scholarly journals Holocene Soil Evolution in South Siberia Based on Phytolith Records and Genetic Soil Analysis (Russia)

Geosciences ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Gavrilov ◽  
Sergey Loiko ◽  
Nina Klimova
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Humus Horizon ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
South Siberia ◽  
Ams Dating

Dark, coniferous hemiboreal forests in the south of West Siberia are located in the Holocene forest-steppe ecotone, where natural environmental conditions have been quite dynamic. This dynamic environment resulted in the contrasting evolution of regional soil cover and the development of unique soil profiles with the second humus horizon. The second humus horizon is assumed to be a relic from the dark-humus soil formation stage in the mid-Holocene. This article draws conclusions about changes in regional environmental conditions by analysing data from a geochemically interrelated coevolutionary soil series, obtained by using a combination of conventional soil studies, phytolith analyses, and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating of phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) and humic acids. The results showed that, in general, phytocenoses changed from mire-meadow vegetation towards forest vegetation via the meadow stage. However, these stages had different durations, depending on the soil catenary position. The topographical divergence of soil phytolith profiles reflects the relief effect on the development of specific soil type combinations, accounting for the major elements of the regional mid-Holocene soil cover. The leading elementary soil-forming processes were humus accumulation and hydrogenic accumulation of calcium carbonates. In the hilltop site of Endocalcic Stagnic Albic Luvisols, the evolutionary changes were shown by the shift from the meadow phytocenosis (Calcic Stagnic Chernozem) to the forest phytocenosis. In the midslope site, the environment was more humid from the start, favouring a phytocenosis with features of the meadow-mire type. The shift from the meadow-mire environment (with Spodic Chernic Gleysols) to the forest type environment with leading profile-forming processes, acid hydrolysis and lessivage, was gradual, occurring via the meadow stage with Calcic Stagnic Chernozem. In the toeslope site (Calcic Stagnic Greyzemic Epidystric Umbrisols), the meadow-mire stage (with Spodic Chernic Gleysols) was succeeded by the forest stage of soil formation. The AMS-dating of PhytOC estimated that the dark-humus stage of soil formation began 6.5–5.7 years calBC. Despite the observed slight translocation of phytoliths down soil profiles and phytolith solubilisation, phytolith analysis can be used to reconstruct shifts in the soil formation environment for surface Holocene palaeosols.

scholarly journals Agrogenic Transformation of Soil Cover in Pre-Salair Drained Plane (Western Siberia)

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 37-56
Author(s):  
N. A. Sokolova ◽  
◽  
E. N. Smolentseva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Humus Horizon ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Large Area

Plowing up is a widespread type of anthropogenic transformation of soils and soil cover (SC) in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia. As a result of plowing up agrogenic transformation (agrotransformation) of soils causes their form and properties change, as well as the spatial characteristics of the SC. In the example of a model territory the features of changes in the component composition and structure of the SC of the Pre-Salair drained plain under the influence of arable press are studied. Automorphic soil formation prevails in the studied area, and zonal natural soils here are chernozems (clay-illuvial and migrate-micellar) and dark grays. These soils have an upper dark humus horizon, which in arable soils becomes an agro-dark humus horizon. In the studied area, an increase in number of the SC components was found due to the soils of the agrozems section and different types of agricultural soils, which leads to a diversification of the component composition. It was found that the component composition of SC shows high degree of its agrotransformation: area of arable soils is 55.6% of total area of SC. We also showed the sequence of agrotransformation for the chernozems of the model territory: chernozems, agrochernozems, agrozems, abraded agrozems, agroabrazems. Agrozems occupy a large area and have a classification diversity. Factors affecting the diversity of agrozems at the type and subtype classification level are identified: the degree of agrogenic transformation of clay-illuvial and migrate-micellar chernozems are distinguished. The low thickness of the humus horizon of soils in the pre-agrarian period during plowing leads to various degrees of their agrotransformation and classification divergence of soils. The SC structure is characterized by geometric parameters in accordance with the concept of V.M. Friedland. These are areas and dissection coefficients (minimum, maximum, average and median) of elementary soil areal (ESA) and soil combinations areal (SCA). Geometries of ESA and SCA are caused by the combined influence of terrain features and anthropogenic impact. ESA of agrotransformed soils (agrograys, agrochernozems, agrozems) have largest sizes, besides undisturbed automorphic soils; ESA of strongly transformed soils developed in temporary flow hollows have smallest sizes. The overall result of the agrogenic transformation of the SC on the studied area is a new spatial agrogenic structure. In the component composition of SC specific soils of different taxonomic levels appear.

Soil and ecological division into districts of the Baikal region

2018 ◽  
Vol 940 (10) ◽  
pp. 54-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.A. Belozertseva ◽  
A.A. Sorokovoj
Keyword(s):  
Baikal Region ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Soil Cover Structure ◽  
Reflecting Surface ◽  
Heat And Moisture ◽  
Made In

On the basis of long-term researches of soils in the territory of Russia and Mongolia soil and ecological division into districts of the Baikal region is carried out. At division into districts the whole set of an environment of soil formation was considered. On the map of soil and ecological division into districts 13 mountain, mid-mountain, low-mountain taiga, foothill, hollow-valley, forest-steppe and steppe provinces reflecting surface device originality as the ratio of balance of heat and moisture forming a basis to zoning is shown against the background of difficult orography are allocated. In total 42 districts on lithologic-geomorphological features are allocated. In formation of distinctions of a soil cover of these provinces the leading role is played by bioclimatic factors and inside them the lithologic-geomorphological ones. In the view of structural approach of the district they are considered as territories with a certain natural change of several types of the soil cover structure caused by features of a relief and the parent rock. The map is made in the MapInfo program. It is revealed that on ill-defined width zoning of soils the vertical one which has a greater influence on soils of this region is imposed. Soils of the Baikal region are not similar to the soils located at the same latitude of the flat European territory of Russia. Zone soils of this territory are specific and original.

scholarly journals Study of thickness of humus profiles of gray forest and chernozem soils of different terms of agricultural use in landscape shrubs of the central forest-steppe

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 01006
Author(s):  
Elena Kovalyova ◽  
Ekaterina Kotlyarova ◽  
Olga Kuzmina ◽  
Yuri Breslavets ◽  
Alexey Teteryadchenko
Keyword(s):  
Humus Horizon ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Broad Leaved Forest ◽  
Chernozem Soils ◽  
Humus Profile ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Leaved Forest

The article presents the results of a field study of the thickness of the humus profiles of gray forest soils and podzolized chernozems of dif-ferent terms of agricultural use of soil catens of broad-leaved-forest (background) and meadow-steppe areas of the Belgorod region. The work was carried out in the spring and summer period 2018-2019. The objects of the study were different-aged arable plots with the age of agricultural development of 100 and 160 years, respectively. The steepness of the surface on the plots did not exceed 5-60. It is established that the thickness of humus profile under the influence of agricultural cultivation during 60 years has decreased by 49 cm, at that on the slopes of northern exposition this index is more expressed (33 cm) than on the slopes of southern exposition (16 cm). It is possible, to note, that with increase of age of agricultural use on slopes of northern and southern expositions the greatest thickness of humus horizon is observed on anomalous soils (72 and 65 sm accordingly). Within the background catens the soil cover is homogeneous, the second humus horizon was observed in each of the studied transects.

scholarly journals DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF MERCURY OCCURENCE IN THE PROFILE OF TYPICAL SOILS OF SOUTH SIBERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-136
Author(s):  
Elena Lyapina
Keyword(s):  
Original Data ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Southern Siberia ◽  
Alkyl Radicals ◽  
Aryl Radicals ◽  
South Siberia ◽  
Organomercury Compounds ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Living Organisms

The article presents original data on the gross concentration of Hg in typical soils of steppe and forest-steppe landscapes, lacustrine-accumulative plains, as well as systems of intermontane depressions in Southern Siberia. Quantitative estimates of the distribution of Hg in soil profiles in the Tomsk Region, Altai Territory, and the Republic of Buryatia. The features of the distribution of Hg concentrations in soil profiles depending on the particle size distribution, hydrogen index, electrical conductivity and magnetic susceptibility were revealed. The forms of occurrence of Hg in soil profiles of different types of soils have been determined. In the studied soil types, the largest proportion of Hg falls on forms that evaporate in the temperature range 170-4000C, i.e. highly volatile low molecular weight organomercury compounds, HgCH3, Hg (CH3) 2), HgCl2, HgS alkyl radicals, aryl radicals, as well as in organo complexes. These forms are the most accessible and toxic for living organisms, the proportion of inaccessible and inert forms is minimal.

THE AGE OF SOME HOLOCENE SOILS ON THE EAR LAKE TERRACES IN SASKATCHEWAN

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. MERMUT ◽  
D. F. ACTON
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Buried Soils ◽  
Climatic Fluctuation ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Solonetzic Soil ◽  
Lake Bottom ◽  
Soil Age

Soil profiles on the lake bottom and on four successive postglacial lacustrine terraces situated on the edge of Ear Lake in west-central Saskatchewan were studied to contribute to the knowledge of processes associated with environments of soil formation since deglaciation. Detailed morphological studies and radiocarbon dates of selected horizons indicated incipient and well-developed paleosols have formed in response to progressive formation of the terraces. The ages of the paleosols revealed a possible relationship between postglacial climatic fluctuation and the formation of these terraces. Buried soils on the lower terraces meet the criteria for Solonetzic soils while surface soils of the upper terraces have Solonetzic characteristics. The study showed the presence of soils which have characteristics reflecting more than one interval of horizon differentiation and led to the suggestion that it may be erroneous to relate their properties solely to prevailing environmental conditions. Key words: 14C dates, terrace formation, soil age, Holocene soils, paleosol, Solonetzic soil

scholarly journals Morphological Features of Soils in the Yelshanka River Floodplain Under Conditions of Urbotechnopedogenesis

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
Oleg Gordienko ◽  
Igor Manaenkov ◽  
Ilya Agapov
Keyword(s):  
Soil Cover ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
River System ◽  
Small Rivers ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Floodplain Soil ◽  
River Floodplain

The river system on the territory of Volgograd is represented by eight small rivers. Currently, in the territory of Volgograd there is an active inclusion of valley and floodplain landscapes in the urban area. Under conditions of the anthropogenic impact, the normal regime of valley and floodplain landscapes is disturbed. As a result of changes in the hydrological regime of floodplains and valleys, various morphological transformations of soil cover occur, such as the formation of specific iron and carbonate new formations, etc. As a result of economic activities, modern alluvial soils and sediments are often buried under the thickness of the anthropogenic material. The relevance of the study is due to the high recreational value of valley and floodplain landscapes. The authors analyze 6 soil profiles set up in different parts of the Yelshanka river floodplain. The description of soil sections was performed with the use of the Field Qualifier of Soils of Russia. Soil profiles were named in accordance with the Russian Soil Classification and Diagnosis (2004) and the Field Qualifier of Soils of Russia (2008). In Volgograd, as in most cities in Russia and abroad, the study of soils of floodplain landscapes is not systematic, and in some cases is limited to a certain area of research. The purpose of the work was to monitor the morphological state of the floodplain soil cover of the Yelshanka River in order to determine the degree of soils transformation in the area as a result of urbotechnopedogenesis. The studies conducted at the site allow considering that the urban soils of recreational areas are a consequence of the combined effect of zonal natural and climatic and urbanogenic factors of soil formation. Studies of soils of floodplain landscapes in the urban environment make it possible to monitor the state of natural landscapes and their transformation in conditions of urbotechnopedogenesis, as well as the development of the ecological framework of the city.

scholarly journals Continuality and dyscretivity of soils for fields: applied consequences for agriculture

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 11-25
Author(s):  
V. V. Medvedev
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Hierarchical Level ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Horizontal Structure ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Properties Of Soil

The continuality is considered as the fundamental feature of a soil cover consisting gradual change of its properties in space, synchronized with changes of soil factors formation, and dyscretivity is mainly artificial the introduced category caused by classification appreciably various genetic and agritechnologic divisions. The soil cover is studied basically as continual and is very weak as a discrete body, especially if it to consider at an original average hierarchical level (mean spatial heterogeneity of many soil properties within the limits of polypedon, or, in a context of present article, – fields of a crop rotation). Certainly, it brakes successful development of representations about a soil horizontal structure and, as consequence, practical appendices of heterogeneity to precise agriculture. Zonal systems of agriculture are based on an environment of a zone and in essence reflect average continual features of a soil cover. Precise systems are under construction on the basis of dyscretivity of a soil cover – new soil borders which are used for allocation of soil contours within the limits of a field for differentiation of ways and intensity of tillage, dozes of  fertilizers application and chemical ameliorants. In article attempt to use the established representations about spatial features of soil properties for improvement of modern practice of agriculture, especially precise agriculture, including ways of a finding of the area of contours of a field with different parameters of fertility are made. As objects 6 fields are used, three from which are located to Polesye, two – in Forest-Steppe and one – in Steppe. Use of principles of precise agriculture and inspection of display soil properties of fields on a regular grid has allowed to divide fields into contours with three levels of fertility, one of which is characterized by properties optimum or close to them, that allows to refuse (or it is essential to reduce) from application of tillage, fertilizer or chemical ameliorants. Precise agriculture – perspective soil – and energy saving the system reflecting heterogeneity of a field of a crop rotation, should replace traditional zonal systems of agriculture. Thus, on the basis of research of various displays of heterogeneity - continual when properties of soil in space change gradually, synchronously to factors of soil formation, and discrete  when properties of soil  change in the limits of small areas necessity of introduction of new borders for the soil cover, based on horizontal studying of soil properties, – morphological, physical, physic-mechanical and others is proposed. By means of borders the configuration of industrial working sites for the differentiated application of agritechnological operations is proved.

scholarly journals Properties and genesis of soils in the Balagansk forest-steppe of Central Siberia and their ecological and resource potential

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Martynova ◽  
Victoria Yu. Vlasova
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Natural Fertility ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
Irkutsk Region ◽  
Formation Conditions ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Genesis Of Soils

The aim of the study. To study the properties and genesis of natural soils of forest-steppe areas of Balagansk steppe. Location and time. The environs of Balagansk settlement in the Balagansky district of Irkutsk region, 2013-2018. Methodology. Combined field and laboratory studies of soil cover and soil properties using soil-morphological, pedo-lithological, climatostratigraphic, botanical, geological-geomorphological and comparative geographical methods, as well as various physical and chemical analyses. Main results. The study of soil properties of the Balagansk’ forest-steppe and assessment of their classification position revealed the basic regularities of geographical distribution of soils. In steppe areas of the studied region clay-illuvial and textural-carbonate chernozems were formed. The forest vegetation favoured the developed of residual-carbonate gray, dark gray, gray and dark gray metamorphic and burozemic soils; the floodplain areas are predominantly occupied by gley soils and dark-humus gleic soils. Conclusion. The study of soil and vegetation cover of the Balagansk’ forest-steppe showed that soils were developed on the eluvium-deluvium of carbonate Cambrian red-colored siltstones and loess cover and have sufficiently high natural fertility and ecological and resource potential. The soils of the investigated area are characterized by a large variety and complex polygenetic structure of the soil profile, which reflects the change of soil formation’ conditions during Holocene-Pleistocene.

Humus state of chernozem at different ways of tillage in the agrosystems of the left-bank forest steppe of Ukraine

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-77
Author(s):  
O. Demydenko ◽  
V. Velychko
Keyword(s):  
Soil Cover ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Soil Resources ◽  
Global Soil ◽  
Humus Accumulation ◽  
By Products ◽  
The Way

The contemporary condition of soil cover in Ukraine is characterized. The attention is focused onto widespread degradation processes in soils. The causes that determine the development of these negative processes are considered. The contemporary informational support for the condition of soil cover in Ukraine is estimated. In general, the current available information is of narrow-departmental nature, obtained by different methods and non-correlated monitoring programs. As a rule, it is stored in under-structured databases, incompatible with other information systems; mainly recorded on paper media unusable with modern technologies, whereby such information resources are diffi cult to be compiled together. These disadvantages are strong constraints against consistent usage of materials for evaluation, forecast and management of changes in the soil cover. The Soil Observation program should thereby be combined with Agrochemical Passportization and ecology-ameliora- tive monitoring; in other words, the application of innovative soil-agrochemical methodology is considered. Each individual type of surveys shall complement the others, and taken altogether, they shall constitute a con- sistent Information System, capable of solving the problems of assessing the condition, forecasting, manage- ment, usage and protection of soil resources. The monitoring procedures should be conducted on the basis of a new soil concept in line with unifi ed programs and methods, so as to meet European approaches to the maxi- mum extent. Such a technical composition enables getting information on present-day processes in soils, and is the only combination that actually helps us to “ecologize” our knowledge of soils, which is the leading trend in the scope of global soil-science. Thus obtained results will serve as a State-owned tool which would subse- quently facilitate the use and protection of soil resources all over the country, to be involved in a united global soil-information scope. The attention is focused onto social signifi cance of the information on soils and their fertility in terms of land resources optimization, as well as the formation of sustainable land use in Ukraine. Aim. To demonstrate the long-term effect of different ways of tillage of typical low-humus chernozem on the change in humus content and composition and the direction of transformation processes of organic fertili- zers. To study the changes in the structure of energy reserves in group and fractional composition of humus in typical low-humus light-loamy chernozem of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, laboratory, microbiological, computational, mathematical and statistical. Results. It was determined that in conditions of long-term subsurface tillage the most effi cient humus accumulation occurs in the 0–20 cm layer of chernozem with simultaneous increase in its content in the lower part of the processed layer without any accumulation differentiation. Surface tillage leads to expressed differentiation in humus accumulation in the 0–20 cm layer of soil (0.005 % per year). When 6 t/ha of humus are replaced by 7 t/ha of by-products the intensity of humus accumulation is decreasing regardless of the way of tillage, but humus accumulation was found to be the most effi cient for subsurface tillage. The application of subsurface tillage leads to the increase in the ratio of C HA : C FA , which is conditioned by the increase in the humifi cation of plant remains of by-products in the 0−20 cm layer of soil by 110–112 % – for subsurface tillage, and by 105 % – for surface tillage. Conclusions. It was established that systematic subsurface tillage of typical chernozem of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine leads to the structuring both of the total reserves of energy С org , and its quality content, aimed at the increase in the intensity of the processes of humifi cation and accumulation of organic carbon, and the decrease in miner- alization. The ratio of energy reserves С org of humic acids to fulvic acids in the 0−30 cm layer of chernozem is 1.85−1.87 regardless of the way of tillage, which testifi es to the repeatability of humus accumulation, but the total reserves of energy С org was higher for subsurface tillage (+ 31 Teracalorie/ha) compared to deep plough- ing. As for the surface tillage, the energy enrichment was at the level of deep ploughing.

scholarly journals Prospects of Using Tree-Ring Earlywood and Latewood Width for Reconstruction of Crops Yield on Example of South Siberia

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Elena A. Babushkina ◽  
Dina F. Zhirnova ◽  
Liliana V. Belokopytova ◽  
Nivedita Mehrotra ◽  
Santosh K. Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Siberian Larch ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Yield Variation ◽  
South Siberia ◽  
Crops Yield ◽  
Reconstruction Model

Improvement of dendrochronological crops yield reconstruction by separate application of earlywood and latewood width chronologies succeeded in rain-fed semiarid region. (1) Background: Tree-ring width chronologies have been successfully applied for crops yield reconstruction models. We propose application of separated earlywood and latewood width chronologies as possible predictors improving the fitness of reconstruction models. (2) Methods: The generalized yield series of main crops (spring wheat, spring barley, oats) were investigated in rain-fed and irrigated areas in semiarid steppes of South Siberia. Chronologies of earlywood, latewood, and total ring width of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) growing in forest-steppe in the middle of the study area were tested as predictors of yield reconstruction models. (3) Results: In the rain-fed territory, separation of earlywood and latewood allowed increasing variation of yield explained by reconstruction model from 17.4 to 20.5%, whereas total climatic-driven component of variation was 41.5%. However, both tree-ring based models explained only 7.7% of yield variation in the irrigated territory (climate inclusion increased it to 34.8%). Low temperature sensitivity of larch growth was the main limitation of the model. A 240-year (1780–2019) history of crop failures and yield variation dynamics were estimated from the actual data and the best reconstruction model. (4) Conclusions: Presently in the study region, breeding of the environment-resistant crops varieties compensates the increase of temperature in the yield dynamics, preventing severe harvest losses. Tree-ring based reconstructions may help to understand and forecast response of the crops to the climatic variability, and also the probability of crop failures, particularly in the rain-fed territories.

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