A Novel Approach of Design and Analysis of a Hexagonal Fractal Antenna Array (HFAA) for Next-Generation Wireless Communication

The study and exploration of massive multiple-input multiple-output (MMIMO) and millimeter-wave wireless access technology has been spurred by a shortage of bandwidth in the wireless communication sector. Massive MIMO, which combines antennas at the transmitter and receiver, is a key enabler technology for next-generation networks to enable exceptional spectrum and energy efficiency with simple processing techniques. For massive MIMOs, the lower band microwave or millimeter-wave band and the antenna are impeccably combined with RF transceivers. As a result, the 5G wireless communication antenna differs from traditional antennas in many ways. A new concept of the MIMO tri-band hexagonal antenna array is being introduced for next-generation cellular networks. With a total scaling dimension of 150 × 75 mm2, the structure consists of multiple hexagonal fractal antenna components at different corners of the patch. The radiating patch resonates at 2.55–2.75, 3.45–3.7, and 5.65–6.05 GHz (FR1 band) for better return loss (S11) of more than 15 dB in all three operating bands. The coplanar waveguide (CPW) feeding technique and defective ground structure in the ground plane have been employed for effective impedance matching. The deviation of the main lobe of the radiation pattern is achieved using a two-element microstrip Taylor antenna array with series feeding, which also boosts the antenna array’s bandwidth and minimizes sidelobe. The proposed antenna is designed, simulated, and tested in far-field radiating conditions and generates tri-band S-parameters with sufficient separation and high-quality double-polarized radiation. The fabrication and testing of MIMO antennas were completed, where the measurement results matched the simulation results. In addition, the 5G smartphone antenna system requires a new, lightweight phased microwave antenna (μ-wave) with wide bandwidth and a fire extender. Because of its decent performance and compact architectures, the proposed smartphone antenna array architecture is a better entrant for upcoming 5G cellular implementations.

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Wideband MIMO antenna for SCADA Wireless Communication Backhaul Application

Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) ◽

10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.1844 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 4538-4547

Author(s):

Nur Zafirah Bt Muhammad Zubir Et.al

Keyword(s):

Wireless Communication ◽

Ground Plane ◽

Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽

Radiation Characteristic ◽

Antenna System ◽

Mobile Telecommunication ◽

Telecommunication System ◽

Antenna Structure ◽

Mimo Antenna ◽

Input Multiple Output

A wideband multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system with common elements suitable for SCADA wireless communication backhaul application which is operating frequency of 0.85-2.6GHz that can cover global system for mobile communication (GSM) 900MHz and 1.8GHz, The Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) 2GHz, Wi-Fi (2.4GHz) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2.6GHz is proposed. The proposed MIMO antenna system consists of four microstrip feedline with common radiating element and a frame shaped ground plane. A single port antenna also was designed and presented in this paper to show the process to design wideband MIMO antenna structure. The radiator of the MIMO antenna system is designed as the shape of modified rectangle with straight line at each corner to enhance the bandwidth frequency. To improve the isolation between ports, the ground plane is modified by inserting four L-slots in each corner to reduce mutual coupling. For an antenna efficiency of more than 60%, the simulated reflection coefficients are below -10dB for all ports at expected frequency. Simulated isolation is achieved greater than -10dB by using a modified ground plane. Also, a low envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) less than 0.1 and polarization diversity gain of about 10dB with the orthogonal mode of linear polarization and omnidirectional pattern during the analysis of the radiation characteristic are achieved. Therefore, the proposed design can be used for SCADA wireless communication backhaul application.

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Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna Arrays for Millimeter Wave Wireless Communication

International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology - Regular Issue ◽

10.35940/ijeat.c4759.029320 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 281-286

Keyword(s):

Wireless Communication ◽

Antenna Array ◽

Millimeter Wave ◽

Antenna Arrays ◽

Patch Antenna ◽

Return Loss ◽

Path Loss ◽

Impedance Bandwidth ◽

Phase Array ◽

Wave Band

In present 4G the enormously growing of cellular user and the shortage of bandwidth which results in difficulty to provide a high data rate to each end user. To achieve wider bandwidth millimeter wave technology is considered to solve the problem of bandwidth shortage. This paper presents a 4x1 element circular phase array of inset fed rectangular patch antenna operating in the millimeter wave band (24.81GHz 33GHz). To achieve large impedance bandwidth the array is designed with edge coupled parasitic patch arrangement which provides dual resonance. The designed array used the ring-shaped sequential rotation feeding line to reduce the unwanted side lobe radiation. The design antenna array achieved good return loss – 10dB ≤ S11 ≤ – 18.64dB and maintaining 26% (24.81GHz 33GHz) bandwidth. The antenna array has achieved good return loss S11, -18.64dB at 29.09GHz and VSWR ≤ 1.85 (24.81GHz-33GHz). In millimeter wave wireless communication require high gain antenna to overcome the problem of path loss. The designed array has achieved 10.14dB gain. So the designed will be suitable for the future millimeter-wave wireless communication system.

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Integrated LTE and Millimeter-Wave 5G MIMO Antenna System for 4G/5G Wireless Terminals

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20143926 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (14) ◽

pp. 3926

Author(s):

Syeda Iffat Naqvi ◽

Niamat Hussain ◽

Amjad Iqbal ◽

MuhibUr Rahman ◽

Masoud Forsat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Millimeter Wave ◽

Frequency Band ◽

Performance Metrics ◽

Ground Plane ◽

Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽

Antenna System ◽

Wave Frequency ◽

Mimo Antenna ◽

Safety Standards ◽

Field Correlation

This work demonstrates an integrated multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna solution for Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Millimeter-Wave (mm-wave) 5G wireless communication services. The proposed structure is comprised of a two-element LTE MIMO antenna, and a four-element 5G MIMO configuration with rectangular and circular defects in the ground plane. For experimental validation, the proposed structure is fabricated on a Rogers RO4350B substrate with 0.76 mm thickness. The overall substrate dimensions are 75 mm × 110 mm. The proposed structure is capable of operating at 5.29–6.12 GHz (LTE 46 and 47 bands) and 26–29.5 GHz (5G mm-wave) frequency bands. Additionally, the measured peak gain of 5.13 and 9.53 dB is attained respectively for the microwave and mm-wave antennas. Furthermore, the analysis of the MIMO performance metrics demonstrates good characteristics, and excellent field correlation performance across the operating bands. Furthermore, the analysis of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and Power Density (PD) at the lower frequency band (5.9 GHz) and PD only at mm-Wave frequency band (28 GHz) verifies that the proposed antenna system satisfies the international human safety standards. Therefore, the proposed integrated MIMO antenna configuration ascertains to be a potential contender for the forthcoming communication applications.

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Design of Multi-Mode Antenna Array for Use in Next-Generation Mobile Handsets

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20092447 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (9) ◽

pp. 2447

Author(s):

Naser Ojaroudi Parchin ◽

Haleh Jahanbakhsh Basherlou ◽

Raed A. Abd-Alhameed

Keyword(s):

Antenna Array ◽

Ground Plane ◽

Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽

Antenna System ◽

Cellular Systems ◽

Good Efficiency ◽

Mimo Antenna ◽

Fifth Generation ◽

Input Multiple Output ◽

Multi Mode

In this study, a new design of a tri-band multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array is proposed for fifth-generation (5G) cellular systems. Its structure is composed of eight identical planar-inverted F antenna (PIFA) elements placed at different edge corners of the handset mainboard with overall dimensions of 150 × 75 mm2. The PIFA elements and ground plane of the MIMO antenna system are arranged on the back layer of the platform, which makes the design easy to integrate with the handset circuit. For S11 ≤ −10 dB, the radiation elements of the MIMO design operate at the frequency ranges of 2.5–2.7 GHz, 3.4–3.75 GHz, and 5.6–6 GHz covering the long-term evolution (LTE) 41, 42/43, and 47 operation bands, respectively. The array achieves better than 15 dB return loss results across the three operating bands. The presented antenna array not only exhibits multi-band operation but also generates the polarization diversity characteristic, which makes it suitable for multi-mode operation. The proposed antenna array was simulated and experimentally tested. Fundamental characteristics of the proposed design are investigated. It offers three band S-parameters with acceptable isolation and dual-polarized radiation with quite good efficiency and gain results. Besides this, the total active reflection coefficient (TARC) and envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) results of the PIFAs are very low over the bands. In addition, the radiation characteristics of the MIMO antenna in the presence of the user and handset components are studied. Moreover, a new and compact phased array millimeter-wave (MM-Wave) antenna with broad bandwidth and end-fire radiation is introduced which can be easily integrated into the smartphone antenna system. Due to its good performance and simple structures, the proposed smartphone antenna array design is a good candidate for future multi-mode 5G cellular applications.

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A Graphene-Assembled Film Based MIMO Antenna Array with High Isolation for 5G Wireless Communication

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11052382 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 2382

Author(s):

Rongguo Song ◽

Xiaoxiao Chen ◽

Shaoqiu Jiang ◽

Zelong Hu ◽

Tianye Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antenna Array ◽

Antenna Arrays ◽

Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽

Frequency Selective Surface ◽

Antenna System ◽

Antenna Element ◽

Mimo Antenna ◽

High Isolation ◽

Input Multiple Output ◽

Alternative Material

With the development of 5G, Internet of Things, and smart home technologies, miniaturized and compact multi-antenna systems and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna arrays have attracted increasing attention. Reducing the coupling between antenna elements is essential to improving the performance of such MIMO antenna system. In this work, we proposed a graphene-assembled, as an alternative material rather than metal, film-based MIMO antenna array with high isolation for 5G application. The isolation of the antenna element is improved by a graphene assembly film (GAF) frequency selective surface and isolation strip. It is shown that the GAF antenna element operated at 3.5 GHz has the realized gain of 2.87 dBi. The addition of the decoupling structure improves the isolation of the MIMO antenna array to more than 10 dB and corrects the antenna radiation pattern and operating frequency. The isolation between antenna elements with an interval of 0.4λ is above 25 dB. All experimental results show that the GAF antenna and decoupling structure are efficient devices for 5G mobile communication.

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Triangular Slot-Loaded Wideband Planar Rectangular Antenna Array for Millimeter-Wave 5G Applications

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics10070778 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 778

Author(s):

Iftikhar Ahmad ◽

Houjun Sun ◽

Umair Rafique ◽

Zhang Yi

Keyword(s):

Antenna Array ◽

Millimeter Wave ◽

Communication Systems ◽

Ground Plane ◽

Simulated Data ◽

Impedance Bandwidth ◽

Antenna Element ◽

Single Antenna ◽

Rectangular Patch ◽

Half Power

This paper presents a design of a triangular slot-loaded planar rectangular antenna array for wideband millimeter-wave (mm-wave) 5G communication systems. The proposed array realizes an overall size of 35.5 × 14.85 mm2. To excite the array elements, a four-way broadband corporate feeding network was designed and analyzed. The proposed array offered a measured impedance bandwidth in two different frequency ranges, i.e., from 23 to 24.6 GHz and from 26 to 45 GHz. The single-antenna element of the array consists of a rectangular patch radiator with a triangular slot. The partial ground plane was used at the bottom side of the substrate to obtain a wide impedance bandwidth. The peak gain in the proposed array is ≈12 dBi with a radiation efficiency of >90%. Furthermore, the array gives a half-power beamwidth (HPBW) of as low as 12.5°. The proposed array has been fabricated and measured, and it has been observed that the measured results are in agreement with the simulated data.

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Mutual Coupling Reduction of DRA for MIMO Applications

Advanced Electromagnetics ◽

10.7716/aem.v8i1.730 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 75-81

Author(s):

N. Al Shalaby ◽

S. G. El-Sherbiny

Keyword(s):

Mutual Coupling ◽

Dielectric Material ◽

Ground Plane ◽

Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽

Antenna System ◽

Parasitic Element ◽

Mimo Antenna ◽

Multiple Input ◽

Input Multiple Output ◽

Element Method

In this paper, A multiple input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna using two Square Dielectric Resonators (SDRs) is introduced. The mutual coupling between the two SDRAs is reduced using two different methods; the first method is based on splitting a spiral slot in the ground plane, then filling the slot with dielectric material, "E.=2.2". The second method is based on inserting a copper parasitic element, having the same shape of the splitted Spiral, between the two SDRAs. The effect of replacing the copper parasitic element with Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) parasitic element "SOC12 doped long-MWCNT BP" is also studied. The antenna system is designed to operate at 6 GHz. The analysis and simulations are carried out using finite element method (FEM). The defected ground plane method gives a maximum isolation of l8dB at element spacing of 30mm (0.6λo), whereas the parasitic element method gives a maximum isolation of 42.5dB at the same element spacing.

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Formation of Fractal Antenna Array for Multiband Applications

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering - 2 ◽

10.35940/ijrte.d8048.118419 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 3257-3263

Keyword(s):

Wireless Communication ◽

Antenna Array ◽

Microstrip Antenna ◽

Dielectric Substrate ◽

High Gain ◽

Substrate Material ◽

Vital Role ◽

Fractal Antenna ◽

Self Similarity ◽

Wireless Applications

Antennas play a vital role in wireless communication; a thirst of excellence in this area is unending. Proposed work describes a concept of fractal multiband antenna designed in the hexagon shape. Basically fractal is the concept used in Microstrip antenna for giving better results than conventional Microstrip antenna. By using hexagonal fractal antenna we can possibly achieve the radiation pattern with high gain. The coaxial feeding is used and multiple hexagons are interconnected in array for maintaining conductivity and to preserve electrical self similarity. Hexagonal antenna is used for different wireless applications. The proposed antenna frequency band covers a large number of wireless communication applications including GPS (1.6GHz), Bluetooth (2.4 GHz) & WLAN (3.6GHz). Antenna design has been designed and simulated by using the software Ansoft’s HFSS and parameters like bandwidth return loss, directivity, VSWR are analyzed. Fabrication of the antenna is done by using wet-etching method, on FR-4 dielectric substrate material. Experimental results are taken on Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) and those obtained results were compared with simulated results. The hexagonal fractal antenna array is found to possess predictable multiband characteristics.

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4 × 4 MIMO Antenna System for Smart Eyewear in Wi-Fi 5G and Wi-Fi 6e Wireless Communication Applications

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics10232936 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (23) ◽

pp. 2936

Author(s):

Ming-An Chung ◽

Cheng-Wei Hsiao ◽

Chih-Wei Yang ◽

Bing-Ruei Chuang

Keyword(s):

Ground Plane ◽

Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽

Antenna System ◽

Slot Antenna ◽

Actual Measurement ◽

Antenna Efficiency ◽

Mimo Antenna ◽

Measurement Results ◽

Working Frequency ◽

Peak Gain

This paper proposes a small-slot antenna system (50 mm × 9 mm × 2.7 mm) for 4 × 4 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) on smart glasses devices. The antenna is set on the plastic temple, and the inverted F antenna radiates through the slot in the ground plane of the sputtered copper layer outside the temple. Two symmetrical antennas and slots on the same temple and series capacitive elements enhance the isolation between the two antenna ports. When both temples are equipped with the proposed antennas, 4 × 4 MIMO transmission can be achieved. The antenna substrate is made of polycarbonate (PC), and its thickness is 2.7 mm εr=2.85, tanδ=0.0092. According to the actual measurement results, this antenna has two working frequency bands when the reflection coefficient is lower than −10dB, its working frequency bandwidth at 4.58–5.72 GHz and 6.38–7.0 GHz. The proposed antenna has a peak gain of 4.3 dBi and antenna efficiency of 85.69% at 5.14 GHz. In addition, it also can obtain a peak gain of 3.3 dBi and antenna efficiency of 82.78% at 6.8 GHz. The measurement results show that this antenna has good performance, allowing future smart eyewear devices to be applied to Wi-Fi 5G (5.18–5.85 GHz) and Wi-Fi 6e (5.925–7.125 GHz).

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