scholarly journals A Review of a Class of Emerging Contaminants: The Classification, Distribution, Intensity of Consumption, Synthesis Routes, Environmental Effects and Expectation of Pollution Abatement to Organophosphate Flame Retardants (OPFRs)

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 2874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiawen Yang ◽  
Yuanyuan Zhao ◽  
Minghao Li ◽  
Meijin Du ◽  
Xixi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
Internal Exposure ◽  
New Governance ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Adverse Influence ◽  
Distribution Intensity ◽  
Absorption Pathways

Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been detected in various environmental matrices and have been identified as emerging contaminants (EC). Given the adverse influence of OPFRs, many researchers have focused on the absorption, bioaccumulation, metabolism, and internal exposure processes of OPFRs in animals and humans. This paper first reviews the evolution of various types of flame retardants (FRs) and the environmental pollution of OPFRs, the different absorption pathways of OPFRs by animals and humans (such as inhalation, ingestion, skin absorption and absorption), and then summarizes the environmental impacts of OPFRs, including their biological toxicity, bioaccumulation, persistence, migration, endocrine disruption and carcinogenicity. Based on limited available data and results, this study also summarizes the bioaccumulation and biomagnification potential of OPFRs in different types of biological and food nets. In addition, a new governance idea for the replacement of existing OPFRs from the source is proposed, seeking environmentally friendly alternatives to OPFRs in order to provide new ideas and theoretical guidance for the removal of OPFRs.

scholarly journals Recent Trends in Pharmaceuticals Removal from Water Using Electrochemical Oxidation Processes

Environments ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Georgios Bampos ◽  
Athanasia Petala ◽  
Zacharias Frontistis
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Oxidation ◽  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Oxidation Processes ◽  
Electrosynthesis Of Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Physicochemical Methods ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Environmental Electrochemistry

Nowadays, the research on the environmental applications of electrochemistry to remove recalcitrant and priority pollutants and, in particular, drugs from the aqueous phase has increased dramatically. This literature review summarizes the applications of electrochemical oxidation in recent years to decompose pharmaceuticals that are often detected in environmental samples such as carbamazapine, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, diclofenac, ibuprofen, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, etc. Similar to most physicochemical processes, efficiency depends on many operating parameters, while the combination with either biological or other physicochemical methods seems particularly attractive. In addition, various strategies such as using three-dimensional electrodes or the electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide have been proposed to overcome the disadvantages of electrochemical oxidation. Finally, some guidelines are proposed for future research into the applications of environmental electrochemistry for the degradation of xenobiotic compounds and micropollutants from environmental matrices. The main goal of the present review paper is to facilitate future researchers to design their experiments concerning the electrochemical oxidation processes for the degradation of micropollutants/emerging contaminants, especially, some specific drugs considering, also, the existing limitations of each process.

scholarly journals Emerging Contaminants in Trans-American Waters

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Verónica Patricia Pinos Vélez ◽  
Germain Esquivel-Hernández ◽  
Isabel Cipriani-Avila ◽  
Enma Mora-Abril ◽  
Juan Fernando Cisneros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
New Products ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Products ◽  
In Trans ◽  
Water Plants

  Industrial development has made new products available to people to make their lives easier. Items such as food, cleaning, personal care and health products, among others, are processed, sold and consumed daily by all age groups. These products include in their formulation inorganic and organic chemicals with the purpose of improving or increasing some of their properties, making them more attractive to the consumer. These substances are strictly controlled during production so that the final product may be safely consumed. In most cases, the constituents of commercial products end up in wastewater, where they are not controlled. These uncontrolled pollutants of differing chemical natures are known as “Emerging Contaminants” (ECs). Research worldwide has found ECs in various environmental matrices, especially water. To understand this problem, four fundamental aspects must be addressed: 1) the analytical methods for its determination; 2) the occurrence in environmental matrices; 3) the treatments for the removal of ECs in wastewater and drinking water plants; and 4) the risks to health and the environment. This document reviews these four aspects with regard to 14 ECs commonly found in the studies around the world and addresses the state of these ECs in trans-American waters.

scholarly journals Short-chain chlorinated paraffins in biota – levels and effects

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Chlorinated Paraffins ◽  
Chain Lengths

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are highly complex technical mixtures of polychlorinated n-alkanes with carbon-chain lengths from C10-C13 and chlorine content between 49 and 70%. They are produced by chlorination of n-alkanes and do not occur naturally. Because of their physical properties (viscosity, flame resistance) they are used in many different applications, such as lubricant additives, PVC plasticizers and flame retardants in paints, adhesives and sealants. Among the chlorinated paraffin mixtures, SCCPs have the highest potential for release into the environment, because of their higher vapour pressure and water solubility (about 10-100 times higher than for PCBs). SCCPs can reach the environment through production, storage or use, as well as through leeching, runoff and volatilization from contaminated areas. Despite the fact that they are one of the most challenging groups of compounds to quantify and analyze, SCCPs have been detected in biota and humans, as well as a variety of environmental matrices such as sediments and air. SCCPs have also been detected in remote places such as the Arctic (Reth et al., 2006) and dated sediment cores, suggesting long-range atmospheric transport and persistence in the environment. SCCPs have been found to be toxic to aquatic and soil organisms, fish and there is some evidence of carcinogenicity. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge and highlights the need for further research in order to improve future monitoring efforts.

scholarly journals LIQUID PHASE CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS APPLIED TO DETERMINE EMERGING CONTAMINANTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Vasile Ion Iancu ◽  
Jana Petre ◽  
Toma Galaon ◽  
Gabriel Valentin Serban ◽  
Marcela Niculescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
The Impact

Emerging contaminants are a heterogeneous group of chemicals that include daily personal care products and pharmaceuticals (PPCPs), flame retardants, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and nanoparticles (NPs) present in environment which are unregulated. In this review, we present the methods of analysis conducted by INCD-ECOIND regarding some classes of emerging contaminants (neonicotinoid pesticides, beta-blocker drugs) that are not regulated by the legislation, in different types of environmental samples (wastewater, surface water). The present review presents the selective solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods used for isolation of the targeted compounds from aqueous matrices and also the main instrumental parameters of the separation and detection process. After extraction, the compounds were subjected to liquid phase chromatographic separation with mass spectrometric detection (UHPLC-MS/MS). Finally, the methods were applied in the determination of compounds from different categories of water, carrying out studies on the efficiency of elimination of compounds in several municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In addition, the impact of the treatment plants on some receiving surface water used to obtain drinking water was studied.

scholarly journals Cats’ Internal Exposure to Selected Brominated Flame Retardants and Organochlorines Correlated to House Dust and Cat Food

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 3012-3020 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Norrgran Engdahl ◽  
A. Bignert ◽  
B. Jones ◽  
I. Athanassiadis ◽  
Å. Bergman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
House Dust ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Brominated Flame Retardants ◽  
Internal Exposure

scholarly journals Perspectives on the antibiotic contamination, resistance, metabolomics, and systemic remediation

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kushneet Kaur Sodhi ◽  
Mohit Kumar ◽  
Biji Balan ◽  
Amit Singh Dhaulaniya ◽  
Pallee Shree ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Veterinary Medicines ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Water Ecosystem ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Soil And Water

AbstractAntibiotics have been regarded as the emerging contaminants because of their massive use in humans and veterinary medicines and their persistence in the environment. The global concern of antibiotic contamination to different environmental matrices and the emergence of antibiotic resistance has posed a severe impact on the environment. Different mass-spectrometry-based techniques confirm their presence in the environment. Antibiotics are released into the environment through the wastewater steams and runoff from land application of manure. The microorganisms get exposed to the antibiotics resulting in the development of antimicrobial resistance. Consistent release of the antibiotics, even in trace amount into the soil and water ecosystem, is the major concern because the antibiotics can lead to multi-resistance in bacteria which can cause hazardous effects on agriculture, aquaculture, human, and livestock. A better understanding of the correlation between the antibiotic use and occurrence of antibiotic resistance can help in the development of policies to promote the judicious use of antibiotics. The present review puts a light on the remediation, transportation, uptake, and antibiotic resistance in the environment along with a novel approach of creating a database for systemic remediation, and metabolomics for the cleaner and safer environment.

scholarly journals A review of sources, levels, and toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their transformation and transport in various environmental compartments

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Akortia ◽  
Jonathan O. Okonkwo ◽  
Mlindelwa Lupankwa ◽  
Shiloh D. Osae ◽  
Adegbenro P. Daso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Gas Formation ◽  
Diphenyl Ethers ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Environmental Compartments

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of organobromine compounds that are used as flame retardants in many commonly used products. Their presence has been confirmed in various environmental matrices. Their usage in numerous consumer products has lent credence to their ability to retard flammable gas formation, hence their ubiquitous nature in the environment. PBDEs have been described as endocrine disrupting chemicals because of their interference with the endocrine system function in fish and other terrestrial animals. In spite of the progress in research over the years on PBDEs, full understanding of the environmental behaviour and fate of this contaminant is still elusive. In this review, sources by which PBDEs enter the environment have been evaluated in conjunction with their levels, as well as their toxicity, and the transformation and transport of PBDEs in various environmental compartments. This provides a better understanding of the behaviour of these emerging environmental contaminants within the environment. While acknowledging the numerous studies that have been conducted on the environmental contamination by PBDEs, emerging issues and data gaps have been identified.

scholarly journals An Overview of Antibiotics as Emerging Contaminants: Occurrence in Bivalves as Biomonitoring Organisms

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3239
Author(s):  
Elena Baralla ◽  
Maria P. Demontis ◽  
Filomena Dessì ◽  
Maria V. Varoni
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
European American ◽  
Seafood Consumption ◽  
Antibiotic Residues ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
The North ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Antibiotics Residues ◽  
North Adriatic Sea

Antibiotics are used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes in both human and veterinary medicine and as growth promoting agents in farms and aquaculture. They can accumulate in environmental matrices and in the food chain, causing adverse effects in humans and animals including the development of antibiotic resistance. This review aims to update and discuss the available data on antibiotic residues, using bivalves as biomonitoring organisms. The current research indicates that antibiotics’ presence in bivalves has been investigated along European, American and Asian coasts, with the majority of studies reported for the last. Several classes of antibiotics have been detected, with a higher frequency of detection reported for macrolides, sulfonamides and quinolones. The highest concentration was instead reported for tetracyclines in bivalves collected in the North Adriatic Sea. Only oxytetracycline levels detected in this latter site exceeded the maximum residual limit established by the competent authorities. Moreover, the risk that can be derived from bivalve consumption, calculated considering the highest concentrations of antibiotics residues reported in the analyzed studies, is actually negligible. Nevertheless, further supervisions are needed in order to preserve the environment from antibiotic pollution, prevent the development of antimicrobial resistance and reduce the health risk derived from seafood consumption.

scholarly journals Biomonitoring of Phthalates, Bisphenols and Parabens in Children: Exposure, Predictors and Risk Assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (17) ◽  
pp. 8909
Author(s):  
Pablo Dualde ◽  
Nuria León ◽  
Yovana Sanchis ◽  
Francisca Corpas-Burgos ◽  
Sandra Fernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Internal Exposure ◽  
Geometric Means ◽  
Propyl Paraben ◽  
Assessment Study ◽  
Children Exposure ◽  
Endocrine Alterations

Exposure to emerging contaminants, such as phthalates, bisphenols and parabens in children has been associated with possible neurodevelopment and endocrine alterations. In the present study, the biomonitoring of biomarkers in children (5–12 years old) from the Valencia Region (Spain) have been implemented using urines from the BIOVAL program. More than 75% of the children studied (n = 562) were internally exposed (>LOQ) to bisphenols and parabens, and the whole population assessed (n = 557) were exposed to at least one phthalate. The geometric means (GM) of the concentrations of bisphenol A, methyl paraben and propyl paraben were 0.9, 1.4 and 0.39 ng/mL, respectively. Regarding phthalates, monoethyl phthalate GM was 55.0 ng/mL and diethyl hexyl phthalate (as the sum of five metabolites) GM was 60.6 ng/mL. Despite the studied population being widely exposed, the detection frequencies and concentrations were in general lower than in previous studies involving children in Spain and in other countries in recent years. Furthermore, the risk assessment study concluded that the internal exposure to phthalates, bisphenols and parabens is lower than the guidance values established, and, therefore, a health risk derived from the exposure to these compounds in the studied population is not expected.

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