scholarly journals You Are What You Eat—The Relationship between Diet, Microbiota, and Metabolic Disorders—A Review

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Moszak ◽  
Monika Szulińska ◽  
Paweł Bogdański
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vegetarian Diet ◽  
Bile Acid Metabolism ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
The Relationship

The gut microbiota (GM) is defined as the community of microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses) colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. GM regulates various metabolic pathways in the host, including those involved in energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and bile acid metabolism. The relationship between alterations in intestinal microbiota and diseases associated with civilization is well documented. GM dysbiosis is involved in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and neurological disorders. Multiple factors modulate the composition of the microbiota and how it physically functions, but one of the major factors triggering GM establishment is diet. In this paper, we reviewed the current knowledge about the relationship between nutrition, gut microbiota, and host metabolic status. We described how macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fat) and different dietary patterns (e.g., Western-style diet, vegetarian diet, Mediterranean diet) interact with the composition and activity of GM, and how gut bacterial dysbiosis has an influence on metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hyperlipidemia.

scholarly journals Liver Cirrhosis and Sarcopenia from the Viewpoint of Dysbiosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroki Nishikawa ◽  
Hirayuki Enomoto ◽  
Shuhei Nishiguchi ◽  
Hiroko Iijima
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Severe Disturbance

Sarcopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) has been attracting much attention these days because of the close linkage to adverse outcomes. LC can be related to secondary sarcopenia due to protein metabolic disorders and energy metabolic disorders. LC is associated with profound alterations in gut microbiota and injuries at the different levels of defensive mechanisms of the intestinal barrier. Dysbiosis refers to a state in which the diversity of gut microbiota is decreased by decreasing the bacterial species and the number of bacteria that compose the gut microbiota. The severe disturbance of intestinal barrier in LC can result in dysbiosis, several bacterial infections, LC-related complications, and sarcopenia. Here in this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of the relationship between sarcopenia and dysbiosis in patients with LC.

Relationship between gut microbiota, gut hyperpermeability, and obesity

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Gasmi ◽  
Pavan Kumar Mujawdiya ◽  
Lyudmila Pivina ◽  
Alexandru Doşa ◽  
Yuliya Semenova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
The Relationship

: Intestinal hyperpermeability is a complex metabolic process mediated by different pathways in close relation to the gut microbiota. Previous studies suggested that the gut microbiota is involved in different metabolic regulations, and its imbalance is associated with several metabolic diseases, including obesity. It is well known that intestinal hyperpermeability is associated with dysbiosis, and the combination of these two conditions can lead to an increase in the level of low-grade inflammation in obese patients due to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Inflammatory bowel syndrome often accompanies this condition causing an alteration of the intestinal mucosa and thus reinforcing the dysbiosis and gut hyperpermeability. The onset of metabolic disorders depends on violations of the integrity of the intestinal barrier as a result of increased intestinal permeability. Chronic inflammation due to endotoxemia is responsible for the development of obesity. Metabolic disorders are associated with dysregulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and with an altered composition of gut flora. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms that illustrate the relationship between hyperpermeability, the composition of the gut microbiota, and obesity.

scholarly journals The Relationship between the Gut Microbiome and Metformin as a Key for Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3566
Author(s):  
Chae Bin Lee ◽  
Soon Uk Chae ◽  
Seong Jun Jo ◽  
Ui Min Jerng ◽  
Soo Kyung Bae
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Potential Target ◽  
The Relationship

Metformin is the first-line pharmacotherapy for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, its mechanism of modulating glucose metabolism is elusive. Recent advances have identified the gut as a potential target of metformin. As patients with metabolic disorders exhibit dysbiosis, the gut microbiome has garnered interest as a potential target for metabolic disease. Henceforth, studies have focused on unraveling the relationship of metabolic disorders with the human gut microbiome. According to various metagenome studies, gut dysbiosis is evident in T2DM patients. Besides this, alterations in the gut microbiome were also observed in the metformin-treated T2DM patients compared to the non-treated T2DM patients. Thus, several studies on rodents have suggested potential mechanisms interacting with the gut microbiome, including regulation of glucose metabolism, an increase in short-chain fatty acids, strengthening intestinal permeability against lipopolysaccharides, modulating the immune response, and interaction with bile acids. Furthermore, human studies have demonstrated evidence substantiating the hypotheses based on rodent studies. This review discusses the current knowledge of how metformin modulates T2DM with respect to the gut microbiome and discusses the prospect of harnessing this mechanism in treating T2DM.

Abstract P247: Gut Microbiota From A Rat Model Of Metabolic Syndrome Lowers Fitness Of High Exercise Capacity Rats (HCR/ Tol ) By Impairing Energy Homeostasis And Increasing Blood Pressure

Hypertension ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guannan Zhou ◽  
Tao Yang ◽  
Sivarajan Kumarasamy ◽  
Bina Joe ◽  
Lauren G Koch
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Exercise Capacity ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Acid Oxidation

Introduction: Low exercise capacity is a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease and overall mortality. Previously we have shown that rats artificially selected for low intrinsic exercise capacity (LCR) have reduced longevity and develop features consistent with metabolic syndrome (MetS) compared to high intrinsic exercise capacity rats (HCR). Current knowledge suggests that gut microbiota is an important contributor for host fitness. Thus, we hypothesized that transferring gut microbiota from LCR rats into inbred high capacity runner (HCR /Tol ) rats would increase risk factors for MetS, including high blood pressure (BP), gain in body weight (BW), and altered resting energy metabolism. Methods: Gut microbiota was depleted in male HCR/ Tol rats (4 mo.) by an antibiotic cocktail given orally (50mg/kg of BW/day) for 5 days, followed by weekly fecal microbiota transfer (FMT) from male LCR or HCR rats (13 mo.) to generate HCR/ Tol -LCR FMT (n = 5) or HCR/ Tol -HCR FMT (n = 6) groups. BW was measured every 4 weeks. At week 11, whole body metabolism was measured by indirect calorimetry (Oxymax, Columbus Instruments). Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER), Energy Expenditure (EE), glucose and fat oxidation were calculated from oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide release (VO 2 and VCO 2 ). At week 12, BP was measured by tail-cuff method (Kent Scientific) and treadmill exercise test was done at week 13. Results: Compared to HCR/ Tol -HCR FMT , HCR/ Tol -LCR FMT showed a significant gain in BW (7.2% vs 1.9%, P<0.05), elevated systolic BP (147 vs 120 mmHg, P<0.0001), diastolic BP (112 vs 91 mmHg, P<0.01), and mean BP (123 vs 100 mmHg, P<0.001). BP changes in HCR/ Tol -LCR FMT associated with 1) increased VO 2 (355 vs 320 ml/hr, P<0.05), 2) elevated VCO 2 (350 vs 298 ml/hr, P<0.01), 3) increased EE (1.8 vs 1.6 kcal/hr, P<0.01), 4) higher RER (0.96 vs 0.91, P<0.001), 5) higher glucose oxidation (1.36 vs 1.12 g/kg/hr, P<0.001) and 6) reduced fatty acid oxidation (0.09 vs 0.15 g/kg/hr, P<0.01) and a 23% lower exercise capacity. Conclusions: Gut microbiota from LCR rats strongly associated with poor health outcomes, notably elevated BP and impaired energy metabolism. These findings suggest that altered energy homeostasis by microbiota is mechanistically linked to host BP regulation within MetS.

Alterations in Bile Acid Metabolism Associated With Inflammatory Bowel Disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Li ◽  
Shukai Zhan ◽  
Zhenyi Tian ◽  
Caiguang Liu ◽  
Zonglin Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Bile Acid Metabolism ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Abstract Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory disorder closely related to gut dysbiosis, which is associated with alterations in an important bacterial metabolite, bile acids (BAs). Although certain findings pertinent to BA changes in IBD vary among studies owing to the differences in sample type, quantitated BA species, study methodology, and patient characteristics, a specific trend concerning variations of BAs in IBD has been identified. In elaborating on this observation, it was noted that primary BAs and conjugated BAs are augmented in fecal samples but there is a reduction in secondary BAs in fecal samples. It is not entirely clear why patients with IBD manifest these changes and what role these changes play in the onset and development of IBD. Previous studies have shown that IBD-associated BA changes may be caused by alterations in BA absorption, synthesis, and bacterial modification. The complex relationship between bacteria and BAs may provide additional and deeper insight into host-gut microbiota interactions in the pathogenesis of IBD. The characteristic BA changes may generate profound effects in patients with IBD by shaping the gut microbiota community, affecting inflammatory processes, causing BA malabsorption associated with diarrhea, and even leading to intestinal dysplasia and cancer. Thus, therapeutic strategies correcting the alterations in the composition of BAs, including the elimination of excess BAs and the supplementation of deficient BAs, may prove promising in IBD.

Interactions Between Food and Gut Microbiota: Impact on Human Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 389-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanbei Wu ◽  
Jiawei Wan ◽  
Uyory Choe ◽  
Quynhchi Pham ◽  
Norberta W. Schoene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Human Health ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Food Components ◽  
The Relationship

Understanding the relationship between food and the gut microbiota, their interactions, and how each modulates the other is critical for successful promotion of human health. This review seeks to summarize ( a) the current knowledge on the effects of food and food components on gut microbiota and ( b) the association between gut microbiota, consumption of food, and food bioactive components and the resulting beneficial health outcomes. Our goal is to provide state-of-the-art information on food and gut microbiota interactions and to stimulate discussions and research approaches that will move the field forward.

Glucocorticoid hormones and energy homeostasis

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roldan M. de Guia ◽  
Adam J. Rose ◽  
Stephan Herzig
Keyword(s):  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Endocrine Control ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Steroid Binding

AbstractGlucocorticoids (GC) and their cognate intracellular receptor, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), have been characterised as critical checkpoints in the endocrine control of energy homeostasis in mammals. Indeed, aberrant GC action has been linked to a variety of severe metabolic diseases, including obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. As a steroid-binding member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors, the GR translocates into the cell nucleus upon GC binding where it serves as a transcriptional regulator of distinct GC-responsive target genes that are – in many cases – associated with glucose and lipid regulatory pathways and thereby intricately control both physiological and pathophysiological systemic energy homeostasis. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of GC/GR function in energy metabolism and systemic metabolic dysfunction, particularly focusing on glucose and lipid metabolism.

scholarly journals Gastroenterocardiology: Or what do the gut and the heart have in common?

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22
Author(s):  
Zoran Joksimović ◽  
Dušan Bastać ◽  
Snežana Pavlović
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

The gut microbiota of our organism is a community of bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses and parasites that make up a unique ecosystem in the digestive tract, which consists of about 1014 microorganisms. The diversity of this community between individuals occurs because of the differences in the host genome and the impact of environmental factors, including hygiene, diet, lifestyle and the use of different drugs. Significant evidence suggests that changes in the microbiota could play a role in cardiovascular diseases. The results of research papers for the last two decades have confirmed that altered gut microbiota composition (dysbiosis) contributes to the development of various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic inflammatory bowel disease and even certain types of cancer. There is growing evidence that in the future, apart from current predisposing factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, including genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors, one should count on new risk factors such as nutritional disproportion and gut dysbiosis. Thus, we look upon the relationship between the gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular system, i.e. the "gut-heart axis" in a new way.

scholarly journals Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily R Leeming ◽  
Abigail J Johnson ◽  
Tim D Spector ◽  
Caroline I Le Roy
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Modifiable Factor ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Dietary Strategies

The human gut is inhabited by trillions of microorganisms composing a dynamic ecosystem implicated in health and disease. The composition of the gut microbiota is unique to each individual and tends to remain relatively stable throughout life, yet daily transient fluctuations are observed. Diet is a key modifiable factor influencing the composition of the gut microbiota, indicating the potential for therapeutic dietary strategies to manipulate microbial diversity, composition, and stability. While diet can induce a shift in the gut microbiota, these changes appear to be temporary. Whether prolonged dietary changes can induce permanent alterations in the gut microbiota is unknown, mainly due to a lack of long-term human dietary interventions, or long-term follow-ups of short-term dietary interventions. It is possible that habitual diets have a greater influence on the gut microbiota than acute dietary strategies. This review presents the current knowledge around the response of the gut microbiota to short-term and long-term dietary interventions and identifies major factors that contribute to microbiota response to diet. Overall, further research on long-term diets that include health and microbiome measures is required before clinical recommendations can be made for dietary modulation of the gut microbiota for health.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document