scholarly journals Production of Bioethanol—A Review of Factors Affecting Ethanol Yield

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 268
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Tse ◽  
Daniel J. Wiens ◽  
Martin J. T. Reaney
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Ethanol Yield ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Alternative Sources

Fossil fuels are a major contributor to climate change, and as the demand for energy production increases, alternative sources (e.g., renewables) are becoming more attractive. Biofuels such as bioethanol reduce reliance on fossil fuels and can be compatible with the existing fleet of internal combustion engines. Incorporation of biofuels can reduce internal combustion engine (ICE) fleet carbon dioxide emissions. Bioethanol is typically produced via microbial fermentation of fermentable sugars, such as glucose, to ethanol. Traditional feedstocks (e.g., first-generation feedstock) include cereal grains, sugar cane, and sugar beets. However, due to concerns regarding food sustainability, lignocellulosic (second-generation) and algal biomass (third-generation) feedstocks have been investigated. Ethanol yield from fermentation is dependent on a multitude of factors. This review compares bioethanol production from a range of feedstocks, and elaborates on available technologies, including fermentation practices. The importance of maintaining nutrient homeostasis of yeast is also examined. The purpose of this review is to provide industrial producers and policy makers insight into available technologies, yields of bioethanol achieved by current manufacturing practices, and goals for future innovation.

scholarly journals Laminar Burning Velocity of Biogas-Containing Mixtures. A Literature Review

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 996
Author(s):  
Venera Giurcan ◽  
Codina Movileanu ◽  
Adina Magdalena Musuc ◽  
Maria Mitu
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Burning Velocity ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Laminar Burning Velocity ◽  
Waste Products

Currently, the use of fossil fuels is very high and existing nature reserves are rapidly depleted. Therefore, researchers are turning their attention to find renewable fuels that have a low impact on the environment, to replace these fossil fuels. Biogas is a low-cost alternative, sustainable, renewable fuel existing worldwide. It can be produced by decomposition of vegetation or waste products of human and animal biological activity. This process is performed by microorganisms (such as methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria) by anaerobic digestion. Biogas can serve as a basis for heat and electricity production used for domestic heating and cooking. It can be also used to feed internal combustion engines, gas turbines, fuel cells, or cogeneration systems. In this paper, a comprehensive literature study regarding the laminar burning velocity of biogas-containing mixtures is presented. This study aims to characterize the use of biogas as IC (internal combustion) engine fuel, and to develop efficient safety recommendations and to predict and reduce the risk of fires and accidental explosions caused by biogas.

Statistical Analysis for Multiple Non-Linear Knock Factors in Internal Combustion Engine

2014 ◽  
Vol 663 ◽  
pp. 373-380
Author(s):  
Azher Razzaq Hadi Witwit ◽  
Azman Yasin ◽  
Horizon Gitano ◽  
Mohammed Ismael Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Curve Fitting ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Engine Test ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fitting Model

In this study, we will address the problem of knocking in internal combustion engines, and some of the factors affecting the knocking, through the study of the power of the effect of each factor after finding a model representing the relationship between the factors. We found Curve fitting model from data that has been obtained through the engine test (1.3L Campro, modified to turbocharger, 4-cylinder, MPI). This model has been evaluated statistically after finding the parameters that intervened in the construction of that model.

scholarly journals Analysis of electric motor vehicles market

2019 ◽  
Vol 179 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-175
Author(s):  
Marta MACIEJEWSKA ◽  
Paweł FUĆ ◽  
Monika KARDACH
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
The European Union

The increasingly restrictive standards related to exhaust emissions from cars make difficult the development of internal combustion engines. The activities undertaken in the design of internal combustion engines are mainly based on downsizing, e.g decreasing the engines displacement. The main direction in the development of vehicle propulsion is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. It is expected to reduce CO2 emissions in 2020 to reach 95 g/km. Electric vehicles achieve low noise levels and do not emitted a burn, and thus, their use leads to a reduction in the amount of toxic exhaust gases in the air. The aspect of reducing emissions of harmful exhaust compounds and activities focusing on downsizing on the market of combustion engine cars leads to a significant increase the number of electric vehicles. In 2018 around 95 million motor vehicles were registered in the world, of which around 12 million in the European Union and 273 thousand in Poland. The number of electric vehicles among all sold is around 5.5%. Every year new, more technologically advanced models appear on the electric vehicle market. In 2018, the most popular model was the Nissan LEAF and the BAIC EC-Series. A large number of Renault ZOE have also been sold. In article analyzed different models of electric vehicle, which are available on market and presented the characteristics based on e.g. price per 100 kilometers, range for every model or charging time.

scholarly journals Microturbine power plant for utilization of the heat of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines

2020 ◽  
Vol 221 ◽  
pp. 01002
Author(s):  
Yury Matveev ◽  
Marina Cherkasova ◽  
Viktor Rassokhin ◽  
Viktor Barskov ◽  
Victor Chernikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Turbine Unit ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
The World

The article is devoted to the investigation and development of microsteam turbine unit of the LPI design for utilization of heat of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines. This installation will reduce the world carbon dioxide emissions, as well as add useful power for the needs of the consumer. Efficiency and environmental friendliness of the engine will increase. The article discusses development of the main directions of improvement of high-loaded steps of LPI, expansion of modern outlooks on the directions of MRI development and the use of LPI steps in the systems of heat recovery of exhaust gases of the internal combustion engine. The possibility to utilize the heat of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines by means of a turbine unit and the subsequent receipt of additional useful capacities are investigated in many developed countries of the world. Germany, Sweden, Japan, PRC and other leading countries in the automotive industry are intensively conducting works in this direction. The results of such studies have already found application in some freight cars. In the Russian market, this type of turbine is spread very weakly. Turbine unit behind the internal combustion engine works in conditions of low volumetric consumption of the working fluid, which leads to a decrease in the heights of the flow parts of the guides and working grids, because of which the relative gaps in the seals increase. This leads to the growth of leakage of the working fluid. On the other hand, a high degree of pressure reduction when choosing single-stage turbines leads to supersonic

scholarly journals 3D CFD simulation of a gaseous fuel injection in a hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine

2021 ◽  
Vol 312 ◽  
pp. 07001
Author(s):  
Alessio Barbato ◽  
Giuseppe Cantore
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Combustion Engines

Nowadays, one of the hottest topic in the automotive engineering community is the reduction of fossil fuels. Hydrogen is an alternative energy source that is already providing clean, renewable, and efficient power being used in fuel cells. Despite being developed since a few decades, fuel cells are affected by several hurdles, the most impacting one being their cost per unit power. While waiting for their cost reduction and mass-market penetration, hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines (H2ICEs) can be a rapidly applicable solution to reduce pollution caused by the combustion of fossil fuels. Such engines benefit from the advanced technology of modern internal combustion engines (ICEs) and the advantages related to hydrogen combustion, although some modifications are needed for conventional liquid-fueled engines to run on hydrogen. The gaseous injection of hydrogen directly into the combustion chamber is a challenge both for the designers and for the injection system suppliers. To reduce uncertainties, time, and development cost, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools appear extremely useful, since they can accurately predict mixture formation and combustion before the expensive production/testing phase. The high-pressure gaseous injection which takes place in Direct-Injected H2ICEs promotes a super-sonic flow with very high gradients in the zone between the bulk of the injected hydrogen and the flow already inside the combustion chamber. To develop a methodology for an accurate simulation of these phenomena, the SoPHy Engine of the Engine Combustion Network group (ECN) is used and presented. This engine is fed through a single nozzle H2-injector; planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) data are available for comparison with the CFD outcomes.

New Model for Knock Factors Optimization in Internal Combustion Engine (SI)

2014 ◽  
Vol 980 ◽  
pp. 219-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azher Razzaq Hadi Witwit ◽  
Azman Yasin ◽  
Horizon Gitano ◽  
Tarun Kumar Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Curve Fitting ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
New Model

The main goal of this paper is to construct a new mathematical model and study the behavior of the factors affecting the problem of knocking in internal combustion engines. Curve fitting technique was used in construction of the model, and also Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used as a test in choosing the best model. Factors affecting the problem of knocking have been identified through the use of test engine had promised to do so. The mathematical model was built through real data under certain conditions. Three influential factors (Temp., TPS and RPM) have been taken into consideration. Curve fitting models were used in achieving the goal and then studied the effect of one of the factors in the problem of knocking was investigated. Results obtained through the application of the new model is a low level knocking with increasing temperature (Temp) at the same points in Throttle (TPS), the Revolution Per Minute (RPM), which shows the effectiveness of the new model with non-linear behavior of the factors affecting the knock.

scholarly journals Reduction of the carbon footprint of cargo vehicles with pneumatic recovery of braking energy

2021 ◽  
Vol 2094 (5) ◽  
pp. 052017
Author(s):  
A V Egorov ◽  
Yu F Kaizer ◽  
A V Lysyannikov ◽  
R B Zhelukevich ◽  
A V Kuznetsov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Specific Capacity ◽  
Internal Combustion

Abstract Reducing carbon dioxide emissions by passenger vehicles allows you to achieve the use of electric power plants and hybrid power plants made on the basis of thermal internal combustion engines and electric machines. However, the application of the above-mentioned approach for trucks is associated with significant difficulties due to the low specific capacity of the chemical current sources currently used. The recovery of braking energy of cargo vehicles in the pneumatic form is constrained by the need to achieve a high speed of switching on the pneumatic recuperator. In order to minimize the energy losses of the pneumatic recuperator during acceleration and steady-state. Without changing the design and reducing the reliability of the internal combustion engine, it is possible to supply air to its inlet at pressures not exceeding 350 kPa. When air is supplied to the internal combustion engine inlet at pressures of 200 and 300 kPa, it is possible to reduce specific carbon dioxide emissions by 16 and 37 % per unit of generated mechanical energy, respectively, compared to air supply under normal atmospheric conditions.

Investigation on LPG-Biogas Blends in Spark Ignition Engine

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 58-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravishankar Sathyamurthy ◽  
S.A. Hari Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Ignition Temperature ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Gas Engine ◽  
Auto Ignition ◽  
Alternative Sources

Internal combustion engines normally operate with the nonrenewable sources such as petrol and diesel, which are diminishing at a faster rate. To avoid these problem alternative sources of energy must be opted for the operation of internal combustion engines. In this work biogas is selected as an alternative source of energy for the working of internal combustion engines but possess some limitations due to its high auto ignition temperature and high CO2 content in it. To overcome the limitations biogas is blended with LPG at different proportions of 5%, 10%, 15% are done. The modification of the internal combustion engine is performed to convert it into a gas engine and the tests are conducted on the modified engine with different proportions of blending at various loads. Based on the results of the test conducted the performance characteristics are analyzed.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF A HOLISTIC APPROACH OF HYDROGEN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (HICE) BUSSES

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 477-486
Author(s):  
Vahid Douzloo Salehi
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Driving Mode ◽  
Cell Technology ◽  
Fuel Cell Technology ◽  
Hydrogen Supply

AbstractHydrogen is a promising fuel to fulfil climate goals and future legislation requirements due to its carbon-free property. Especially hydrogen fueled buses and heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) strongly move into the foreground. In contrast to the hydrogen-based fuel cell technology, which is already in commercial use, vehicles with hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2-ICE) are also a currently pursued field of research, representing a potentially holistic carbon-free drive train. Real applications of H2-ICE vehicles are currently not known but can be expected, since their suitability is put to test in a few insolated projects at this time. This paper provides a literature survey to reflect the current state of H2-ICEs focused on city buses. An extended view to HDVs and fuel cell technology allows to recognize trends in hydrogen transport sector, to identify further research potential and to derive useful conclusion. In addition, within this paper we apply green MAGIC as a holistic approach and discuss Well-to-Tank green hydrogen supply in relation to a H2-ICE city bus. Building on that, we introduce the upcoming Hydrogen-bus project, where tests of H2-ICE buses in real driving mode are foreseen to investigate Tank-to-Wheel.

Effect of Engine Operating Parameters on Combustion and Emission Characteristics

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang Lu ◽  
Ashwani K. Gupta ◽  
Eugene L. Keating
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Pressure Rise ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Emission Characteristics ◽  
Pollutants Emission

Abstract Numerical simulation of flow, combustion, heat release rate and pollutants emission characteristics have been obtained using a single cylinder internal combustion engine operating with propane as the fuel. The data are compared with experimental results and show excellent agreement for peak pressure and the rate of pressure rise as a function of crank angle. The results obtained for NO and CO are also found to be in good agreement and are similar to those reported in the literature for the chosen combustion chamber geometry. The results have shown that both the combustion chamber geometry and engine operating parameters affects the flame growth within the combustion chamber which subsequently affects the pollutants emission levels. The code employed the time marching procedure and solves the governing partial differential equations of multi-component chemically reacting fluid flow by finite difference method. The numerical results provide a cost effective means of developing advanced internal combustion engine chamber geometry design that provides high efficiency and low pollution levels. It is expected that increased computational tools will be used in the future for enhancing our understanding of the detailed combustion process in internal combustion engines and all other energy conversion systems. Such detailed information is critical for the development of advanced methods for energy conservation and environmental pollution control.

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