scholarly journals The Role of the Gastric Hormones Ghrelin and Nesfatin-1 in Reproduction

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (20) ◽  
pp. 11059
Author(s):  
Martha A. Schalla ◽  
Andreas Stengel
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Gastric Mucosa ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Peptide Hormones ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Hpg Axis ◽  
Physiological Systems

Ghrelin and nesfatin-1 are enteroendocrine peptide hormones expressed in rat X/A-like and human P/D1cells of the gastric mucosa. Besides their effect on food intake, both peptides are also implicated in various other physiological systems. One of these is the reproductive system. This present review illustrates the distribution of ghrelin and nesfatin-1 along the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, their modulation by reproductive hormones, and effects on reproductive functions as well as highlighting gaps in current knowledge to foster further research.

Food intake regulation in late pregnancy and early lactation

1999 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 37-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Ingvartsen ◽  
N. C. Friggens ◽  
P. Faverdin
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Physical Constraints ◽  
Body Reserves ◽  
Food Intake Regulation ◽  
Periparturient Cows ◽  
Intake Regulation

AbstractThe dip in food intake, which starts in late pregnancy and continues into early lactation, has traditionally been interpreted as a depression in intake due to physical constraints. However, the rôle of physical constraints on intake has been overemphasized, particularly in early lactation. There is mounting evidence that the presence and mobilization of body reserves in early lactation play an important rôle in regulating intake at this time.Conceptually, the dip in intake in early lactation observed when cows have access to non-limiting foods can be accounted for by assuming that the cow has a desired level of body reserves. When the cow is not compromised, the changes with time in body reserves and the dip in intake represent the normal case and provide the basis against which to assess true depressions in intake which may occur when the cow is compromised by limiting nutrition or environment.The regulation of body reserves and intake in the periparturient cow is orchestrated through nervous and hormonal signals. Likely factors that are involved in intake regulation are reproductive hormones, neuropeptides, adrenergic signals, insulin and insulin resistance and leptin. Furthermore, oxidation of NEFA in the liver may result in feedback signals that reduce intake. The relative importance of these is discussed. A better understanding of the physiological signals involved in intake regulation and their interrelations with body weight regulation may provide important indicators of the degree of compromise that periparturient cows may experience.

scholarly journals Obesity and Hypogonadism—A Narrative Review Highlighting the Need for High-Quality Data in Adolescents

Children ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasnim Mushannen ◽  
Priscilla Cortez ◽  
Fatima Cody Stanford ◽  
Vibha Singhal
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Clomiphene Citrate ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Male Hypogonadism ◽  
Hpg Axis ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Sexual Characteristics

The prevalence of obesity continues to rise in adult and pediatric populations throughout the world. Obesity has a direct impact on all organ systems, including the reproductive system. This review summarizes current knowledge about the effects of obesity on the male reproductive system across age, highlighting the need for more data in children and adolescents. Male hypogonadism is commonly seen in patients with obesity and affects the onset, duration, and progression of puberty. Different pathophysiologic mechanisms include increased peripheral conversion of testosterone to estrone and increased inflammation due to increased fat, both of which lead to suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadotropin (HPG) axis and delayed development of secondary sexual characteristics in adolescent males. Evaluation of the HPG axis in obesity includes a thorough history to exclude other causes of hypogonadism and syndromic associations. Evaluation should also include investigating the complications of low testosterone, including increased visceral fat, decreased bone density, cardiovascular disease risk, and impaired mood and cognition, among others. The mainstay of treatment is weight reduction, but medications such as testosterone and clomiphene citrate used in adults, remain scarcely used in adolescents. Male hypogonadism associated with obesity is common and providers who care for adolescents and young adults with obesity should be aware of its impact and management.

scholarly journals The Role of BMP Signaling in Female Reproductive System Development and Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11927
Author(s):  
Esmeralda Magro-Lopez ◽  
María Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
System Development ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Bmp Signaling ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
And Function

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of multifunctional growth factors that belong to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of proteins. Originally identified by their ability to induce bone formation, they are now known as essential signaling molecules that regulate the development and function of the female reproductive system (FRS). Several BMPs play key roles in aspects of reproductive system development. BMPs have also been described to be involved in the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into reproductive system tissues or organoids. The role of BMPs in the reproductive system is still poorly understood and the use of FRS tissue or organoids generated from hPSCs would provide a powerful tool for the study of FRS development and the generation of new therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of FRS diseases. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about BMP signaling in FRS development and function.

Differential role of melanocortins in mediating leptin's central effects on feeding and reproduction

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (1) ◽  
pp. R50-R59 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Hohmann ◽  
Thomas H. Teal ◽  
Donald K. Clifton ◽  
James Davis ◽  
Victor J. Hruby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Melanocortin Receptor ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
The Status ◽  
Reproductive Endocrine ◽  
Intracerebroventricular Injections ◽  
Ingestive Behaviors ◽  
The Brain

Leptin serves as a humoral link coupling the status of energy reserves to the functional activity of the reproductive system. Leptin is thought to act through melanocortinergic pathways in the brain to regulate ingestive behaviors; however, whether melanocortins mediate leptin's actions on the neuroendocrine-reproductive axis is unknown. We tested this hypothesis first by determining whether the effects of leptin on feeding behavior and reproduction in the ob/ob mouse could be blocked by the melanocortin receptor (MC-R) antagonist SHU9119 and second, by examining the effects of the MC-R agonist MTII on feeding and the endocrine-reproductive system. Administered by intracerebroventricular injections, leptin inhibited food intake, raised plasma gonadotropin levels, and increased seminal vesicle weights compared with controls; SHU9119 (intracerebroventricularly) attenuated leptin's effects on food intake and body weight but did not alter leptin's stimulatory effect on the reproductive axis. MTII (intracerebroventricularly and intraperitoneally) decreased food intake and increased body temperature compared with controls but had no effect on the reproductive-endocrine axis. These results suggest that although leptin acts centrally through melanocortinergic pathways to inhibit ingestive behaviors and stimulate metabolism, leptin's activational effect on the reproductive axis is likely to be mediated by other, unknown neuroendocrine circuits.

scholarly journals Glial Modulation of Energy Balance: The Dorsal Vagal Complex Is No Exception

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 960
Author(s):  
Jean-Denis Troadec ◽  
Stéphanie Gaigé ◽  
Manon Barbot ◽  
Bruno Lebrun ◽  
Rym Barbouche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Dorsal Vagal Complex ◽  
Central Regulation ◽  
The World ◽  
Nutritional Imbalance ◽  
Nutritional Balance

The avoidance of being overweight or obese is a daily challenge for a growing number of people. The growing proportion of people suffering from a nutritional imbalance in many parts of the world exemplifies this challenge and emphasizes the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate nutritional balance. Until recently, research on the central regulation of food intake primarily focused on neuronal signaling, with little attention paid to the role of glial cells. Over the last few decades, our understanding of glial cells has changed dramatically. These cells are increasingly regarded as important neuronal partners, contributing not just to cerebral homeostasis, but also to cerebral signaling. Our understanding of the central regulation of energy balance is part of this (r)evolution. Evidence is accumulating that glial cells play a dynamic role in the modulation of energy balance. In the present review, we summarize recent data indicating that the multifaceted glial compartment of the brainstem dorsal vagal complex (DVC) should be considered in research aimed at identifying feeding-related processes operating at this level.

scholarly journals Lysosomotropic Features and Autophagy Modulators among Medical Drugs: Evaluation of Their Role in Pathologies

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 5052
Author(s):  
Tatiana A. Korolenko ◽  
Thomas P. Johnston ◽  
Vaclav Vetvicka
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Cellular Biochemistry ◽  
Biochemical Pharmacology

The concept of lysosomotropic agents significantly changed numerous aspects of cellular biochemistry, biochemical pharmacology, and clinical medicine. In the present review, we focused on numerous low-molecular and high-molecular lipophilic basic compounds and on the role of lipophagy and autophagy in experimental and clinical medicine. Attention was primarily focused on the most promising agents acting as autophagy inducers, which offer a new window for treatment and/or prophylaxis of various diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, Parkinson’s disease, and atherosclerosis. The present review summarizes current knowledge on the lysosomotropic features of medical drugs, as well as autophagy inducers, and their role in pathological processes.

scholarly journals The crosstalk between melatonin and sex steroid hormones

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Cipolla-Neto ◽  
Fernanda Gaspar Amaral ◽  
José Maria Soares-Jr ◽  
Camila Congentino Gallo ◽  
André Furtado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Circulating Levels

Melatonin, an indolamine mainly released from the pineal gland, is associated with many biological functions namely the modulation of circadian and seasonal rhythms, sleep inducer, regulator of energy metabolism, antioxidant and anticarcinogenic. Although several evidences also recognize the influence of melatonin in the reproductive physiology, the crosstalk between melatonin and sex hormones is not clear. Here, we review the effects of sex differences in the circulating levels of melatonin and update the current knowledge on the link between sex hormones and melatonin. Furthermore, we explore the effects of melatonin on gonadal steroidogenesis and hormonal control in females. The literature review shows that despite the strong evidence that sex differences impact on the circadian profiles of melatonin, reports are still considerably ambiguous and these differences may arise from several factors, like the use of contraceptive pills, hormonal status and sleep deprivation. Furthermore, there has been an inconclusive debate about the characteristics of the reciprocal relationship between melatonin and reproductive hormones. In this regard, there is evidence for the role of melatonin in gonadal steroidogenesis brought about by research that shows that melatonin affects multiple transduction pathways that modulate Sertoli cell physiology and consequently spermatogenesis, and also estrogen and progesterone production. From the outcome of our research, it is possible to conclude that understanding the correlation between melatonin and reproductive hormones is crucial for the correction of several complications occurring during pregnancy, like pre-eclampsia and for the control of climacteric symptoms.

scholarly journals Bisphenol A and Its Analogues Deteriorate the Hormones Physiological Function of the Male Reproductive System: A Mini-Review

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1744
Author(s):  
Asma’ ‘Afifah Shamhari ◽  
Zariyantey Abd Hamid ◽  
Siti Balkis Budin ◽  
Nurul Jehan Shamsudin ◽  
Izatus Shima Taib
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Human Biomonitoring ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Male Reproductive System ◽  
Hpg Axis ◽  
Physiological Functions

BPA is identified as an endocrine-disrupting chemical that deteriorates the physiological function of the hormones of the male reproductive system. Bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS), and bisphenol AF (BPAF) are actively explored as substitutes for BPA and are known as BPA analogues in most manufacturing industries. These analogues may demonstrate the same adverse effects as BPA on the male reproductive system; however, toxicological data explaining the male reproductive hormones’ physiological functions are still limited. Hence, this mini-review discusses the effects of BPA and its analogues on the physiological functions of hormones in the male reproductive system, focusing on the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis, steroidogenesis, and spermatogenesis outcomes. The BPA analogues mainly show a similar negative effect on the hormones’ physiological functions, proven by alterations in the HPG axis and steroidogenesis via activation of the aromatase activity and reduction of spermatogenesis outcomes when compared to BPA in in vitro and in vivo studies. Human biomonitoring studies also provide significant adverse effects on the physiological functions of hormones in the male reproductive system. In conclusion, BPA and its analogues deteriorate the physiological functions of hormones in the male reproductive system as per in vitro , in vivo , and human biomonitoring studies.

scholarly journals Adiponectin: A New Regulator of Female Reproductive System

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamil Dobrzyn ◽  
Nina Smolinska ◽  
Marta Kiezun ◽  
Karol Szeszko ◽  
Edyta Rytelewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Female Fertility ◽  
Hormonal Status ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Fertility Regulation ◽  
Hpg Axis ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Growing Body

Adiponectin is the hormone that belongs to the group of adipokines, chemical agents mainly derived from the white adipose tissue. The hormone plays pleiotropic roles in the organism, but the most important function of adiponectin is the control of energy metabolism. The presence of adiponectin and its receptors in the structures responsible for the regulation of female reproductive functions, such as hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, indicates that adiponectin may be involved in the female fertility regulation. The growing body of evidence suggests also that adiponectin action is dependent on the actual and hormonal status of the animal. Present study presents the current knowledge about the presence and role of adiponectin system (adiponectin and its receptors: AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) in the ovaries, oviduct, and uterus, as well as in the hypothalamus and pituitary, the higher branches of HPG axis, involved in the female fertility regulation.

Diversity of the SUMOylation machinery in plants

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Maria Lois
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biological Role ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Biochemical Studies ◽  
High Degree

In the last decade, SUMOylation has emerged as an essential post-translational modification in eukaryotes. In plants, the biological role of SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) has been studied through genetic approaches that together with recent biochemical studies suggest that the plant SUMOylation system has a high degree of complexity. The present review summarizes our current knowledge on the SUMOylation system in Arabidopsis, focusing on the mechanistic properties of the machinery components identified.

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