scholarly journals Liver Cirrhosis and Sarcopenia from the Viewpoint of Dysbiosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroki Nishikawa ◽  
Hirayuki Enomoto ◽  
Shuhei Nishiguchi ◽  
Hiroko Iijima
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Severe Disturbance

Sarcopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) has been attracting much attention these days because of the close linkage to adverse outcomes. LC can be related to secondary sarcopenia due to protein metabolic disorders and energy metabolic disorders. LC is associated with profound alterations in gut microbiota and injuries at the different levels of defensive mechanisms of the intestinal barrier. Dysbiosis refers to a state in which the diversity of gut microbiota is decreased by decreasing the bacterial species and the number of bacteria that compose the gut microbiota. The severe disturbance of intestinal barrier in LC can result in dysbiosis, several bacterial infections, LC-related complications, and sarcopenia. Here in this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of the relationship between sarcopenia and dysbiosis in patients with LC.

scholarly journals You Are What You Eat—The Relationship between Diet, Microbiota, and Metabolic Disorders—A Review

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Moszak ◽  
Monika Szulińska ◽  
Paweł Bogdański
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vegetarian Diet ◽  
Bile Acid Metabolism ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
The Relationship

The gut microbiota (GM) is defined as the community of microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses) colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. GM regulates various metabolic pathways in the host, including those involved in energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and bile acid metabolism. The relationship between alterations in intestinal microbiota and diseases associated with civilization is well documented. GM dysbiosis is involved in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and neurological disorders. Multiple factors modulate the composition of the microbiota and how it physically functions, but one of the major factors triggering GM establishment is diet. In this paper, we reviewed the current knowledge about the relationship between nutrition, gut microbiota, and host metabolic status. We described how macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fat) and different dietary patterns (e.g., Western-style diet, vegetarian diet, Mediterranean diet) interact with the composition and activity of GM, and how gut bacterial dysbiosis has an influence on metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hyperlipidemia.

scholarly journals Phosphate, Microbiota and CKD

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1273
Author(s):  
Chiara Favero ◽  
Sol Carriazo ◽  
Leticia Cuarental ◽  
Raul Fernandez-Prado ◽  
Elena Gomá-Garcés ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Phosphate Binders ◽  
Uremic Toxin ◽  
Mineral And Bone Disorder ◽  
Dietary Phosphate ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Phosphate is a key uremic toxin associated with adverse outcomes. As chronic kidney disease (CKD) progresses, the kidney capacity to excrete excess dietary phosphate decreases, triggering compensatory endocrine responses that drive CKD-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Eventually, hyperphosphatemia develops, and low phosphate diet and phosphate binders are prescribed. Recent data have identified a potential role of the gut microbiota in mineral bone disorders. Thus, parathyroid hormone (PTH) only caused bone loss in mice whose microbiota was enriched in the Th17 cell-inducing taxa segmented filamentous bacteria. Furthermore, the microbiota was required for PTH to stimulate bone formation and increase bone mass, and this was dependent on bacterial production of the short-chain fatty acid butyrate. We review current knowledge on the relationship between phosphate, microbiota and CKD-MBD. Topics include microbial bioactive compounds of special interest in CKD, the impact of dietary phosphate and phosphate binders on the gut microbiota, the modulation of CKD-MBD by the microbiota and the potential therapeutic use of microbiota to treat CKD-MBD through the clinical translation of concepts from other fields of science such as the optimization of phosphorus utilization and the use of phosphate-accumulating organisms.

Relationship between gut microbiota, gut hyperpermeability, and obesity

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Gasmi ◽  
Pavan Kumar Mujawdiya ◽  
Lyudmila Pivina ◽  
Alexandru Doşa ◽  
Yuliya Semenova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
The Relationship

: Intestinal hyperpermeability is a complex metabolic process mediated by different pathways in close relation to the gut microbiota. Previous studies suggested that the gut microbiota is involved in different metabolic regulations, and its imbalance is associated with several metabolic diseases, including obesity. It is well known that intestinal hyperpermeability is associated with dysbiosis, and the combination of these two conditions can lead to an increase in the level of low-grade inflammation in obese patients due to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Inflammatory bowel syndrome often accompanies this condition causing an alteration of the intestinal mucosa and thus reinforcing the dysbiosis and gut hyperpermeability. The onset of metabolic disorders depends on violations of the integrity of the intestinal barrier as a result of increased intestinal permeability. Chronic inflammation due to endotoxemia is responsible for the development of obesity. Metabolic disorders are associated with dysregulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and with an altered composition of gut flora. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms that illustrate the relationship between hyperpermeability, the composition of the gut microbiota, and obesity.

scholarly journals The Relationship between the Gut Microbiome and Metformin as a Key for Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3566
Author(s):  
Chae Bin Lee ◽  
Soon Uk Chae ◽  
Seong Jun Jo ◽  
Ui Min Jerng ◽  
Soo Kyung Bae
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Potential Target ◽  
The Relationship

Metformin is the first-line pharmacotherapy for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, its mechanism of modulating glucose metabolism is elusive. Recent advances have identified the gut as a potential target of metformin. As patients with metabolic disorders exhibit dysbiosis, the gut microbiome has garnered interest as a potential target for metabolic disease. Henceforth, studies have focused on unraveling the relationship of metabolic disorders with the human gut microbiome. According to various metagenome studies, gut dysbiosis is evident in T2DM patients. Besides this, alterations in the gut microbiome were also observed in the metformin-treated T2DM patients compared to the non-treated T2DM patients. Thus, several studies on rodents have suggested potential mechanisms interacting with the gut microbiome, including regulation of glucose metabolism, an increase in short-chain fatty acids, strengthening intestinal permeability against lipopolysaccharides, modulating the immune response, and interaction with bile acids. Furthermore, human studies have demonstrated evidence substantiating the hypotheses based on rodent studies. This review discusses the current knowledge of how metformin modulates T2DM with respect to the gut microbiome and discusses the prospect of harnessing this mechanism in treating T2DM.

scholarly journals Intestinal microbiota and their metabolic contribution to type 2 diabetes and obesity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Cunningham ◽  
J. W. Stephens ◽  
D. A. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity

AbstractObesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are common, chronic metabolic disorders with associated significant long-term health problems at global epidemic levels. It is recognised that gut microbiota play a central role in maintaining host homeostasis and through technological advances in both animal and human models it is becoming clear that gut microbiota are heavily involved in key pathophysiological roles in the aetiology and progression of both conditions. This review will focus on current knowledge regarding microbiota interactions with short chain fatty acids, the host inflammatory response, signaling pathways, integrity of the intestinal barrier, the interaction of the gut-brain axis and the subsequent impact on the metabolic health of the host.

scholarly journals Modulation of the Gut Microbiota by Shen-Yan-Fang-Shuai Formula Improves Obesity Induced by High-Fat Diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Wang ◽  
Junfeng Lu ◽  
Jingwei Zhou ◽  
Weiwei Sun ◽  
Yang Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Gut Barrier Function

Obesity and related metabolic disorders are associated with intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, disrupted intestinal barrier and chronic inflammation. Shen-Yan-Fang-Shuai formula (SYFSF) is a traditional Chinese herbal formula composed of Astragali Radix, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Rheum Officinale Baill, and four other herbs. In this study, we identified that SYFSF treatment prevented weight gain, low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. SYFSF also substantially improved gut barrier function, reduced metabolic endotoxemia, as well as systemic inflammation. Sequencing of 16S rRNA genes obtained from fecal samples demonstrated that SYFSF attenuated HFD-induced gut dysbiosis, seen an decreased Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratios. Microbial richness and diversity were also higher in the SYFSF-treated HFD group. Furthermore, similar therapeutic effects and changes in gut microbiota profile caused by SYFSF could be replicated by fecal microbiota transfer (FMT). Taken together, our study highlights the efficacy of SYFSF in preventing obesity and related metabolic disorders. Its therapeutic effect is associated with the modulation of gut microbiota, as a prebiotic.

scholarly journals A case of pneumonia and sepsis in cirrhosis as paradigm of the problems in the management of bacterial infections in cirrhosis and of the limitations of current knowledge

2013 ◽  
pp. 209-214
Author(s):  
Manuel Tufoni ◽  
Alessandra Tovoli ◽  
Caterina Maggioli ◽  
Lucia Napoli ◽  
Carmen Serena Ricci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Hepatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Empirical Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Increased Risk

Bacterial infections are a major problem in the management of liver cirrhosis. They represent the first precipitating cause of death since patients with cirrhosis carry an increased risk of sepsis, sepsis-induced organ failure and death. Although the clinical presentation is often misleading, the presence of bacterial infection should always be actively searched and ruled out with certainty whenever a cirrhotic patient is admitted to the hospital with an acute clinical deterioration. Major changes in the epidemiology of bacterial infections have also occurred in the last decade making the choice of empirical antibiotic therapy a challenge. We report a paradigmatic case of a 54-year old man with hepatitis C-related cirrhosis admitted to the hospital for worsening of his ascites and onset of hepatic encephalopathy, an excellent example for the difficulties of management of sepsis in cirrhosis and the limits of current knowledge.

Interactions Between Food and Gut Microbiota: Impact on Human Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 389-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanbei Wu ◽  
Jiawei Wan ◽  
Uyory Choe ◽  
Quynhchi Pham ◽  
Norberta W. Schoene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Human Health ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Food Components ◽  
The Relationship

Understanding the relationship between food and the gut microbiota, their interactions, and how each modulates the other is critical for successful promotion of human health. This review seeks to summarize ( a) the current knowledge on the effects of food and food components on gut microbiota and ( b) the association between gut microbiota, consumption of food, and food bioactive components and the resulting beneficial health outcomes. Our goal is to provide state-of-the-art information on food and gut microbiota interactions and to stimulate discussions and research approaches that will move the field forward.

scholarly journals Modulation of Gut Microbiota to Enhance Effect of Checkpoint Inhibitor Immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianmin Wu ◽  
Shan Wang ◽  
Bo Zheng ◽  
Xinyao Qiu ◽  
Hongyang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitor ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Treatment Needs ◽  
Treatment Complication ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy ◽  
The Relationship

Accumulating evidence demonstrated the crucial role of gut microbiota in many human diseases, including cancer. Checkpoint inhibitor therapy has emerged as a novel treatment and has been clinically accepted as a major therapeutic strategy for cancer. Gut microbiota is related to cancer and the effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and supplement with specific bacterial species can restore or enhance the responses to the ICIs. Namely, specified bacteria can serve as the biomarkers for distinguishing the patient who will respond to ICIs and determine the effectiveness of ICIs, as well as predicting the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. Regardless of the significant findings, the relationship between gut microbiota and the effect of ICIs treatment needs a more thorough understanding to provide more effective therapeutic plans and reduce treatment complication. In this review, we summarized the role of gut microbiota played in immune system and cancer. We mainly focus on the relationship between gut microbiota and the checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy.

scholarly journals Phage Therapy as a Focused Management Strategy in Aquaculture

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10436
Author(s):  
José Ramos-Vivas ◽  
Joshua Superio ◽  
Jorge Galindo-Villegas ◽  
Félix Acosta
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Lytic Enzymes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cultured Fish

Therapeutic bacteriophages, commonly called as phages, are a promising potential alternative to antibiotics in the management of bacterial infections of a wide range of organisms including cultured fish. Their natural immunogenicity often induces the modulation of a variated collection of immune responses within several types of immunocytes while promoting specific mechanisms of bacterial clearance. However, to achieve standardized treatments at the practical level and avoid possible side effects in cultivated fish, several improvements in the understanding of their biology and the associated genomes are required. Interestingly, a particular feature with therapeutic potential among all phages is the production of lytic enzymes. The use of such enzymes against human and livestock pathogens has already provided in vitro and in vivo promissory results. So far, the best-understood phages utilized to fight against either Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacterial species in fish culture are mainly restricted to the Myoviridae and Podoviridae, and the Siphoviridae, respectively. However, the current functional use of phages against bacterial pathogens of cultured fish is still in its infancy. Based on the available data, in this review, we summarize the current knowledge about phage, identify gaps, and provide insights into the possible bacterial control strategies they might represent for managing aquaculture-related bacterial diseases.

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