scholarly journals Viruses in Cancers of the Digestive System: Active Contributors or Idle Bystanders?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 8133
Author(s):  
Martin Marônek ◽  
René Link ◽  
Giovanni Monteleone ◽  
Roman Gardlík ◽  
Carmine Stolfi
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Tissue Homeostasis ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Viral Particles

The human virome, which is a collection of all the viruses that are present in the human body, is increasingly being recognized as an essential part of the human microbiota. The human gastrointestinal tract and related organs (e.g., liver, pancreas, and gallbladder)—composing the gastrointestinal (or digestive) system—contain a huge number of viral particles which contribute to maintaining tissue homeostasis and keeping our body healthy. However, perturbations of the virome steady-state may, both directly and indirectly, ignite/sustain oncogenic mechanisms contributing to the initiation of a dysplastic process and/or cancer progression. In this review, we summarize and discuss the available evidence on the association and role of viruses in the development of cancers of the digestive system.

scholarly journals A Multiphase Flow in the Antroduodenal Portion of the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Mathematical Model

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Trusov ◽  
N. V. Zaitseva ◽  
M. R. Kamaltdinov
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Multiphase Flow ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
System Model ◽  
Food Density ◽  
Secretory Function ◽  
Functional Disorders ◽  
Food Particles

A group of authors has developed a multilevel mathematical model that focuses on functional disorders in a human body associated with various chemical, physical, social, and other factors. At this point, the researchers have come up with structure, basic definitions and concepts of a mathematical model at the “macrolevel” that allow describing processes in a human body as a whole. Currently we are working at the “mesolevel” of organs and systems. Due to complexity of the tasks, this paper deals with only one meso-fragment of a digestive system model. It describes some aspects related to modeling multiphase flow in the antroduodenal portion of the gastrointestinal tract. Biochemical reactions, dissolution of food particles, and motor, secretory, and absorbing functions of the tract are taken into consideration. The paper outlines some results concerning influence of secretory function disorders on food dissolution rate and tract contents acidity. The effect which food density has on inflow of food masses from a stomach to a bowel is analyzed. We assume that the future development of the model will include digestive enzymes and related reactions of lipolysis, proteolysis, and carbohydrates breakdown.

scholarly journals Symposium ‘understanding and managing satiety: processes and opportunities’

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppina Mandalari
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Appetite Control ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Control And Management ◽  
Unique Composition ◽  
Food Hedonics

Abstract This brief report summarises a framework for understanding satiety presented at the 13th European Nutrition Conference, FENS 2019 – Malnutrition in an Obese World: European Perspectives. Aspects of satiety phenotyping and role of food hedonics in satiation are considered in the context of appetite control and obesity. Almonds are evaluated for their unique composition and structure which affect their behaviour in the human gastrointestinal tract. Their role in appetite control and management of satiety has been explored.

scholarly journals Inter-relationship between Annavaha Srotas and Agni W.S.R. Shodhana Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
Mahesh Prasad Sah ◽  
Bijendra Shah ◽  
Gouri Chauhan ◽  
OP Singh
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Disease Elimination

Ayurveda defines human body is made of different gross and subtle channels called srotas. Srotas are the channels through which different elements undergo transformation, transmutation, circulation and transportation. The srotas is an integral part of the body, serving as a route to conduct or convey a substance from one place to other. There are 13 major srotas mentioned. The Srotas or channels which carry Anna or Food is called Annavaha Srotas. Some authorities equate the Annavaha Srotas with the some parts of digestive system or the gastrointestinal tract. Agni, the transformative energy, in the Annavaha srotas digest and transforms the food into components suitable for the body. Impairment of function of agni is root the cause of the disease, which manifest either in Annavaha srotas or other srotas in the body. Thus, correction of agni is the prime in treatment of any disease. Elimination of vitiated doshas by Pancakarma procedure viz Vaman and Virechana has shown to have impact on agni through various guna in the drugs used in these therapy. Sodhana procedures has a significant role in improving the function of agni and restoring the health.

scholarly journals Microplastics as Vectors of Chromium and Lead during Dynamic Simulation of the Human Gastrointestinal Tract

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4792
Author(s):  
Verónica Godoy ◽  
Antonio Martínez-Férez ◽  
María Ángeles Martín-Lara ◽  
José Antonio Vellido-Pérez ◽  
Mónica Calero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Surface Porosity ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
First Time ◽  
Kinetics Of

The human body is exposed to the ingestion of microplastics that are often contaminated with other substances, which can be released into our body. In this work, a dynamic in-vitro simulator of the gastrointestinal tract based on a membrane reactor has been used for the first time to study the release, bioaccessibility, and bioavailability of chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) from polyethylene and polypropylene microplastics previously contaminated in the laboratory. The results showed that 23.11% of the initial Cr and 23.17% of the initial Pb present in microplastics were able to cross the tubular membrane, simulating the intestinal absorption phase. The pH evolution during the gastric phase and the duodenal phase, the interaction mechanisms with physiological fluids, and the properties of the polymers, such as specific surface, porosity, and/or surface degradation, affected the kinetics of release from the microplastics and the behavior of both heavy metals. Cr was released very early in the gastric phase, but also began simultaneously to precipitate quite fast, while Pb was released slower and in less quantity than Cr, and did not precipitate until the beginning of the duodenal phase. This study shows, for the first time, how useful the dynamic gastrointestinal simulator is to study the behavior of microplastics and some problematic heavy metals along the human gastrointestinal tract, and can serve as a reference for future studies focused on the effects of these substances in the human body.

scholarly journals The Emerging Role of Nerves and Glia in Colorectal Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Simone L. Schonkeren ◽  
Meike S. Thijssen ◽  
Nathalie Vaes ◽  
Werend Boesmans ◽  
Veerle Melotte
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Hirschsprung Disease ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Gut Function

The role of the nervous system as a contributor in the tumor microenvironment has been recognized in different cancer types, including colorectal cancer (CRC). The gastrointestinal tract is a highly innervated organ system, which is not only innervated by the autonomic nervous system, but also contains an extensive nervous system of its own; the enteric nervous system (ENS). The ENS is important for gut function and homeostasis by regulating processes such as fluid absorption, blood flow, and gut motility. Dysfunction of the ENS has been linked with multiple gastrointestinal diseases, such as Hirschsprung disease and inflammatory bowel disease, and even with neurodegenerative disorders. How the extrinsic and intrinsic innervation of the gut contributes to CRC is not fully understood, although a mutual relationship between cancer cells and nerves has been described. Nerves enhance cancer progression through the secretion of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, and cancer cells are capable of stimulating nerve growth. This review summarizes and discusses the nervous system innervation of the gastrointestinal tract and how it can influence carcinogenesis, and vice versa. Lastly, the therapeutic potential of these novel insights is discussed.

scholarly journals Modulation of Gut-Brain Axis by probiotics: A promising anti-depressant approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koumudhi Rajanala ◽  
Nitesh Kumar ◽  
Mallikarjuna Rao Chamallamudi
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Food Supplements ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Human Digestive System ◽  
The Brain

: The human digestive system is embedded with trillions of microbes of various species and genera. These organisms serve several purposes in human body and exist in symbiosis with the host. Their major role is involved in digestion and conversion of food materials into many useful substrates for human body. Apart from this, the gut microbiota also maintains healthy communication with other body parts including the brain. The connection between gut microbiota and brain is termed as Gut-Brain Axis (GBA) and these connections are established by neuronal, endocrine and immunological pathways. Thus, they are involved in neurophysiology and neuropathology of several diseases like Parkinson’s Disease (PD), Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Depression and Autism. There are several food supplements such as prebiotics and probiotics the modulate the composition of gut microbiota. This article provides a review about the role of gut microbiota in depression and supplements such as probiotics that are useful in the treatment of depression.

scholarly journals Direct Intercellular Communications and Cancer: A Snapshot of the Biological Roles of Connexins in Prostate Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catalina Asencio-Barría ◽  
Norah Defamie ◽  
Juan C. Sáez ◽  
Marc Mesnil ◽  
Alejandro S. Godoy
Keyword(s):  
Gap Junctions ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Tissue Homeostasis ◽  
Tunneling Nanotubes ◽  
Intercellular Communications ◽  
Precise Role ◽  
Intercellular Network

Tissue homeostasis is the result of a complex intercellular network controlling the behavior of every cell for the survival of the whole organism. In mammalian tissues, cells do communicate via diverse long- and short-range communication mechanisms. While long-range communication involves hormones through blood circulation and neural transmission, short-range communication mechanisms include either paracrine diffusible factors or direct interactions (e.g., gap junctions, intercellular bridges and tunneling nanotubes) or a mixture of both (e.g., exosomes). Tumor growth represents an alteration of tissue homeostasis and could be the consequence of intercellular network disruption. In this network, direct short-range intercellular communication seems to be particularly involved. The first type of these intercellular communications thought to be involved in cancer progression were gap junctions and their protein subunits, the connexins. From these studies came the general assumption that global decreased connexin expression is correlated to tumor progression and increased cell proliferation. However, this assumption appeared more complicated by the fact that connexins may act also as pro-tumorigenic. Then, the concept that direct intercellular communication could be involved in cancer has been expanded to include new forms of intercellular communication such as tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) and exosomes. TNTs are intercellular bridges that allow free exchange of small molecules or even mitochondria depending on the presence of gap junctions. The majority of current research shows that such exchanges promote cancer progression by increasing resistance to hypoxia and chemotherapy. If exosomes are also involved in these mechanisms, more studies are needed to understand their precise role. Prostate cancer (PCa) represents a type of malignancy with one of the highest incidence rates worldwide. The precise role of these types of direct short-range intercellular communication has been considered in the progression of PCa. However, even though data are in favor of connexins playing a key role in PCa progression, a clear understanding of the role of TNTs and exosomes is needed to define their precise role in this malignancy. This review article summarizes the current view of the main mechanisms involved in short-range intercellular communication and their implications in cancer and delves into the biological, predictive and therapeutic role of connexins in PCa.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota as important modulator of metabolism in health and disease

RSC Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (74) ◽  
pp. 42380-42389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang-qian Wang ◽  
Ai-hua Zhang ◽  
Jian-hua Miao ◽  
Hui Sun ◽  
Guang-li Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Health And Disease

The human gastrointestinal tract colonizes a large number of microbial microflora to participate in various metabolic processes in the human body, and plays a major role in the host immune response.

scholarly journals Exosome in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Complex World Full of Hope

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria Bellin ◽  
Chiara Gardin ◽  
Letizia Ferroni ◽  
Juan Chachques ◽  
Massimo Rogante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Tissue Homeostasis ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Complex World ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Important Means

Exosomes are a subgroup of extracellular vesicles containing a huge number of bioactive molecules. They represent an important means of cell communication, mostly between different cell populations, with the purpose of maintaining tissue homeostasis and coordinating the adaptive response to stress. This type of intercellular communication is important in the cardiovascular field, mainly due to the fact that the heart is a complex multicellular system. Given the growing interest in the role of exosomes in cardiovascular diseases and the numerous studies published in the last few decades, we focused on the most relevant results about exosomes in the cardiovascular filed starting from their characterization, passing through the study of their function, and ending with perspectives for their use in cardiovascular therapies.

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