scholarly journals Analysis of Biofilm Formation on the Surface of Organic Mung Bean Seeds, Sprouts and in the Germination Environment

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 542
Author(s):  
Marcin Kruk ◽  
Monika Trząskowska
Keyword(s):  
Mung Bean ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Biofilms ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Germination Process ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Seed Disinfection ◽  
The Impact

This study aimed to analyse the impact of sanitation methods on the formation of bacterial biofilms after disinfection and during the germination process of mung bean on seeds and in the germination environment. Moreover, the influence of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on the growth of the tested pathogenic bacteria was evaluated. Three strains of Salmonella and E. coli were used for the study. The colony forming units (CFU), the crystal violet (CV), the LIVE/DEAD and the gram fluorescent staining, the light and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods were used. The tested microorganisms survive in a small number. During germination after disinfection D2 (20 min H2O at 60 °C, then 15 min in a disinfecting mixture consisting of H2O, H2O2 and CH₃COOH), the biofilms grew most after day 2, but with the DP2 method (D2 + L. plantarum 299v during germination) after the fourth day. Depending on the method used, the second or fourth day could be a time for the introduction of an additional growth-limiting factor. Moreover, despite the use of seed disinfection, their germination environment could be favourable for the development of bacteria and, consequently, the formation of biofilms. The appropriate combination of seed disinfection methods and growth inhibition methods at the germination stage will lead to the complete elimination of the development of unwanted microflora and their biofilms.

scholarly journals The impact of a ‘milking the COW’ campaign in a regional hospital in Singapore

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Surinder Kaur M. S. Pada ◽  
Poh Lishi ◽  
Kim Sim Ng ◽  
Sarathamani Rethenam ◽  
Lilibeth Silagan Alenton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Skin Flora ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Computerisation of various processes in hospitals and reliance on electronic devices raises the concern of contamination of these devices from the patient environment. We undertook this study to determine if an attached hand hygiene device that unlocks the screen of a computer on wheels (COW) on usage can be effective in decreasing the microbiological burden on computer keyboards. Methods An electronic hand sanitizer was integrated onto the COW. A prospective cohort study with a crossover design involving 2 control and 2 intervention wards was used. The study end point was the number of colony forming units found on the keyboards. Bacteria were classified into 4 main groups; pathogenic, skin flora, from the environment or those thought to be commensals in healthy individuals. We then used a mixed effects model for the statistical analysis to determine if there were any differences before and after the intervention. Results Thirty-nine keyboards were swabbed at baseline, day 7 and 14, with 234 keyboards cultured, colony forming units (CFUs) counted and organisms isolated. By mixed model analysis, the difference of mean bacteria count between intervention and control for week 1 was 32.74 (− 32.74, CI − 94.29 to 28.75, p = 0.29), for week 2 by 155.86 (− 155.86, CI − 227.45 to − 83.53, p < 0.0001), and after the 2-week period by 157.04 (− 157.04, CI − 231.53 to − 82.67, p < 0.0001). In the sub-analysis, there were significant differences of pathogenic bacteria counts for the Intervention as compared to the Control in contrast with commensal counts. Conclusion A hand hygiene device attached to a COW may be effective in decreasing the microbiological burden on computer keyboards.

scholarly journals Dietary Willow Bark Extract for Broilers Reared Under Heat Stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihaela SARACILA ◽  
Tatiana Dumitra PANAITE ◽  
Petru Alexandru VLAICU ◽  
Cristina TABUC ◽  
Mihai Laurentiu PALADE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Broiler Performance ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Light Regimen ◽  
Caecal Content ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Conventional Diet ◽  
White Willow ◽  
Willow Bark

A 28-day feeding trial was conducted on 60, Cobb 500 broilers (14 days), assigned to 2 groups (C, E) housed in an experimental hall (32° C, 23 h light regimen). Compared to the conventional diet C, the experimental diet (E) included 1% white willow bark extract (WBE). At 42 days of age, 6 blood samples /group were collected and 6 broilers/ group were slaughtered and caecal content was collected. The dietary WBE didn’t influence broiler performance. The serum concentrations of glycaemia, cholesterol and triglycerides were lower (P <0.05) in E group than in C group. E broilers had the lowest count (P<0.05) of Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli and staphylococci colony forming units in the caecal content. The inclusion of WBE (1%) in the diet of broilers reared at 32° C had an hypocholesterolemiant and hypoglycaemic effect and reduced the pathogenic bacteria in the caecum.

Efficacy of Chemical Treatments in Eliminating Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Scarified and Polished Alfalfa Seeds

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 1489-1495 ◽  
Author(s):  
SARAH L. HOLLIDAY ◽  
ALAN J. SCOUTEN ◽  
LARRY R. BEUCHAT
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Mechanical Abrasion ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Alfalfa Seeds

Alfalfa seeds are sometimes subjected to a scarification treatment to enhance water uptake, which results in more rapid and uniform germination during sprout production. It has been hypothesized that this mechanical abrasion treatment diminishes the efficacy of chemical treatments used to kill or remove pathogenic bacteria from seeds. A study was done to compare the effectiveness of chlorine (20,000 ppm), H2O2 (8%), Ca(OH)2 (1%), Ca(OH)2 (1%) plus Tween 80 (1%), and Ca(OH)2 (1%) plus Span 20 (1%) treatments in killing Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated onto control, scarified, and polished alfalfa seeds obtained from two suppliers. The influence of the presence of organic material in the inoculum carrier on the efficacy of sanitizers was investigated. Overall, treatment with 1% Ca(OH)2 was the most effective in reducing populations of the pathogens. Reduction in populations of pathogens on seeds obtained from supplier 1 indicate that chemical treatments are less efficacious in eliminating the pathogens on scarified seeds compared to control seeds. However, the effectiveness of chemical treatment in removing Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 from seeds obtained from supplier 2 was not markedly affected by scarification or polishing. The presence of organic material in the inoculum carrier did not have a marked influence on the efficacy of chemicals in reducing populations of test pathogens. Additional lots of control, scarified, and polished alfalfa seeds of additional varieties need to be tested before conclusions can be drawn concerning the impact of mechanical abrasion on the efficacy of chemical treatment in removing or killing Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7.

scholarly journals Abolition of Biofilm Formation in Urinary Tract Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Isolates by Metal Interference through Competition for Fur

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
pp. 3836-3841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoria Hancock ◽  
Malin Dahl ◽  
Per Klemm
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Iron Uptake ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Bacterial Biofilms ◽  
Divalent Metal Ions ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Microtiter Plates

ABSTRACT Bacterial biofilms are associated with a large number of persistent and chronic infections. Biofilm-dwelling bacteria are particularly resistant to antibiotics and immune defenses, which makes it hard if not impossible to eradicate biofilm-associated infections. In the urinary tract, free iron is strictly limited but is critical for bacterial growth. Biofilm-associated Escherichia coli cells are particularly desperate for iron. An attractive way of inhibiting biofilm formation is to fool the bacterial regulatory system for iron uptake. Here, we demonstrate that biofilm formation can be impaired by the addition of divalent metal ions, such as Zn(II) and Co(II), which inhibit iron uptake by virtue of their higher-than-iron affinity for the master controller protein of iron uptake, Fur. Reduced biofilm formation of urinary tract-infectious E. coli strains in the presence of Zn(II) was observed in microtiter plates and flow chambers as well as on urinary catheters. These results further support that iron uptake is indeed crucial for biofilm formation, and thereby, targeting these uptake systems might be an effective way to eradicate biofilms caused by infectious strains.

scholarly journals Disrupting Irreversible Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation with an Engineered Enzyme

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly M. Mayton ◽  
Sharon L. Walker ◽  
Bryan W. Berger
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Bacterial Adhesion ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Glycosyl Hydrolase ◽  
Cell Surface Hydrophobicity ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Initial Adhesion ◽  
The Impact

Biofilm formation is often attributed to post-harvest bacteria persistence on fresh produce and food handling surfaces. In this study, a predicted glycosyl hydrolase enzyme was expressed, purified and validated for removal of microbial biofilms from biotic and abiotic surfaces under conditions used for chemical cleaning agents. Crystal violet biofilm staining assays revealed that 0.1 mg/mL of enzyme inhibited up to 41% of biofilm formation by E. coli O157:H7, E. coli 25922, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes. Further, the enzyme was effective at removing mature biofilms, providing a 35% improvement over rinsing with a saline solution alone. Additionally, a parallel-plate flow cell was used to directly observe and quantify the impact of enzyme rinses on E. coli O157:H7 cells adhered to spinach leaf surfaces. The presence of 1 mg/L enzyme resulted in nearly 6 times greater detachment rate coefficients than a DI water rinse, while the total cells removed from the surface increased from 10% to 25% over the 30 minute rinse time, reversing the initial phases of biofilm formation. Enzyme treatment of all 4 cell types resulted in significantly reduced cell surface hydrophobicity, and collapse of negatively stained E. coli 25922 cells imaged by electron microscopy, suggesting potential polysaccharide surface modification of enzyme-treated bacteria. Collectively, these results point to the broad substrate specificity and robustness of the enzyme to different types of biofilm stages, solution conditions and pathogen biofilm types, and may be useful as a method for removal or inhibition of bacterial biofilm formation. IMPORTANCE In this study, the ability of an engineered enzyme to reduce bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation of several foodborne pathogens was demonstrated, representing a promising option for enhancing or replacing chlorine and other chemical sanitizers in food processing applications. Specifically, significant reductions of the pathogens Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes biofilms are observed, as well as reduction in initial adhesion. Enzymes have the added benefits of being green, sustainable alternatives to chemical sanitizers, as well as having minimal impact on food properties, in contrast with many alternative antimicrobial options such as bleach that aim to minimize food safety risks.

scholarly journals Survey of Toxin–Antitoxin Systems in Erwinia amylovora Reveals Insights into Diversity and Functional Specificity

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 206
Author(s):  
Teja Shidore ◽  
Quan Zeng ◽  
Lindsay Triplett
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Plasmid Stability ◽  
Hidden Markov ◽  
Cytoskeletal Proteins ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Functional Specificity ◽  
E Coli

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are diverse genetic modules with demonstrated roles in plasmid stability, stress management, biofilm formation and antibiotic persistence. However, relatively little is known about their functional significance in plant pathogens. In this study we characterize type II and IV TA systems in the economically important plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora. Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and BLAST-based programs were used to predict the identity and distribution of putative TA systems among sequenced genomes of E. amylovora and other plant-associated Erwinia spp. Of six conserved TA systems tested for function from E. amylovora, three (CbtA/CbeA, ParE/RHH and Doc/PhD) were validated as functional. CbtA was toxic to E. amylovora, but not to Escherichia coli. While the E. coli homolog of CbtA elicits the formation of lemon-shaped cells upon overexpression and targets cytoskeletal proteins FtsZ and MreB, E. amylovora CbtA led to cell elongation and did not interact with these cytoskeletal proteins. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that E. amylovora CbtA belongs to a distinct clade from the CbtA of pathogenic E. coli. This study expands the repertoire of experimentally validated TA systems in plant pathogenic bacteria, and suggests that the E. amylovora homolog of CbtA is functionally distinct from that of E. coli.

Influence of essential oils on the biofilm formation and cell agglomeration of Burkholderia cepacia from industrial environment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Huth-Herms ◽  
Alexander Kintzel ◽  
Annika Brehmer ◽  
Christoph Hein ◽  
Prof. Dr. h. c. Dr.-Ing. Eckart Uhlmann
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Burkholderia Cepacia ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Antimicrobial Potential ◽  
The Impact

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Burkholderia cepacia&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;B. cepacia&lt;/em&gt;) is one of nine species the &lt;em&gt;Burkholderia cepacia&lt;/em&gt; complex, a group of gram-negative, motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacteria. Contamination by &lt;em&gt;B. cepacia&lt;/em&gt; is found in different industrial issues. &lt;em&gt;B. cepacia&lt;/em&gt; affect manufacturing process chains by contaminating the working fluids with planktonic cells and biofilms. Because of the opportunistic pathogenicity to plants, animals, humans and and the multi-drug resistance, &lt;em&gt;B. cepacia&lt;/em&gt; is difficult to treat. An alternative treatment method could be the use of herbal raw materials, such as essential oils and their active ingredients. This study aims: (i) to identify the antimicrobial potential of essential oils on the growth of four &lt;em&gt;B. cepacia&lt;/em&gt; isolates, (ii) to analyse the influence of active ingredients, on planktonic growth and biofilm formation, (iii) to better understand the impact of commercial and naturally biocides to cell agglomeration as a precursor to mature biofilms. Starting with agar dilution method to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of twenty-three essential oils against &lt;em&gt;B. cepacia&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;Burk_09&lt;/em&gt;,&lt;em&gt; Burk_23&lt;/em&gt;,&lt;em&gt; Burk_52&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Burk_309&lt;/em&gt;) isolated from cathodic dip coating systems and the wild type (&lt;em&gt;DSM_7288&lt;/em&gt;), it was all ready possible to identify eight essential oils that inhibit the growth of &lt;em&gt;B. cepacia&lt;/em&gt;. Serial microdilution was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the essential oils for growth and biofilm formation inhibition of &lt;em&gt;B. cepacia&lt;/em&gt;. The MIC of &lt;em&gt;Melaleuca alternifolia&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Citrus aurantium dulcis&lt;/em&gt; essential oils were tested equally for all strains. Essential oils contain active ingredients against the growth of multi-drug resistant and pathogenic bacteria. From twelve active substances among others, Terpinen-4-ol and Geraniol were identified that inhibited growth and biofilm formation. It is concluded that essential oils and active ingredients have a good antimicrobial potential, demonstrating a possible more environmental-friendly alternative to commercial biocides applying in industrial fluids.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Apple Flavonoid Phloretin Inhibits Escherichia coli O157:H7 Biofilm Formation and Ameliorates Colon Inflammation in Rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 79 (12) ◽  
pp. 4819-4827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Hyung Lee ◽  
Sushil Chandra Regmi ◽  
Jung-Ae Kim ◽  
Moo Hwan Cho ◽  
Hyungdon Yun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Colon Inflammation ◽  
K 12

ABSTRACTPathogenic biofilms have been associated with persistent infections due to their high resistance to antimicrobial agents, while commensal biofilms often fortify the host's immune system. Hence, controlling biofilm formation of both pathogenic bacteria and commensal bacteria is important in bacterium-related diseases. We investigated the effect of plant flavonoids on biofilm formation of enterohemorrhagicEscherichia coliO157:H7. The antioxidant phloretin, which is abundant in apples, markedly reducedE. coliO157:H7 biofilm formation without affecting the growth of planktonic cells, while phloretin did not harm commensalE. coliK-12 biofilms. Also, phloretin reducedE. coliO157:H7 attachment to human colon epithelial cells. Global transcriptome analyses revealed that phloretin repressed toxin genes (hlyEandstx2), autoinducer-2 importer genes (lsrACDBF), curli genes (csgAandcsgB), and dozens of prophage genes inE. coliO157:H7 biofilm cells. Electron microscopy confirmed that phloretin reduced fimbria production inE. coliO157:H7. Also, phloretin suppressed the tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced inflammatory responsein vitrousing human colonic epithelial cells. Moreover, in the rat model of colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), phloretin significantly ameliorated colon inflammation and body weight loss. Taken together, our results suggest that the antioxidant phloretin also acts as an inhibitor ofE. coliO157:H7 biofilm formation as well as an anti-inflammatory agent in inflammatory bowel diseases without harming beneficial commensalE. colibiofilms.

Simulated-Use Polytetrafluorethylene Biofilm Model: Repeated Rounds of Complete Reprocessing Lead to Accumulation of Organic Debris and Viable Bacteria

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 1284-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle J. Alfa ◽  
Harminder Singh ◽  
Zoann Nugent ◽  
Donald Duerksen ◽  
Gale Schultz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Organic Residues ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Organic Debris ◽  
Biofilm Model ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Viable Bacteria ◽  
Test Soil ◽  
Pull Through ◽  
The Impact

OBJECTIVEBiofilm has been implicated in bacterial persistence and survival after endoscope reprocessing. In this study, we assessed the impact of different methods of reprocessing on organic residues and viable bacteria after repeated rounds of biofilm formation when each was followed by full reprocessing.METHODSATS-2015, an artificial test soil containing 5–8 Log10 colony-forming units (CFU) of Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was used to form biofilm in polytetrafluroethylene channels overnight on 5 successive days. Each successive day, full pump-assisted cleaning using bristle brushes or pull-through devices in combination with enzymatic or nonenzymatic detergents followed by fully automated endoscope reprocessor disinfection using peracetic acid was performed. Residuals were visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Destructive testing was used to assess expected cutoffs for adenosine triphosphate (ATP; <200 relative light units), protein (<2 µg/cm2), and viable bacteria count (0 CFU).RESULTSProtein residuals were above 2 µg/cm2, but ATP residuals were <200 relative light units for all methods tested. Only when enzymatic cleaner was used for cleaning were there no viable bacteria detected after disinfection irrespective of whether bristle brushes or pull-through devices were used. SEM revealed that some residual debris remained after all reprocessing methods, but more residuals were detected when a nonenzymatic detergent was used.CONCLUSIONSSurviving E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa were only detected when the non-enzymatic detergent was used, emphasizing the importance of the detergent used for endoscope channel reprocessing. Preventing biofilm formation is critical because not all current reprocessing methods can reliably eliminate viable bacteria within the biofilm matrix.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:1284–1290

scholarly journals ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACTS ANDROMEDA POLYFOLIA AND ALCHEMILLA SUBCRENATA

2018 ◽  
pp. 149-157
Author(s):  
Максим (Maksim) Аркадьевич (Arkad'yevich) Живетьев (Zhivetyev) ◽  
Виктор (Viktor) Александрович (Aleksandrovich) Быбин (Bybin) ◽  
Елена (Elena) Викторовна (Viktorovna) Кочерыгина (Kocherygina) ◽  
Наталья (Natal'ya) Викторовна (Viktorovna) Семенова (Semenova) ◽  
Татьяна (Tat'yana) Егоровна (Egorovna) Путилина (Putilina) ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Alcoholic Extract ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Medicinal Plant Extracts ◽  
The Face ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

Plants accumulate in their tissues powerful arsenal of protective substances necessary for survival in the face of abiotic environmental and in aggressive neighborhood with pathogenic bacteria and viruses. We examined the following kinds of medicinal plants: Alchemilla subcrenata and Polyfolia andromeda. Conducted chemical analyses of water and 40 and 70% alcohol extracts of these plants. The content of flavonoids was significantly greater in all ways of extraction of Alchemilla subcrenata compared to Andromeda polyfolia. To the extent the release of phenolic compounds and water-soluble sugars affected the presence of alcohol. From Andromeda polyfolia greater variety of phenolic compounds left in the water and 40% alcohol, and from Alchemilla subcrenata in 40% and 70% ethanol. Extracts compared on the effects on survival and biofilm formation of Escherichia coli XL1-Blue and Pectobacterium carotovorum. Found that extracts of plants studied have varying degrees of antimicrobial action. Alcohol extracts of Andromeda polyfolia suppressed the formation of biofilms of P. carotovorum and E. coli. All extracts of Alchemilla subcrenata stimulated bacterial growth and biofilm formation. The most effective proved to be 70% alcoholic extract of Alchemilla subcrenata.

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