scholarly journals Patients’ Anticipation for the Pharmacies of Rural Communities: A Qualitative Study from Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aziz ◽  
Minghuan Jiang ◽  
Imran Masood ◽  
Jie Chang ◽  
Shan Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Pharmacy Services ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Face To Face

Background: Community pharmacies are an integrated part of healthcare systems worldwide. In low and middle income countries like Pakistan, the paradigm of pharmacy practice is shifting from dispensing medicines to clinical activities. There are disparities in these practices according to location. Pharmacies in urban localities are better than those in rural areas. This qualitative study was conducted to explore patients’ expectations and current practices in rural pharmacies. Methods: A cohort of adult pharmacy visitors (aged > 18 years) that reside in rural community was selected. Consenting participants were recruited by purposive sampling technique until thematic saturation level was achieved. A total of 34 patients were interviewed. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a semi structured interview guide. All the data were transcribed and used to originate the themes. Results: On analysis, a total of 20 themes were obtained. Sixteen themes pronounced the current provided services. Four themes provided some suggestions for the development of better pharmacies. On call services to provide medicines, limited free extended pharmacy services, interest in patients’ wellbeing, appropriate referral, vaccination, free medical camp, medical services at home, first aid, and counseling were appreciated by patients. Patients stated that medicines are inappropriately stored in unhygienic conditions, prices of medicines are comparatively high, and medicines are substandard. Unavailability of medicines, inept dispensing, limited staffing with poor knowledge, limited working hours, and quackery promotion are challenges in rural pharmacy practice. Patients say that non marginal pricing, informative services, new legislation, and proper vigilance by officials can improve the pharmacy services in rural communities. Conclusions: Patients alleged that rural pharmacies perform deprived practices. To improve service, new legislation and the proper implementation of existing law is needed.

scholarly journals Semester students’ perceptions about online class during COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 137-150
Author(s):  
Bhan Singh Dhami
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Phenomenological Research ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Master's Level ◽  
Online Delivery ◽  
Online Class ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Phenomenological Research Design

Face-to-face delivery of education system had been greatly affected due to the outbreak of COVID-19. As an alternative to it, classes were run online wherever there was access to the Internet with technological devices. With this scenario, this study explored the perceptions of semester students about online class at master’s level during COVID-19 pandemic. By using the phenomenological research design of qualitative study, purposive sampling technique was used to collect the views of three students of master’s level studying at third and fourth semesters at an affiliated campus of Tribhuvan University (TU) and a constituent campus under Far Western University (FWU) of Nepal. Semi-structured online interview was conducted to collect the data. The result showed that the students were positive towards online delivery mode due to the need for getting education during COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Medical laboratory professional’s week in Rwanda: a field report from the Simbi and Maraba communities

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 2111
Author(s):  
Gashema Pierre ◽  
Patrick Gad Iradukunda ◽  
Musafiri Tumusiime ◽  
Jean De Dieu Harelimana ◽  
Gad Rutayisire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
Medical Laboratory ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Southern Province ◽  
Outreach Activity

Background: In response to the need for interventions that facilitate the accessibility of medical services in poor communities, an outreach activity was organized in semi-rural areas of Maraba and Simbi sectors located in Huye district, Southern province of Rwanda. The outreach was undertaken by health sciences students and involved the screening of hypertension, risk of diabetes, hepatitis, anemia, eye disease, and HIV.Methods: Clinical assessments and rapid laboratory diagnostic assays were used to screen invited residents from the two selected communities. An observation research was conducted from May 21 to 25 May, 2018, at Maraba and Simbi sector located in Huye district, Southern province, Rwanda. We employed a purposively sampling technique for participants' recruitment in the outreach. The outreach was conducted as part teaching program and community engagement, and was endorsed by college of medicine and health sciences and all the subjects voluntarily participated in this exercise; the ethical approval was not applicable for this outreach activity. Results: The total beneficiaries from those sectors were 1427 citizens of whom females predominated at 72%. During the screening, hypertension was found to be high at 47.8% among adults. Anemia which mostly presumes iron deficiency was observed at 32.5% among under 15 years old children and at 15% in pregnant women. The vision impairment and cataract were observed at 5.66 and 19.59%, respectively. The assessed viral infection indicated a rate of 0.56% for HIV, 1.03% for HBV, and 7.17% for HCV. High blood glucose was found in 10.4% of the screened population.Conclusions: The findings highlight a high burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in rural communities and call for further investigations and interventions to align with the sustainable development goals (SDGs), particularly access to affordable health services. Furthermore, the success of this outreach highlights the potential contribution of health care trainees in achieving these goals and calls for integration of such interventions in the health education curriculum.

Technology Shaping Education in Rural Communities

2018 ◽  
pp. 184-204
Author(s):  
Jillian R. Powers ◽  
Ann T. Musgrove ◽  
Jessica A. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Rural Teachers ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Grade Levels ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Impact Of Technology ◽  
The Impact

This chapter examines how technology has shaped the teaching and learning process for individuals residing in rural areas. Research on the history and unique needs of rural communities and the impact of technology in these areas is discussed. Educational experiences of students across all grade levels, from early childhood though post-secondary education, is examined. Examples of innovative and creative uses educational technologies in distance and face-to-face settings are described from the perspective of rural teachers and students.

scholarly journals Exploring Daily Activity Patterns on the Typical Day of Older Adults for Supporting Aging-in-Place in China’s Rural Environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8416
Author(s):  
Ziqi Zhang ◽  
Zhi Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Definition Of

Severe aging in rural China is prompting communities to promote support for older people to age in place. The study of the daily life of older adults in rural areas is conducive to understanding their real life and demands, as well as the way they interact with their environment, to develop feasible strategies. In this study, 171 older adults over 60 years old in two different types of villages in Northern Zhejiang Province were investigated and analyzed in terms of the temporal and spatial features of daily activities, as well as their relationship with population attributes, personal competence, and subjective demands. The results show that: (1) significant association can be seen between working hours and the demand for health services, housework hours and gender and age, as well as leisure hours and ADL and the demand for recreational services. (2) The older adults appear to have inter-group homogeneity in some aspects: basic living activities, leisure hours, the gender difference in housework hours, and recreational preference, while they have higher average paid work hours and fewer leisure alternatives than their urban counterparts. Their definitions of paid work, housework, and leisure activities are vague. (3) The definition of home by the older adults in rural places sometimes seems to go beyond the scope of their own house, and the extensive definition of home may change their recognitions of some activities. They also inclined to assign meaning to a place through frequent use rather than through external definitions. (4) The weak consciousness on buying services and deteriorated financial situation hinders the older adults in rural communities from expressing their real demands. Unspoken demands include economic security, recreational choices, and assistance in housework. The results will help to provide references for the improvement of eldercare services and the community environment.

scholarly journals Pharmacy Services beyond the Basics: A Qualitative Study to Explore Perspectives of Pharmacists towards Basic and Enhanced Pharmacy Services in Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Atif ◽  
Wajiha Razzaq ◽  
Irem Mushtaq ◽  
Iram Malik ◽  
Madiha Razzaq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Pharmacy Services ◽  
Drug Related Problems ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Postgraduate Studies ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Barriers To Implementation ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
The University

Enhanced pharmacy services have been identified as a mechanism to address medicines and drug-related problems. The aim of the study was to explore the perspectives of practicing pharmacists on the scope of pharmacy service provision in Pakistan. This qualitative study was conducted at the Department of Pharmacy, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur (IUB). Face-to-face, in-depth interviews were conducted with practicing pharmacists at the university who were undertaking postgraduate studies. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using thematic analysis. A total of 13 pharmacists were interviewed. The analysis of data yielded four themes and 12 subthemes. The themes included the current scenario of pharmacy services, the benefits of pharmacy services, barriers to implementation of pharmacy services, and strategies to improve their delivery. Pharmacist participants reported that patient-oriented pharmacy services have not been properly implemented in Pakistan. Pharmacists appear to be undertaking only conventional roles at various levels within the healthcare system. The participants indicated multiple benefits of patient-oriented pharmacy services, including safe and effective use of medicines, minimization of drug-related problems, and financial benefits to the healthcare system. Based on the findings, policy-makers are required to take the necessary steps to overcome pharmacist-related and policy-related barriers associated with the implementation of patient-oriented pharmacy services in Pakistan.

Analysis of whole and filleted stockfish (Gadusmorhua) marketing IN Ebonyi Rural Areas

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-110
Author(s):  
M.O. Nwabunike ◽  
G.V.C. Igwe ◽  
I.K. Agama ◽  
C.E. Esheya
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Comparative Cost ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Broad Objective ◽  
Benefit Cost

The study was conducted with the broad objective of analyzing the profitability of marketing different forms (whole and filleted) of stock fish in Ebonyi rural markets. A total of 80 stock fish sellers were carefully selected through an unbiased (multi-stage and random) sampling technique. The data collected were analyzed using simple frequency and percentages as well as gross margin and comparative cost ratio. The result showed that 92.5% of the stockfish sellers were females and married with mean age of 38 years, mean household size of 9 persons and mean year of experience of 14. It was further observed that between the two forms of stock fish marketed in Ebonyi rural communities, filleted type was more profitable having a profit of N669,000 and benefit cost ratio (BCR) of N1: 2.352 as against that of whole form with a profit of N286,000 and BCR of N1: 1.685. The results of the study implied that it is advisable to market stock fish in the filleted form rather than selling it whole. Keywords: Stock fish, gross margin, marketing, profitability, Ebonyi Rural Area

Psychotherapy supervision conducted by videoconferencing: a qualitative study of users’ experiences

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 33-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deede Gammon ◽  
Tore Sørlie ◽  
Svein Bergvik ◽  
Tordis Sørensen Høifødt
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Therapeutic Relationship ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Psychiatry Residents ◽  
Mutual Trust ◽  
Psychotherapy Supervision ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Wide Range

Psychiatry residents in Norway have 70 hours of mandatory psychotherapy supervision to develop insights into the therapeutic relationship. Six supervision pairs (six candidates and two supervisors) conducted five videoconferencing-based supervision sessions (384kbit/s) and five face-to-face sessions alternating weekly for 10 sessions. Following completion of the 10 sessions for candidates and supervisor B, and the 50 sessions for supervisor A, all subjects completed a semi-structured interview within two weeks. The eight subjects reported a wide range of experiences and attitudes. The results suggested that the quality of supervision can be satisfactorily maintained by using videoconferencing for up to half of the 70 hours required. The precondition for this estimate is that the pair in question have met face to face and established a relationship characterized by mutual trust and respect. Further studies, which include supervision pairs not having previously established relationships, are needed in order to indicate the generality of this precondition. The most obvious implication of this study is the potential for implementing decentralized models for recruiting and educating psychiatrists.

scholarly journals UNDERSTANDING WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN RURAL COMMUNITIES: A CASE STUDY OF SAHIWAL DISTRICT, PUNJAB PAKISTAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-616
Author(s):  
Abdullah Ijaz ◽  
Adnan Ahmad Dogar ◽  
Ikram Shah ◽  
Mohammad Saeed Lodhi ◽  
Shakirullah Dawar
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Women Empowerment ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Cultural Constraints

Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study was to analyze the socio-cultural constraints that affect different dimensions of women empowerment in rural areas of Punjab province. Political participation and self-esteem were taken as dominant characteristics of women empowerment among lots of variables that collectively define women empowerment. Methodology: A mixed-method approach was used to study different dimensions of women empowerment. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to collect the data from 85 respondents excluding widows and divorced women. Two focus group discussions were conducted, one in each village to further understand the phenomenon or empowerment and constraints faced by women. The data got analyzed by using tables and graphs made in MS Excel. Main findings: Findings of the study indicate that although cultural constraints hinder the process of women empowerment a great deal, a husband's education along with a woman's education plays a significant role in women empowerment. Results showed that if the husband is more educated, women are more empowered politically and have higher self-esteem. Application of the study: The significant contribution of a single factor in overall women empowerment is very interesting and needs further in-depth studies on different locations. The results can contribute to policy formulation for women empowerment on a larger scale.

scholarly journals Utilization of Mosquito Nets and Malaria Related Under-Five Mortality in Abia State, Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Imo, Chukwuechefulam Kingsley ◽  
Isiugo-Abanihe, Uche Charlie
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Contributory Factor ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Mosquito Nets

In spite of huge global investments in the production and distribution of mosquito nets to protect people from malaria; it has continued to militate against the reduction of mortality in Nigeria. The study, therefore, examined the nexus between utilization of mosquito nets and malaria related under-five health outcome. Two local government areas were randomly selected from each of the three senatorial districts, and stratified along urban and rural communities. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 609 mothers within childbearing age and who had under-five children across the communities. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests and logistic regression at p<0.05, and thematic content analysis were used for data analyses. The respondents’ age was 32.6±5.8 years, 84.6% were married/living together, 55.0% had secondary education, while 42.7% were in paid/civil service jobs. Under-five mortality was 19.3% higher amongst rural than urban dwellers. Ownership of mosquito nets (treated or untreated) varied by place of residence with 60.1% and 39.9% for urban and rural areas respectively. About 62% of the dead under-five children never slept under mosquito nets. The likelihood of under-five mortality significantly increased by nonownership of mosquito nets (Odds-Ratio (OR): 2.476) and reduced by number of mosquito nets (OR: 0.278). Wrong methods adopted by mothers in using mosquito nets, was deduced as a contributory factor causing underfive mortality for home with fewer nets. Information on the proper use of the mosquito nets would help achieve the goal of universal access for the atrisk populations of children under age five and pregnant women.

scholarly journals THE ISSUE OF INCOME DIVERSIFICATION AMONG RURAL FARMING HOUSEHOLDS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM KWARA STATE, NIGERIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeniyi Felix Akinrinde ◽  
Kemi Funmilayo Omotesho ◽  
Israel Ogulande
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Farming Families ◽  
The Government

The rising incidences of poverty among rural farming families are the reason behind renewed interest in income diversification. This study determined the level of income diversification; identified alternative income sources; examined the reasons for diversification; and identified the constraints to diversification. A three-stage random sampling technique was used in selecting 160 households on which a structured interview schedule was administered. Descriptive statistics, a Likert-type scale, and the Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation were used for data analyses. Findings reveal that 1.3% of the households had no additional sources of income while 40.6% had at least four. Trading (55%) and livestock keeping (40.7%) were the most popular alternative income sources. The declining farm income (mean = 2.96) was the primary reason for diversification, while poor rural infrastructure (mean = 3.04) was the most severe constraint to income diversification. Farm size, access to extension services, household size, age and educational level of the household head were significantly related to the level of income diversification at p < 0.05. The study concluded that the level of income diversification was high and influenced by socioeconomic characteristics of the households. It recommends that the government should provide adequate infrastructural facilities in rural areas. Farmer associations should also ensure better prices for agricultural produce through joint marketing.

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