scholarly journals Impacts of Dietary Nutritional Composition on Larval Development and Adult Body Composition in the Yellow Fever Mosquito (Aedes aegypti)

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 535
Author(s):  
Tess van Schoor ◽  
Erin Taylor Kelly ◽  
Nicole Tam ◽  
Geoffrey Michael Attardo
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
Rice Flour ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Dietary Requirements ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Lipid Stores ◽  
Critical Nutrients

Background: the mosquito Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) is an important vector of arboviruses, including Zika, Dengue, and Chikungunya. The dietary requirements of larval Ae. aegypti are not well understood and likely impact developmental and physiological parameters knowledge of which could be important for vector control. This study examines the effects nutrition has on growth and development of larval Ae. aegypti of laboratory-reared Rockefeller strain mosquitoes. Methods: mosquito larvae were split into five feeding groups with diets providing different ratios of protein and carbohydrates. Each group received autolyzed Brewer’s yeast (AY - high-protein), and/or rice flour (RF—high-carbohydrate). The groups were monitored to record larval developmental times, adult sizes and nutritional stores. Results: the 100% AY group failed to pupate, suggesting the AY alone is either lacking in critical nutrients or is toxic at higher concentrations. The 100% RF group resulted in the smallest adults that took the longest time to reach pupation. Of the remaining groups, the 25% AY/75% RF (Med–low) diet yielded adult mosquitoes with highest average weight, wing length, and lipid stores relative to the other diets. Conclusions: the dietary requirements for development, body size, and nutrient stores of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes appear to be dependent on a relatively low but essential proportion of dietary protein to carbohydrates to achieve optimal developmental outcomes.

DENSITY-DEPENDENT FERTILITY SELECTION IN EXPERIMENTAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 849B-869
Author(s):  
Andrew G Clark ◽  
Marcus W Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
High Density ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Adult Body Weight ◽  
Mutant Lines

ABSTRACT The effects of larval density on components of fertility fitness were investigated with two mutant lines of Drosophila melanogaster. The differences in adult body weight, wing length, larval survivorship and development time verified that flies reared at high density were resource limited. Experimental results indicate that: (1) relative fecundities of both sexes show density-dependent effects, (2) there is a strong density effect on male and female mating success, and (3) in general, there is a reduction in fecundity differences between genotypes at high density. These results imply that it may be important to consider fertility in models of density-dependent natural selection.

Effects of Ascogregarina culicis (Eugregarinorida: Lecudinidae) on Mosquito Size and Dengue Virus Infection in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panpim Thongsripong ◽  
Dawn M Wesson
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Dengue Virus Infection ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Dengue virus infection, transmitted via mosquito bites, poses a substantial risk to global public health. Studies suggest that the mosquito’s microbial community can profoundly influence vector-borne pathogen transmissions, including dengue virus. Ascogregarina culicis (Ross) of the phylum Apicomplexa is among the most common parasites of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), the principal vector of dengue. Despite a high prevalence worldwide, including in the areas where dengue is endemic, the impact of A. culicis on Ae. aegypti vector competence for dengue virus is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of A. culicis infection on mosquito size and fitness, as measured by wing length, and the susceptibility to dengue virus infection in Ae. aegypti. Our results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in wing lengths between Ae. aegypti infected and not infected with A. culicis. Furthermore, A. culicis infection did not significantly affect dengue virus infection or disseminated infection rate. However, there was a significant association between shorter wings and higher dengue virus infection rate, whereby a 0.1-mm increase in wing length decreased the odds of the mosquito being infected by 32%. Thus, based on our result, A. culicis infection does not influence the body size and dengue virus infection in Ae. aegypti. This study helps to shed light on a common but neglected eukaryotic mosquito parasite.

scholarly journals Insecticide Resistance and Fitness: The Case of Four Aedes aegypti Populations from Different Brazilian Regions

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Rocha David ◽  
Gabriela Azambuja Garcia ◽  
Denise Valle ◽  
Rafael Maciel-de-Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Fitness Cost ◽  
Starvation Tolerance ◽  
Energy Trade ◽  
Female Survival ◽  
Free Environment

Background. Chemical control is still a major strategy to constrain vector density and mitigate pathogen transmission. However, insecticide overuse poses a high selective pressure, favouring the spread of resistance alleles in natural populations. In an insecticide-free environment, a fitness cost is expected in resistant insects when compared to susceptible counterparts. This study investigates whether insecticide resistance to an organophosphate (temephos) and a pyrethroid (deltamethrin) is associated with fitness traits in four Aedes aegypti wild populations sampled every three months over one year. Findings. We measured development time from larvae to adult, female survival, wing length, fecundity, and adult resistance to starvation in field insecticide resistant Ae. aegypti populations four times over a year. These results were confronted with resistance levels to temephos and deltamethrin and with potentially related mechanisms, including a kdr mutation in the pyrethroid target site. No differences in fitness cost were found after contrasting mosquitoes from the same population collected throughout a year, irrespective of differences in insecticide resistance levels. Additionally, significant differences were not observed among field populations. However, compared to the reference strain Rockefeller, field females survived significantly less. Moreover, larval development was equal or slower in three out of four field populations. In no case differences were evidenced in starvation tolerance, wing length, and fecundity. Conclusions. Overall, field resistant mosquitoes seemed to have a slight fitness disadvantage when compared with the Rockefeller susceptible strain which might represent a potential fitness cost of insecticide resistance. However, after comparing Ae. aegypti from the same population but sampled at different moments, or from different field populations, mosquito life-history traits varied independently of resistance ratios. The metabolic deviations necessary to overcome the adverse effects of insecticides may cause an energy trade-off that affects energy allocation and ultimately basic demands of insect biology. The extent of fitness cost due to insecticide resistance is critical information to delay the evolution of resistance in wild vector populations.

scholarly journals Testing of Two Varieties of Lupin Seeds as Substitutes for Soya Extracted Meal in Vegetable Diets Designed for Young Broilers

2006 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Suchý ◽  
E. Straková ◽  
V. Večerek ◽  
V. Šerman ◽  
N. Mas
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Lupin Seed ◽  
Lupin Seeds ◽  
Protein Components

The main aim of this experiment was to verify the suitability of two Polish varieties of dehulled lupin seed (the low-protein SONET variety and the high-protein JUNO variety) as protein components to replace 50% of soya extract meal in feeding mixtures designed for the feeding of young broilers. The results of this experiment demonstrate that suitable treatment of lupin seed (dehulling) may significantly increase its nutritional value. Dehulling provides a product (core) in which the level of nitrogen-containing substances is by 27% higher than that in the original seed, providing an important protein component to be added in feeding mixtures for chickens. The experiment has also shown that production performance depends on the particular Lupinus variety used. Chickens fed on the JUNO variety seed (Group E1) reached a live weight of 2.332 kg on Day 40, which is comparable with the control group of chickens (2.337 kg; Group C). However, chickens in Group E2 fed on the SONET variety seed had a conclusively lower average weight (2.280 kg) (P < 0.05). Feed consumption per kg of weight gain at this level of average live weight was as follows: 1.89 kg (Group C), 1.85 kg (Group E1), and 1.93 kg (Group E2). The results confirm the suitability of dehulled lupin seed as a substitute for soya extract meal. When designing the composition of feeding mixtures one has to know the exact nutritional composition of the particular lupin variety. One important finding from a nutritional point of view is that the seed of the Lupinus genus is a major source of the amino acid arginine, which is often deficient in the feeding mixtures.

scholarly journals Cross-Generational Effects of Heat Stress on Fitness and Wolbachia Density in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Jia-Hui Foo ◽  
Ary A. Hoffmann ◽  
Perran A. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
Wolbachia Infection ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Starvation Tolerance ◽  
Generational Effects ◽  
Infection Types ◽  
Wolbachia Density

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia symbionts are now being released into the field to control the spread of pathogenic human arboviruses. Wolbachia can spread throughout vector populations by inducing cytoplasmic incompatibility and can reduce disease transmission by interfering with virus replication. The success of this strategy depends on the effects of Wolbachia on mosquito fitness and the stability of Wolbachia infections across generations. Wolbachia infections are vulnerable to heat stress, and sustained periods of hot weather in the field may influence their utility as disease control agents, particularly if temperature effects persist across generations. To investigate the cross-generational effects of heat stress on Wolbachia density and mosquito fitness, we subjected Ae. aegypti with two different Wolbachia infection types (wMel, wAlbB) and uninfected controls to cyclical heat stress during larval development over two generations. We then tested adult starvation tolerance and wing length as measures of fitness and measured the density of wMel in adults. Both heat stress and Wolbachia infection reduced adult starvation tolerance. wMel Wolbachia density in female offspring was lower when mothers experienced heat stress, but male Wolbachia density did not depend on the rearing temperature of the previous generation. We also found cross-generational effects of heat stress on female starvation tolerance, but there was no cross-generational effect on wing length. Fitness costs of Wolbachia infections and cross-generational effects of heat stress on Wolbachia density may reduce the ability of Wolbachia to invade populations and control arbovirus transmission under specific environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Effect of Maize Substitution with Fermented Cashew Apple Residue on Broiler Chicken Growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 396-400
Author(s):  
Adedayo M. OYETAYO ◽  
Faith I. AKINNIBOSUN
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cashew Apple

In this study, the effect of substitution of maize with fermented cashew apple residue (CAR) on the growth of broiler chicken was investigated. Cashew apple residue was subjected to fermentation with Lactobacillus plantarum, and then used to formulate broiler starter diet by substituting/mixing it with maize in the ratios 0:100, 50:50 and 100:0 for maize and CAR respectively. The diet was fed to four groups of day old broilers for six weeks during which feed intake and weight gained were monitored. The bacterial count increased from 5.6 × 106 at the beginning of the fermentation to 31.5 × 106 cfu/g at 72 hr. Also, the pH of the CAR was reduced gradually over the 72 hours period of fermentation coupled with increase in the total titratable acidity. The nutritional composition analyses of the compounded diets showed no significant difference (p≤0.05) between the crude protein content of the formulated feed (21.02±0.15 - 21.12±0.15%) and the commercially available feed (21.50±0.00). However, the crude fibre content of the control (3.10±0.00) was lower than the content of the formulated diets. After feeding the chicks for two weeks, there was no significant difference in the average weight gained by the chicks fed the control diet and those fed with fermented CAR-based feeds. The cumulative feed consumption in the groups ranged from 2.57 kg (diet C) to 2.91 kg (diet A). These results suggest that fermented CAR may be used as alternative to maize in broiler feed formulation

scholarly journals Using earthworm, Eisenia fetida, to bio-convert agro-industrial wastes for aquaculture nutrition

BioResources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 574-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonnia N. Musyoka ◽  
David M. Liti ◽  
Eric O. Ogello ◽  
Paul Meulenbroek ◽  
Herwig Waidbacher
Keyword(s):  
Eisenia Fetida ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Nutritional Profile ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dietary Requirements ◽  
Average Weight Gain ◽  
By Products

Agro-industrial wastes pose great economic and environmental hazards, while the economic success of aquaculture is threatened by the unsustainability of fishmeal use. The aims of the present study were to bio-convert agro-industrial wastes through vermicomposting, and then evaluate the potential of the by-products in promoting aquaculture nutrition. Coffee husks (CH), barley wastes (BW), and kitchen wastes (KW) were pre-composted and inoculated with earthworms, Eisenia fetida, and then vermicomposted for 70 days under a controlled environment. The vermicomposting by-products, i.e., earthworms and vermicast, were amalgamated in the ratio of 1:5 into bedding and then analyzed. There were neither earthworm mortalities nor significant difference (P>0.05) in cocoons produced by E. fetid in all treatments. The earthworms grown in KW attained the highest average weight gain of 27.8±0.7g, followed by CH (24.9±0.6g) and BW (24.8±0.7g). Earthworms grown in CH and BW had significantly higher (P<0.05) nutritional attributes. All experimental wastes produced vermicast with carbon and nitrogen ratios within the preferred agronomic limit of 20. The nutritional profile of the BW bedding was comparable with that of Caridina nilotica meal and was within the recommended dietary requirements of fish. The wastes can be bio-converted through vermicomposting into various forms appropriate for providing aquaculture nutrition.

scholarly journals Proximate Composition and Nutritive Value of Some Leafy Vegetables from Faisalabad, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8444
Author(s):  
Mobeen ◽  
Xiukang Wang ◽  
Muhammad Hamzah Saleem ◽  
Abida Parveen ◽  
Sahar Mumtaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Health It ◽  
Green Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Dietary Requirements

The supply of nutrients and proximate matter is insufficient to fulfil the dietary needs of the quickly expanding human population. Green leafy vegetables can prove economical sources of minerals, vitamins and fibers to overcome nutritional deficiencies. Five leafy vegetables (Brassica juncea, Spinacia oleracea, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Chenopodium album and Lactuca sativa) were collected from a horticulture garden and vegetable market for the evaluation of their proximate matter and nutritional composition. Their contents of proximate (moisture, ash, fats, fibers, carbohydrates and protein), minerals (Ca2+, K+ and P+) and anti-nutrients were examined using standard protocols. The contents of fats (0.43 mg g−1f.w.) in S. oleracea; fibers (0.8 mg g−1f.w.) in S. olerace; carbohydrates (0.89 mg g−1f.w.); in B. juncea, proteins (0.91 mg g−1f.w.) in L. sativa; and vitamin A (1.18 mg g−1f.w.) in C. album from the horticulture garden were high enough to meet the daily dietary requirements of adults. Tannins were higher in species collected from the market, which is toxic for human health. It is concluded that vegetables of horticulture garden grown in suitable environmental conditions possess better nutritional composition as compared to vegetables purchased from markets. However, a large-scale research is needed for the analysis of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, anti-nutrients and heavy metals in leafy vegetables. Further research on ethnomedicinal attributes of leafy vegetables is recommended.

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