scholarly journals The Social and Natural Environment’s Impact on SARS-CoV-2 Infections in the UK Biobank

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 533
Author(s):  
Ryan J. Scalsky ◽  
Yi-Ju Chen ◽  
Zhekang Ying ◽  
James A. Perry ◽  
Charles C. Hong
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Social ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
The Uk

COVID-19 has caused a global pandemic with considerable impact. Studies have examined the influence of socioeconomic status and air pollution on COVID-19 risk but in low detail. This study seeks to further elucidate the nuances of socioeconomic status, as defined by the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD), air pollution, and their relationship. We examined the effect of IMD and air pollution on the likelihood of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 among 66,732 UKB participants tested for SARS-CoV-2 from 16 March 2020 through 16 March 2021. Logistic regression was performed controlling for age, sex, ancestry and IMD or air pollution in the respective models. IMD and its sub-scores were significantly associated with increased risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. All particulate matter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels were associated with increased likelihood of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. Measures of green space and natural environment around participants’ homes were associated with reduced likelihood of SARS-CoV-2. Socioeconomic status and air pollution have independent effects on the risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. Green space and natural environment space in the proximity of people’s homes may mediate the effect of air pollution on the risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Differences in selected areas of social capital regarding residence

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 01001
Author(s):  
Angela Almasiova ◽  
Katarina Kohutova ◽  
Zuzana Gejdosova
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
Questionnaire Method ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Introduction. In addition to a massive increase in interest in the concept of social capital in the social sciences, the research has shown its considerable impact on various areas of human life. OECD points to the correlation between social capital and health and points out that social isolation is associated with misery and disease. Aim. The contribution aims at pointing out the differences in selected indicators of social capital, focusing on the participation and social involvement of respondents in their place of residence. Results. Quantitative research was conducted using the questionnaire method, which was compiled from the Social Capital Question Bank database, covered by the UK Statistical Office. Result Cluster analysis divided respondents into those with higher and lower social capital, and comparative analysis showed significant differences in selected indicators of social capital between urban and rural respondents. Conclusions. Respondents from cities and rural areas differ in the level of social capital in our areas of interest: Participation or involvement in local groups, Political activity or voting, Taking positive action about a local issue, Participation in religious activity, Completed or received a practical favour, Familiarity with neighbourhood, Provide regular service, help or care for others.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic status as a risk factor for dementia death: individual participant meta-analysis of 86 508 men and women from the UK

2013 ◽  
Vol 203 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom C. Russ ◽  
Emmanuel Stamatakis ◽  
Mark Hamer ◽  
John M. Starr ◽  
Mika Kivimäki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
Occupational Social Class ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
A Current

BackgroundLife-course socioeconomic factors may have a role in dementia aetiology but there is a current paucity of studies. Meta-analyses of individual participant data would considerably strengthen this evidence base.AimsTo examine the association between socioeconomic status in early life and adulthood with later dementia death.MethodIndividual participant meta-analysis of 11 prospective cohort studies (1994–2004, n = 86508).ResultsLeaving full-time education at an earlier age was associated with an increased risk of dementia death in women (fully adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for age ⩽14 v. age ⩾16: HR = 1.76, 95% Cl 1.23–2.53) but not men. Occupational social class was not statistically significantly associated with dementia death in men or women.ConclusionsLower educational attainment in women was associated with an increased risk of dementia-related death independently of common risk behaviours and comorbidities.

scholarly journals Challenges Faced by UK University Students Due to the Coronavirus Crisis in the Higher Education

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siddharth Suhas Kulkarni ◽  
Parmjit Chima
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Personal Problems ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The Social ◽  
Methodological Procedures ◽  
Conventional Classroom ◽  
The Uk

The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the worst catastrophes that we have faced globally in recent years. It has not only taken its toll on the economic sector but also on the education sector. The social distancing norms that are in place as a direct response to the pandemic have turned conventional classroom teaching into a problematic minefield; as such, students all over the world have been forced into unprecedented situations that have served only to worsen the situation. The current pandemic has given rise to one of the worst crises the 21st Century has ever seen, resulting in a surge of unemployment. Many companies have taken the route of firing employees or making redundancies, as they cannot afford the monthly reimbursement for staff. While this issue primarily concerns full-time workers, it also carries significant consequences for students – a considerable number of students are required to earn their daily living costs, and, without a job, they cannot pay their educational fees, accommodation costs, or living expenses. This comprehensive study briefly discusses the multitude of problems faced by students in the UK regarding higher education, as a direct result of the coronavirus pandemic. It contains six individual sections: a detailed introduction; the methodological procedures employed; educational disruptions, covering issues from hindrances in field research to examinations and student evaluations; personal problems experienced by students, such as accommodation and loss of income; concerns arising from the global pandemic; and finally, a conclusion and summary of the study’s findings.

scholarly journals Risk of macrosomia and low birthweight among immigrants in Belgium, a perfect mirror?

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Racape ◽  
M Sow ◽  
C Schoenborn ◽  
M De Spiegelaere
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Turkish Women ◽  
Maternal Characteristics ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Migrant Groups

Abstract Background Both low birthweight (LBW) and macrosomia are associated with increased risk health conditions but risk factors of macrosomia among immigrant are understudied. One hypothesis is that some migrant groups at high risk for LBW have correspondingly low risk for macrosomia, and vice-versa. Our objective was to analyze LBW and macrosomia among immigrants according to naturalization, time since naturalization and socioeconomic status in Belgium. Methods The data came from the linkage between the Brussels birth and death registers, the national register of migrant trajectories and the social security register for the years 2004-2010. We used logistic regression to estimate the odds ratios of the associations between LBW and macrosomia according to maternal nationality and time since naturalization, taking into account socioeconomic status (SES), parity and maternal age. Results Data relate to all singleton births among Belgian, Maghrebi, Sub-Saharan African and Turkish women (n = 76 312). Compared to Belgians, we observed lower risk of LBW but higher risk of macrosomia among Maghrebi women (p < 0.0001). Among Turkish and Sub-Saharan African mothers the risk of LBW is higher than the Belgian (p < 0.001) but the risk of macrosomia is similar to Belgian mother. The results show a U-shaped increase of LBW and decrease of macrosomia with time since naturalization for all migrant groups. Results did not change after adjustment with maternal characteristics and SES. In parallel, we observe an improvement of SES among all migrant groups. Conclusions Our results show an increase of LBW rates and a decrease of macrosomia among Maghrebi, Sub-Saharan African and Turkish women with time since naturalization. The risk of macrosomia completely mirrors the risk of LBW for Maghrebi mother but not for Sub-Saharan African and Turkish women. Further studies would help to better explain risk factor and social determinants of macrosomia among immigrant. Key messages We observed an increase of LBW but a decrease of macrosomia with time since naturalization among immigrants. Patterns of macrosomia do not completely mirror those of LBW among different migrant groups.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Urban Elementary School Children in Northeastern Romania: Its Relationship with Socioeconomic Status and Associated Dietary and Lifestyle Factors

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Mocanu
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
School Children ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
French Fries ◽  
Urban Elementary School ◽  
Obesity Status ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Social ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the prevalence of obesity and to identify its potential determinants to optimize the methods of prevention to combat further increases in childhood overweight. The study was carried out on 3444 school children of 6–10 years of age attending 30 schools in northeast Romania. Schools were classified by geographical location and socioeconomic status (SES). Overweight and obesity status were determined using IOTF BMI cut-off points. Prevalence of overweight (including obesity) was found to be 24.6% among boys and 22.6% among girls, whereas the prevalence of obesity was 7.8% in boys and 6.3% in girls. High SES (OR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.10–1.93) and eating French fries and chips (OR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.24–2.67) were associated with increased risk of overweight. In high- and medium-SES children, overweight was positively associated with the consumption of French fries and chips (2.93, 95% CI: 1.54–5.60 and 1.82, 95% CI: 1.04–3.21). In low-SES children, overweight was associated with low fruit consumption (0.21, 95% CI: 0.05–1.00) and sedentary behavior (3.37, 95% CI: 1.13–10.05). Therefore, the social and environmental determinants should be considered when constructing and implementing preventive measures regarding overweight and obesity.

scholarly journals Association of chronic kidney disease, ethnicity and socioeconomic status with COVID-19 hospitalisation and mortality: a UK Biobank study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J Wilkinson ◽  
Courtney J Lightfoot ◽  
Alice C Smith ◽  
Thomas Yates ◽  
Kamlesh Khunti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Uk

In individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD), Black and South Asian ethnic groups are twice as likely to have severe COVID-19 compared to White participants, whilst the most socially deprived groups are at a 50-60% increased risk of severe COVID-19. This study is the first to highlight the association between ethnicity and socioeconomic deprivation and the risk of severe COVID-19 among those with CKD in the UK. Interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality amongst these groups and policy and practice improvements are needed to address the broad disparity among CKD patients.

scholarly journals Genetic risk factors for death with SARS-CoV-2 from the UK Biobank

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Lu ◽  
Rihab Gam ◽  
Arun Prasad Pandurangan ◽  
Julian Gough
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Genetic Risk Factors ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Risk Variants ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Uk

AbstractWe present here genetic risk factors for survivability from infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). At the time of writing it is too early to determine comprehensively and without doubt all risk factors, but there is an urgency due to the global pandemic crisis that merits this early analysis. We have nonetheless discovered 5 novel risk variants in 4 genes, discovered by examining 193 deaths from 1,412 confirmed infections in a group of 5,871 UK Biobank participants tested for the virus. We also examine the distribution of these genetic variants across broad ethnic groups and compare it to data from the UK Office of National Statistics for increased risk of death from SARS-CoV-2. We confidently identify the gene ERAP2 with a high-risk variant, as well as three other genes of potential interest. Although mostly rare, a common theme of genetic risk factors affecting survival might be the inability to launch or modulate an effective immune and stress response to infection from the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

scholarly journals Links between air pollution and COVID-19 in England

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Travaglio ◽  
Yizhou Yu ◽  
Rebeka Popovic ◽  
Liza Selley ◽  
Nuno Santos Leal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Uk

ABSTRACTIn December 2019, a novel disease, coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), emerged in Wuhan, People’s Republic of China. COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) presumed to have jumped species from another mammal to humans. This virus has caused a rapidly spreading global pandemic. To date, thousands of cases of COVID-19 have been reported in England, and over 25,000 patients have died. While progress has been achieved in managing this disease, the factors in addition to age that affect the severity and mortality of COVID-19 have not been clearly identified. Recent studies of COVID-19 in several countries identified links between air pollution and death rates. Here, we explored potential links between major air pollutants related to fossil fuels and SARS-CoV-2 mortality in England. We compared current SARS-CoV-2 cases and deaths recorded in public databases to both regional and subregional air pollution data monitored at multiple sites across England. We show that the levels of multiple markers of poor air quality, including nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide, are associated with increased numbers of COVID-19-related deaths across England, after adjusting for population density. We expanded our analysis using individual-level data from the UK Biobank and showed that particulate matter contributes to increased infectivity. We also analysed the relative contributions of individual fossil fuel sources on key air pollutant levels. The levels of some air pollutants are linked to COVID-19 cases and adverse outcomes. This study provides a useful framework to guide health policies in countries affected by this pandemic.

Dowagers, Debs, Nuns and Babies: The Politics of Nostalgia and the Older Woman in the British Sunday Night Television Serial

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estella Tincknell
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
Older Woman ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Position ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Popular Television

The extensive commercial success of two well-made popular television drama serials screened in the UK at prime time on Sunday evenings during the winter of 2011–12, Downton Abbey (ITV, 2010–) and Call the Midwife (BBC, 2012–), has appeared to consolidate the recent resurgence of the period drama during the 1990s and 2000s, as well as reassembling something like a mass audience for woman-centred realist narratives at a time when the fracturing and disassembling of such audiences seemed axiomatic. While ostensibly different in content, style and focus, the two programmes share a number of distinctive features, including a range of mature female characters who are sufficiently well drawn and socially diverse as to offer a profoundly pleasurable experience for the female viewer seeking representations of aging femininity that go beyond the sexualised body of the ‘successful ager’. Equally importantly, these two programmes present compelling examples of the ‘conjunctural text’, which appears at a moment of intense political polarisation, marking struggles over consent to a contemporary political position by re-presenting the past. Because both programmes foreground older women as crucial figures in their respective communities, but offer very different versions of the social role and ideological positioning that this entails, the underlying politics of such nostalgia becomes apparent. A critical analysis of these two versions of Britain's past thus highlights the ideological investments involved in period drama and the extent to which this ‘cosy’ genre may legitimate or challenge contemporary political claims.

REKONSTRUKSI DAN REAKTUALISASI LITERASI EKOLOGI SOSIAL ISLAM

1970 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heru Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Social Ecology ◽  
Social Space ◽  
The State ◽  
Ecological Literacy ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Ecological Awareness ◽  
Social Ecological ◽  
The Social

Literasi ekologi sosial Islam adalah interaksi manusia dengan lingkungan alam, teknologi, dan sosial yang didasarkan pada prinsip dasar Islam. Rekonstruksi literasi ekologi sosial Islam yang bisa direkonstruksi adalah prinsip dasar Islam yang menegaskan posisi manusia sebagai “pemimpin” yang diberi “amanah” untuk mengelola “bumi” atau “lingkungan alam dan sumber daya alam” sebaik-baiknya. Rekonstruksi literasi ekologis inilah yang kemudian akan diaktualisasikan pada masyarakat. Proses aktualisasi adalah kegiatan aktual dalam menanamkan kesadaran ekologi sosial Islam pada masyarakat yang mana dilakukan dalam ruang sosial keluarga, masyarakat, dan sekolah yang diorganisasi oleh negara melalui kebijakan dan peraturan per undang-undangan. Dengan proses rekonstruksi dan aktualisasi yang terstruktur ini, maka negara akan aktif membangun kesadaran ekologis sosial Islam dengan aktif dan terstruktur dengan baik guna mewujudkan basis kesadaran, ilmu pengetahuan, dan tata nilai ekologi sosial Islam pada masyarakat. Literacy on Islamic social ecology is the human interaction with the natural environment, technology, and social which is based on the basic principles of Islam. Reconstruction of literacy on Islamic social ecology that can be reconstructed is a basic tenet of Islam that affirms the human position as a "leader" by "mandate" to manage "Earth" or "natural environment and natural resources" as well as possible. Reconstruction of ecological literacy is then to be actualized in society. The process of actualization is actual activity in instilling awareness of the social ecology of Islam in the society which is done in the social space of families, communities, and schools organized by the state through policies and regulations. With the process of reconstruction and actualization, then the state will actively build social-ecological awareness of Islam in order to realize a base of awareness, knowledge, and values of Islamic social ecology in society.

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