renewable Biomass Energy SourceAbstractThe world today is beginning to switch from using coal into renewable energy sources. One of them is wood pellets in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase the use of renewable energy substitute for fossil energy. The major manufacturer of wood pellets in the world today is the United States, while for the ASEAN region is Vietnam. In ASEAN, Indonesia’s potential is not less than Vietnam. Indonesia superior in numbers of forests and agricultural crops compare to Vietnam. In addition, the existing plant biodiversity that can be used as a source of raw material for wood pellets are unique compared to other competitors. Legalization and regulation in terms of the sustainability of raw materials is a key requirement to enter the European market. The Indonesian government gave full support to the more easily permits related legalization and sustainability of wood raw material.

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