Characterization and Analysis of the Carbonation Process of a Lime Mortar Obtained from Phosphogypsum Waste

This work addresses the reuse of waste products as a raw material for lime putties, which are one of the components of mortar. 1:3 Lime/sand mortars very similar to conventional construction mortars were prepared using a lime putty obtained from the treatment of phosphogypsum with sodium hydroxide. The physical, rheological and mechanical properties of this phosphogypsum-derived mortar have been studied, as well as the mineralogical composition, microstructure by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and curing process by monitoring carbonation and ultrasonic propagation velocity. Considering the negative influence of sulphates on the hardened material, the behaviour of the material after sulphates precipitation by adding barium sulphate was additionally tested. Carbonation progressed from the outside to the inside of the specimen through the porous system by Liesegang rings patterns for mortars with soluble sulphates, while the carbonation with precipitated sulphates was controlled by diffusion-precipitation. Overall, the negative influence of low-sulphate contents on the mechanical properties of mortars was verified. It must be highlighted the importance of their precipitation to obtain adequate performance.

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Mechanical properties of lithic raw materials from Kazakhstan: comparing chert, shale, and porphyry

10.31235/osf.io/c68kp ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Abay Namen ◽

Radu Iovita ◽

Klaus G. Nickel ◽

Aristeidis Varis ◽

Zhaken Taimagambetov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Fracture Toughness ◽

Fracture Resistance ◽

Material Selection ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Mineralogical Composition ◽

Raw Material ◽

Indentation Fracture ◽

Material Quality ◽

Lithic Raw Material

The study of lithic raw material quality has become one of the major interpretive tools to investigate the raw material selection behaviour and its influence to the knapping technology. In order to make objective assessments of raw material quality, their mechanical properties (e.g., fracture resistance, hardness, modulus of elasticity) should be measured. However, such comprehensive investigations are lacking for the Palaeolithic of Kazakhstan. In this work, we investigate geological and archaeological lithic raw material samples of chert, porphyry, and shale collected from the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor (henceforth IAMC). Selected samples of aforementioned rocks were tested by means of Vickers and Knoop indentation methods to determine one aspect of their mechanical properties: their indentation fracture resistance (a value closely related to fracture toughness). These tests were complemented by traditional petrographic studies to characterise the mineralogical composition and evaluate the level of impurities that could have potentially affected the mechanical properties. The results show that materials, such as porphyry, previously thought to be of lower quality due to the anisotropic composition and coarse feldspar and quartz phenocrysts embedded in a silica rich matrix, possess fracture toughness values that can be compared to those of chert. Thus, it appears that different raw materials cannot be distinguished from the point of view of indentation fracture resistance, calling for detailed supplementary analyses of different fracture properties. This work also offers first insight into the quality of archaeological porphyry that was utilised as a primary raw material at various Middle and Upper Palaeolithic sites in the IAMC.

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Prediction of Rice Husk Particulate-Filled Polymer Composite Properties Using a Representative Volume Element (RVE) Model

Volume 14: Emerging Technologies; Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis; Materials: Genetics to Structures ◽

10.1115/imece2015-51145 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Pandhita Pochanard ◽

Anil Saigal

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Representative Volume Element ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Volume Element ◽

Raw Material ◽

Analytical Models ◽

Volume Percentage ◽

Waste Products ◽

Representative Volume

In this study, a numerical representative volume element (RVE) model was used to predict the mechanical properties of a Rice Husk Particulate (RHP)-Epoxy composite for use as an alternative material in non-critical applications. Seven different analytical models Counto, Ishai-Cohen, Halpin-Tsai, Nielsen, Nicolais, Modified Nicolais and Pukanszky were used as comparison tools for the numerical model. The mechanical properties estimated for 0%, 10% and 30% RHP-Epoxy composites using the numerical and analytical models are in general agreement with each other. Using the analytical models, it was calculated that an increase in volume percentage of RHP to 30% led to continual reduction in elastic Young’s modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the composite. The numerical RVE models also predicted a similar trend between filler volume percentage and material properties. Overall, the results of this study suggest that RHP can be used to reduce the composite raw material costs by replacing the more expensive polymer content with agricultural waste products with limited compromise to the composite’s mechanical properties.

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Pre-treatments of pre-consumer cotton-based textile waste for production of textile fibres in the cold NaOH(aq) and cellulose carbamate processes

Cellulose ◽

10.1007/s10570-021-03753-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Marjo Määttänen ◽

Maria Gunnarsson ◽

Helena Wedin ◽

Sara Stibing ◽

Carina Olsson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Raw Material ◽

Textile Waste ◽

Future Studies ◽

Degree Of Polymerisation ◽

Textile Fibres ◽

Cellulose Carbamate ◽

Regenerated Fibres ◽

Inorganic Content

AbstractRecycling of textiles is of importance due to the large amount of waste generated from the increasing consumption and use worldwide. Cotton-rich pre-consumer textiles are considered as potential raw material for production of man-made regenerated fibres, but demands purification from the blends with synthetic fibres as well as the dyes and finishing chemicals. In this study we explore the use of different pre-treatments of pre-consumer textiles to meet specific parameters for production of fibres in the cold NaOH(aq) or cellulose carbamate process. The pre-treatments consisted of different bleaching sequences and were performed on both uncoloured and coloured pre-consumer textiles. For the uncoloured textile, degree of polymerisation and amount of inorganic content was efficiently reduced making the material suitable for both the cold NaOH(aq) and the cellulose carbamate process. In case of the coloured textile, the pre-treatments were able to remove the dye and decrease the inorganic content as well as reduce the degree of polymerisation but only sufficiently enough for production of fibres in the cellulose carbamate process. The work was able to prove a fibre-to-fibre concept while further optimisation of the regeneration steps is expected to improve the mechanical properties of the produced fibres in future studies.

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Mineralogical Composition and Physical–Mechanical Properties of Dasht-E-Taatrang Zar Sand Deposits (Afghanistan)

Environmental Sciences Proceedings ◽

10.3390/iecg2020-08832 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 2

Author(s):

Hemayatullah Ahmadi ◽

Atal Yousufi ◽

Amir Mohammad Mosazai

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Construction Material ◽

Mineralogical Composition ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Extensive Field ◽

Chemical And Mineralogical Composition ◽

New City ◽

Two Phases ◽

Field Works

Sand is a common construction material used for various purposes, e.g., concrete, mortar, render, screed, and asphalt. The usage depends on its fineness, and its fineness is controlled by its mineralogical composition and physical-mechanical properties. This research aims to determine the chemical and mineralogical composition and the physical-mechanical properties of the Dasht-e-Taatrang Zar sand deposits within the Qarabagh and Bagram districts of Kabul and Parwan provinces in Afghanistan. To achieve the objectives of this research, a review of the existing literature has been combined with new extensive field works for macroscopic studies and sample collection, and laboratory analyses. In total, 23 samples during two phases of field works were collected and subjected to lab works for XRF, Schlich, and XRD analysis to determine the chemical and mineralogical composition; moreover, sieve and Atterberg analysis, specific gravity, soundness, and alkali-silica reaction tests were performed for characterization of the physical-mechanical properties of the studied samples. The results of the tests show that the Taatrang Zar sand deposits are considered as a suitable construction material, and due to their simple accessibility, the deposits have high potential as a construction material supplier for the Kabul new city project (Dehsabz) in Kabul and adjacent Parwan and Kapisa provinces.

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Rheological and Microbiological Characteristics of Hops and Hot Trub Particles Formed during Beer Production

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26030681 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 681

Author(s):

Monika Sterczyńska ◽

Marek Zdaniewicz ◽

Katarzyna Wolny-Koładka

Keyword(s):

Rheological Properties ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Microbiological Analysis ◽

Waste Products ◽

Low Viscosity ◽

Post Process ◽

High Shear Rates ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Beer Production

During the production of beer, and especially beer wort, the main wastes are spent grain and hot trub, i.e., the so-called “hot break.” Combined with yeast after fermentation, they represent the most valuable wastes. Hot trub is also one of the most valuable by-products. Studies on the chemical composition of these sediments and their rheological properties as waste products will contribute to their effective disposal and even further use as valuable pharmaceutical and cosmetic raw materials. So far, hot trub has been studied for morphology and particle distribution depending on the raw material composition and beer wort extract. However, there are no preliminary studies on the rheological properties of hot trub and hops. In particular, no attention has yet been paid to the dependence of these properties on the hop variety or different protein sources used. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of different hopping methods on hot trub viscosity and beer wort physicochemical parameters. Additionally, the hop solutions were measured at different temperatures. A microbiological analysis of hop sediments was also performed to determine the post-process survival of selected microorganisms in these wastes. For manufacturers of pumps used in the brewing industry, the most convenient material is that of the lowest viscosity. Low viscosity hot trub can be removed at lower velocities, which reduces costs and simplifies washing and transport. The sediments also had similar equilibrium viscosity values at high shear rates.

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Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Ice-Dammed Lake Sediments of the Lębork Deposit

Clays and Clay Minerals ◽

10.1007/s42860-021-00129-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Radosław Rogoziński ◽

Alina Maciejewska

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Lake Sediments ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Mineralogical Composition ◽

Raw Material ◽

Element Analysis ◽

X Ray ◽

Dominant Component ◽

Clay Deposits ◽

Dammed Lake

AbstractVarved clay deposits from ice-dammed lakes are a particularly important and broadly applied raw material used for the production of high-quality ceramics (red bricks, roof tiles, etc.), but the mineralogy and geochemistry of these sediments are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to determine the chemical and mineralogical composition of ice-dammed lake sediments of the Lębork deposit. Major-element analysis of the compositions of selected samples from the ice-dammed lake clays was performed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and trace elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The mineralogical composition of clay samples was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Analyses of the chemical composition of the ice-dammed lake clays of the Lębork deposit showed that the dominant component was SiO2 with a mean content of 56.13 wt.%; the second most abundant component was Al2O3, with a mean content for the entire deposit of 11.61 wt.%. Analysis by ICP-MS indicated the presence of rare earth elements (REE), e.g. cerium, neodymium, lanthanum, and praseodymium; their mean contents are: 56.9, 27.0, 26.3, and 7.3 ppm, respectively. Mineralogical analysis of the varved clays identified quartz, muscovite, calcite, and clay minerals – illite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite. The material filling the Lębork basin is characterized by small lateral and vertical variability in chemical composition. The results of the present study may be of considerable importance in determining the parent igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks, the weathering products of which supplied material to the ice-dammed lake, as well as in determining the mechanisms and character of the sedimentation process itself.

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Ceramic Proppants Based on Ultrabasic Rocks of Kazakhstan Chromite Ore Deposits

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.946.169 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 946 ◽

pp. 169-173

Author(s):

A.A. Biryukova ◽

T.D. Dzhienalyev ◽

A.V. Boronina

Keyword(s):

Oil And Gas ◽

Mineralogical Composition ◽

Magnesium Silicate ◽

Gas Production ◽

Ore Deposits ◽

Raw Material ◽

Chrome Spinel ◽

Overburden Rock ◽

Oil And Gas Production ◽

Silicate Ceramic

The purpose of the work is the obtaining of magnesium silicate ceramic proppants, based on ultrabasic overburden rocks of Kempirsai deposits of chromite ores (Kazakhstan). The chemical and mineralogical composition of ultrabasic overburden rock was studied by chemical, microscopic and X-ray diffraction analyzes. It is established that the main mineral of ultrabasic overburden rocks is serpentine, present in the form of fibrous chrysotile and lamellar antigorite. In the impurities are iron oxides and hydroxides, chrome spinel, carbonates, quartz. Assessment of the use of overburden rocks as a raw material for the production of ceramic proppants was carried out. The sintering interval of overburden rocks was determined at 1280-1300 °C. The sintering firing optimum temperature of ceramics, based on this type of raw material is 1300 °C. It is established that to harden the structure of magnesium silicate ceramic it is necessary to activate the raw material thermally at a temperature of 1000 °C. The influence of binder type on the properties of magnesium silicate proppants, based on the Kempirsai serpentinites was studied. Magnesium silicate proppants, based on ultrabasic overburden rocks, were obtained with the following properties: apparent density – 1.6 g/cm3, strength resistance (52 MPa) – 14%, sphericity and roundness – 0.8; chemical resistance (hydrochloric acid) – 98%, static strength of the fraction 16/20 - 72–118 N/granule. The field of application is oil and gas production, metallurgy and ceramic industries.

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Sedimentary Clays as Geopolymer Precursor

International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.39.97 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

pp. 97-111

Author(s):

F. Mostefa ◽

Nasr Eddine Bouhamou ◽

H.A. Mesbah ◽

Salima Aggoun ◽

D. Mekhatria

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hydroxide ◽

Mineralogical Composition ◽

Cementitious Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Calcination Time ◽

Calorimetric Analysis ◽

X Ray ◽

Before And After ◽

Mechanical Performances

This work aims to study the feasibility of making a geopolymer cement based on dredged sediments, from the Fergoug dam (Algeria) and to evaluate their construction potential particularly interesting in the field of special cementitious materials. These sediments due to their mineralogical composition as aluminosilicates; are materials that can be used after heat treatment. Sedimentary clays were characterized before and after calcination by X-ray diffraction, ATG / ATD, spectroscopy (FTIR) and XRF analysis. The calcination was carried out on the raw material sieved at 80 μm for a temperature of 750 ° C, for 3.4 and 5 hours. The reactivity of the calcined products was measured using isothermal calorimetric analysis (DSC) on pastes prepared by mixing an alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 8 M in an amount allowing to have a Na / Al ratio close to 1 (1: 1). Also, cubic mortar samples were prepared with a ratio L / S: 0.8, sealed and cured for 24 hours at 60 ° C and then at room temperature until the day they were submited to mechanical testing. to check the extent of geopolymerization. The results obtained allowed to optimize the calcination time of 5 hours for a better reactivity of these sediments, and a concentration of 8M of sodium hydroxide and more suitable to have the best mechanical performances.

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ROTATIONALLY MOLDED PET MICROFIBRIL REINFORCED COMPOSITES

International Journal of Modern Physics B ◽

10.1142/s021797920604177x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 20 (25n27) ◽

pp. 4613-4618 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R. J. T. LIN ◽

D. BHATTACHARYYA ◽

S. FAKIROV

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Manufacturing Industry ◽

Polymer Processing ◽

Raw Material ◽

Medium Density ◽

Reinforced Composites ◽

Rotational Molding ◽

Commercial Scale ◽

Strength And Stiffness ◽

Set Up

Being a fast growing plastic manufacturing industry, rotational molding has been using the linear polyethylenes extensively as the raw material. As these materials have shown insufficient mechanical properties for certain applications where strength and stiffness of the products are the main concerns, worldwide rotational molders have expressed a need for stronger and stiffer materials to be available for rotomolding. A possible attractive solution may be the recently developed microfibril reinforced composites (MFCs). Blends of linear medium density polyethylene/polyethylene terephthalate (LMDPE/PET) with an MFC structure are manufactured on a commercial-scale set-up and thereafter used in rotational molding. The samples are characterized morphologically and tested mechanically. The results obtained show that the MFC-concept has good application opportunities in the polymer processing including rotational molding.

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Use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ashes as Raw Material in the Replacement of Fluxes for Applications on Porcelain Tile

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.881.383 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 881 ◽

pp. 383-386 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Raimundo J.S. Paranhos ◽

Wilson Acchar ◽

Vamberto Monteiro Silva

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Environmental Impact ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Sugarcane Bagasse ◽

Sintering Temperature ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

The Cost ◽

Potential Use ◽

Porcelain Tile

This study evaluated the potential use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ashes (SBA) as a flux, replacing phyllite for the production of enamelled porcelain tile. The raw materials of the standard mass components and the SBA residue were characterized by testing by XRF, XRD, AG, DTA and TGA. Test samples were fabricated, assembled in lots of 3 units and sintered at temperatures of 1150 ° C to 1210 ° C. The results of the physical properties, mechanical properties and SEM of the sintered samples, showed that the formulation, G4 - in which applied 10% of SBA replacing phyllite, sintering temperature 1210 ° C showed better performance as the previously mentioned properties due to the formation of mullite crystals, meeting the prerequisites of standards for enamelled porcelain tile, while reducing the environmental impact and the cost of production.

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