scholarly journals Microbial Metabolites Determine Host Health and the Status of Some Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 5296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panida Sittipo ◽  
Jae-won Shim ◽  
Yun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Microbial Metabolites ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
The Status ◽  
Mutualistic Relationship

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a highly complex organ composed of the intestinal epithelium layer, intestinal microbiota, and local immune system. Intestinal microbiota residing in the GI tract engages in a mutualistic relationship with the host. Different sections of the GI tract contain distinct proportions of the intestinal microbiota, resulting in the presence of unique bacterial products in each GI section. The intestinal microbiota converts ingested nutrients into metabolites that target either the intestinal microbiota population or host cells. Metabolites act as messengers of information between the intestinal microbiota and host cells. The intestinal microbiota composition and resulting metabolites thus impact host development, health, and pathogenesis. Many recent studies have focused on modulation of the gut microbiota and their metabolites to improve host health and prevent or treat diseases. In this review, we focus on the production of microbial metabolites, their biological impact on the intestinal microbiota composition and host cells, and the effect of microbial metabolites that contribute to improvements in inflammatory bowel diseases and metabolic diseases. Understanding the role of microbial metabolites in protection against disease might offer an intriguing approach to regulate disease.

scholarly journals Integrity of the Intestinal Barrier: The Involvement of Epithelial Cells and Microbiota—A Mutual Relationship

Animals ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Gieryńska ◽  
Lidia Szulc-Dąbrowska ◽  
Justyna Struzik ◽  
Matylda Barbara Mielcarska ◽  
Karolina Paulina Gregorczyk-Zboroch
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intercellular Junctions ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
First Line ◽  
Mucosal Integrity ◽  
Physical Defense ◽  
Mutualistic Relationship

The gastrointestinal tract, which is constantly exposed to a multitude of stimuli, is considered responsible for maintaining the homeostasis of the host. It is inhabited by billions of microorganisms, the gut microbiota, which form a mutualistic relationship with the host. Although the microbiota is generally recognized as beneficial, at the same time, together with pathogens, they are a permanent threat to the host. Various populations of epithelial cells provide the first line of chemical and physical defense against external factors acting as the interface between luminal microorganisms and immunocompetent cells in lamina propria. In this review, we focus on some essential, innate mechanisms protecting mucosal integrity, thus responsible for maintaining intestine homeostasis. The characteristics of decisive cell populations involved in maintaining the barrier arrangement, based on mucus secretion, formation of intercellular junctions as well as production of antimicrobial peptides, responsible for shaping the gut microbiota, are presented. We emphasize the importance of cross-talk between gut microbiota and epithelial cells as a factor vital for the maintenance of the homeostasis of the GI tract. Finally, we discuss how the imbalance of these regulations leads to the compromised barrier integrity and dysbiosis considered to contribute to inflammatory disorders and metabolic diseases.

Interaction Between the Microbiota, Epithelia, and Immune Cells in the Intestine

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisako Kayama ◽  
Ryu Okumura ◽  
Kiyoshi Takeda
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Oral Tolerance ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Physical Barriers ◽  
Dietary Components

The gastrointestinal tract harbors numerous commensal bacteria, referred to as the microbiota, that benefit host health by digesting dietary components and eliminating pathogens. The intestinal microbiota maintains epithelial barrier integrity and shapes the mucosal immune system, balancing host defense and oral tolerance with microbial metabolites, components, and attachment to host cells. To avoid aberrant immune responses, epithelial cells segregate the intestinal microbiota from immune cells by constructing chemical and physical barriers, leading to the establishment of host-commensal mutualism. Furthermore, intestinal immune cells participate in the maintenance of a healthy microbiota community and reinforce epithelial barrier functions. Perturbations of the microbiota composition are commonly observed in patients with autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammatory disorders. An understanding of the intimate interactions between the intestinal microbiota, epithelial cells, and immune cells that are crucial for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis might promote advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for various diseases.

scholarly journals Fructose-Induced Intestinal Microbiota Shift Following Two Types of Short-Term High-Fructose Dietary Phases

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3444
Author(s):  
Julia Beisner ◽  
Anita Gonzalez-Granda ◽  
Maryam Basrai ◽  
Antje Damms-Machado ◽  
Stephan C. Bischoff
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Short Term ◽  
High Consumption ◽  
High Fructose

High consumption of fructose and high-fructose corn syrup is related to the development of obesity-associated metabolic diseases, which have become the most relevant diet-induced diseases. However, the influences of a high-fructose diet on gut microbiota are still largely unknown. We therefore examined the effect of short-term high-fructose consumption on the human intestinal microbiota. Twelve healthy adult women were enrolled in a pilot intervention study. All study participants consecutively followed four different diets, first a low fructose diet (< 10 g/day fructose), then a fruit-rich diet (100 g/day fructose) followed by a low fructose diet (10 g/day fructose) and at last a high-fructose syrup (HFS) supplemented diet (100 g/day fructose). Fecal microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. A high-fructose fruit diet significantly shifted the human gut microbiota by increasing the abundance of the phylum Firmicutes, in which beneficial butyrate producing bacteria such as Faecalibacterium, Anareostipes and Erysipelatoclostridium were elevated, and decreasing the abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes including the genus Parabacteroides. An HFS diet induced substantial differences in microbiota composition compared to the fruit-rich diet leading to a lower Firmicutes and a higher Bacteroidetes abundance as well as reduced abundance of the genus Ruminococcus. Compared to a low-fructose diet we observed a decrease of Faecalibacterium and Erysipelatoclostridium after the HFS diet. Abundance of Bacteroidetes positively correlated with plasma cholesterol and LDL level, whereas abundance of Firmicutes was negatively correlated. Different formulations of high-fructose diets induce distinct alterations in gut microbiota composition. High-fructose intake by HFS causes a reduction of beneficial butyrate producing bacteria and a gut microbiota profile that may affect unfavorably host lipid metabolism whereas high consumption of fructose from fruit seems to modulate the composition of the gut microbiota in a beneficial way supporting digestive health and counteracting harmful effects of excessive fructose.

scholarly journals Kefir and Intestinal Microbiota Modulation: Implications in Human Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria do Carmo Gouveia Peluzio ◽  
Mariana de Moura e Dias ◽  
J. Alfredo Martinez ◽  
Fermín I. Milagro
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Fermented Foods ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Probiotic Properties ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
The World

In the last decades changes in the pattern of health and disease in Latin America and in the world has been observed, with an increase in cases of chronic non-communicable diseases. Changes in intestinal microbiota composition can contribute to the development of these diseases and be useful in their management. In this context, the consumption of fermented foods with probiotic properties, such as kefir, stands out due to its gut microbiota-modulating capacity. There is an increasing interest in the commercial use of kefir since it can be marketed as a natural beverage containing health-promoting bacteria and has been gaining international popularity in Latin America. Also the consumption of these drinks in Latin America seems to be even more relevant, given the socioeconomic situation of this population, which highlights the need for disease prevention at the expense of its treatment. In this narrative review, we discuss how kefir may work against obesity, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, cardiovascular disorders, immunity, and neurological disorders. Peptides, bioactive compounds and strains occurring in kefir, can modulate gut microbiota composition, low-grade inflammation and intestinal permeability, which consequently may generate health benefits. Kefir can also impact on the regulation of organism homeostasis, with a direct effect on the gut-brain axis, being a possible strategy for the prevention of metabolic diseases. Further studies are needed to standardize these bioactive compounds and better elucidate the mechanisms linking kefir and intestinal microbiota modulation. However, due to the benefits reported, low cost and ease of preparation, kefir seems to be a promising approach to prevent and manage microbiota-related diseases in Latin America and the rest of the world.

Xenobiotic receptors and the regulation of intestinal homeostasis - harnessing the chemical output of the intestinal microbiota

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristoff M. Nieves ◽  
Simon A. Hirota ◽  
Kyle L. Flannigan
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Pregnane X Receptor ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Tissue Homeostasis ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Microbial Metabolites ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon ◽  
Sense And Respond

The commensal bacteria that reside in the gastrointestinal tract exist in a symbiotic relationship with the host, driving the development of the immune system and maintaining metabolic and tissue homeostasis in the local environment. The intestinal microbiota has the capacity to generate a wide array of chemical metabolites to which the cells of the intestinal mucosa are exposed. Host cells express xenobiotic receptors, such as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR), that can sense and respond to chemicals that are generated by non-host pathways. In this review, we will outline the physiological and immunological processes within the intestinal environment that are regulated by microbial metabolites through the activation of the AhR and PXR, with a focus on ligands generated by the step-wise catabolism of tryptophan.

scholarly journals OP16 Influence of early life factors on the development of intestinal microbiota of infants born to mothers with and without IBD

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S014-S015
Author(s):  
J Guedelha Sabino ◽  
L Tarassishin ◽  
C Eisele ◽  
A Barré ◽  
M Dubinsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Vaginal Delivery ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Bowel Diseases

Abstract Background Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are associated with a dysregulation of the intestinal microbiota and some of these dysbiotic taxa may be transmitted to the offspring of pregnant patients with IBD. We analysed the influence of early life events on the development of the intestinal microbiota of infants born to mothers with and without IBD. Methods The MECONIUM (Exploring MEChanisms Of disease traNsmission In Utero through the Microbiome) study is a prospective cohort study including pregnant women with or without IBD and their infants. Stool samples were collected during pregnancy and in babies throughout the first 2 years of life. Stool microbiota composition in the baby stool was assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Results We analysed 1037 faecal samples from 294 infants (born to 80 mothers with and 214 without IBD). The overall composition of the microbiota at 1 month was influenced by the mode of delivery (r = 0.1224, p = 0.001), feeding (breastfeeding, formula feeding or mixed; r = 0.0366, p = 0.013), and antibiotics (r = 0.0446, p = 0.004), and this was mainly driven by α-diversity (Simpson, r = 0.0529, p = 0.012), and the relative abundance of Bacteroides (r = 0.8738, p = 0.001), Bifidobacterium (r = 0.4282, p = 0.001), and Klebsiella (r = 0.6182, p = 0.001). Univariate and multivariate analysis confirmed the influence of mode of delivery in the relative abundance of Bacteroides (increased in vaginal delivery, Wilcoxon FDR p = 2.50e−07, Maaslin FDR p = 0.0016) at month 1. At month 3, mode of delivery (r = 0.0779, p = 0.001), IBD status of the mothers (r = 0.0253, p = 0.028), and pre-term birth (r = 0.0208, p = 0.045) influenced the overall composition of the microbiota, with the main drivers being Bifidobacterium (r = 0.8844, p = 0.001), Bacteroides (r = 0.8632, p = 0.001), and Klebsiella (r = 0.4374, p = 0.001). Univariate and multivariate analysis confirmed the influence of mode of delivery in the relative abundance of Bacteroides (increased in vaginal delivery, Wilcoxon FDR p = 1.23e−06, Maaslin FDR p = 0.07). None of the evaluated variables could significantly explain the variation of the overall composition of the microbiota at 1 year of life. IBD status of the mother influences the microbiota composition of 2-year-old infants; however, this association was only significant in vector fitting analysis. Conclusion Maternal IBD status is shaping early life microbiota in their offspring, likely due to altered microbiota in mothers with IBD. Additionally, the mode of delivery, feeding, and exposure to antibiotics are important determinants of the infant′s microbiota. These influences are lost with time, probably due to increasing exposure to several sources of microbiota and to confounding factors (e.g. diet).

scholarly journals Combined effects of Scutellaria baicalensis with metformin on glucose tolerance of patients with type 2 diabetes via gut microbiota modulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (1) ◽  
pp. E52-E61
Author(s):  
Na Rae Shin ◽  
Namyi Gu ◽  
Han Seok Choi ◽  
Hojun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Placebo Group ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Scutellaria Baicalensis ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbiota Composition

Metformin is a widely prescribed antidiabetic agent, whereas Scutellaria baicalensis (SB) is a commonly used medicinal herb for treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Gut microbiota is involved in pathophysiology of metabolic diseases including T2D, and intestinal microbiota may be one of the important therapeutic targets for the ailment. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of SB combined with metformin on treatment of T2D while evaluating changes in the gut microbiota composition. Patients with T2D were randomized into control and treatment groups. Subjects who had already been prescribed metformin were allotted to additional SB (3.52 g/day) group or placebo group. The initial treatment session was 8 wk, and after washout period for 4 wk they were crossed over to the opposite treatment for another 8 wk. The influence of SB and placebo on the intestinal microbiota was analyzed by MiSeq system based on 16S rRNA gene. Glucose tolerance was lower in the SB group than the placebo group. Similarly, the relative RNA expression of TNF-α was significantly reduced after SB treatment. SB treatment influenced the gut microbiota, especially Lactobacillus and Akkermansia, which showed remarkable increases after SB treatment. Some subjects showed high liver enzyme levels after SB treatment, and their microbiota composition at baseline differed with subjects whose liver enzymes were not affected. We also predicted that selenocompound metabolism was increased and naphthalene degradation was decreased after SB treatment. These results suggest that SB with metformin treatment may improve the glucose tolerance and inflammation and influence the gut microbiota community in T2D.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota composition and arterial stiffness measured by pulse wave velocity: case–control study protocol (MIVAS study)

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. e038933
Author(s):  
Rita Salvado ◽  
Sandra Santos-Minguez ◽  
Cristina Agudo-Conde ◽  
Cristina Lugones-Sanchez ◽  
Angela Cabo-Laso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Pulse Wave Velocity ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Pulse Wave ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Control Study

IntroductionIntestinal microbiota is arising as a new element in the physiopathology of cardiovascular diseases. A healthy microbiota includes a balanced representation of bacteria with health promotion functions (symbiotes). The aim of this study is to analyse the relationship between intestinal microbiota composition and arterial stiffness.Methods and analysisAn observational case—control study will be developed. Cases will be defined by the presence of at least one of the following: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV), Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI), brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (ba or ba-PWV) above the 90th percentile, for age and sex, of the reference population. Controls will be selected from the same population as cases. The study will be developed in Primary Healthcare Centres. We will select 500 subjects (250 cases and 250 controls), between 45 and 74 years of age. Cases will be selected from a database that combines data from EVA study (Spain) and Guimarães/Vizela study (Portugal). Measurements: cf-PWV will be measured using the SphygmoCor system, CAVI, ba-PWV and Ankle-Brachial Index will be determined using VaSera device. Gut microbiome composition in faecal samples will be determined by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Lifestyle will be assessed by food frequency questionnaire, adherence to the Mediterranean diet and IPAQ (International Physical Activity Questionnaire). Body composition will be evaluated by bioimpedance.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by ‘Committee of ethics of research with medicines of the health area of Salamanca’ on 14 December 2018 (cod. 2018-11-136) and the ’Ethics committee for health of Guimaraes’ (Portugal) on 15 October 2019 (ref: 67/2019). All study participants will sign an informed consent form agreeing to participate in the study, in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the WHO standards for observational studies. The results of this study will allow a better description of gut microbiota in patients with arterial stiffness.Trial registration detailsClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03900338

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