Ulcerative Colitis: Current and Emerging Treatment Strategies

Historically, medical therapy for ulcerative colitis (UC) was limited to corticosteroids. Excitingly, over the past just 1–2 decades, the options for medical therapy have expanded and include biologics and small molecules, with more agents actively being developed. In this article, we review the current and emerging treatment strategies for UC stratified according to disease severity.

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Genetics and Therapeutics in Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis: the Past, Present and Future

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.7440.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 240 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Luis Sifuentes-Dominguez ◽

Ashish S. Patel

Keyword(s):

Ulcerative Colitis ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Surgical Removal ◽

Specific Therapy ◽

Course Of Disease ◽

The Past ◽

Scientific Disciplines ◽

Life Threatening ◽

Phenotypic And Genotypic Variability ◽

Traditional Approaches

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a relapsing and remitting disease with significant phenotypic and genotypic variability. Though more common in adults, UC is being increasingly diagnosed in childhood. The subsequent lifelong course of disease results in challenges for the patient and physician. Currently, there is no medical cure for UC. Even though surgical removal of the colon can be curative, complications including infertility in females make colectomy an option often considered only when the disease presents with life-threatening complications or when medical management fails. One of the greatest challenges the clinician faces in the care of patients with UC is the inability to predict at diagnosis which patient is going to respond to a specific therapy or will eventually require surgery. This therapeutic conundrum frames the discussion to follow, specifically the concept of individualized or personalized treatment strategies based on genetic risk factors. As we move to therapeutics, we will elucidate traditional approaches and discuss known and novel agents. As we look to the future, we can expect increasing integrated approaches using several scientific disciplines to inform how genetic interactions shape and mold the pathogenesis and therapeutics of UC.

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Enzyme-Instructed Self-assembly in Biological Milieu for Theranostics Purpose

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867324666170921104010 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (8) ◽

pp. 1351-1365 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zhentao Huang ◽

Qingxin Yao ◽

Simin Wei ◽

Jiali Chen ◽

Yuan Gao

Keyword(s):

Small Molecules ◽

Precision Medicine ◽

Self Assembly ◽

Public Healthcare ◽

Enzymatic Conversion ◽

Vaccine Adjuvants ◽

New Paradigm ◽

Cancer Treatments ◽

The Past ◽

Biological Milieu

Precision medicine is in an urgent need for public healthcare. Among the past several decades, the flourishing development in nanotechnology significantly advances the realization of precision nanomedicine. Comparing to well-documented nanoparticlebased strategy, in this review, we focus on the strategy using enzyme instructed selfassembly (EISA) in biological milieu for theranostics purpose. In principle, the design of small molecules for EISA requires two aspects: (1) the substrate of enzyme of interest; and (2) self-assembly potency after enzymatic conversion. This strategy has shown its irreplaceable advantages in nanomedicne, specifically for cancer treatments and Vaccine Adjuvants. Interestingly, all the reported examples rely on only one kind of enzymehydrolase. Therefore, we envision that the application of EISA strategy just begins and will lead to a new paradigm in nanomedicine.

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Recent Nanocarrier Approaches for Targeted Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy

Current Molecular Pharmacology ◽

10.2174/1874467213666200730114943 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

Author(s):

Rohit Bhatia ◽

Amit Sharma ◽

Raj Kumar Narang ◽

Ravindra K. Rawal

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Polymeric Micelles ◽

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Human Beings ◽

The Past ◽

Organ Systems ◽

Metal Organic ◽

Continuous Progress ◽

Chemotherapeutic Treatment

: Cancer is one of the most serious health concerns in 21st century whose prevalence is beyond boundaries and can affect any organ of human beings. The conventional chemotherapeutic treatment strategies lack specificity to tumours and are associated with toxic effects on immune system and other organ systems. In the past decades, there has been a continuous progress in the development of smart nanocarrier systems for target specific delivery of drugs against variety of tumours including intracellular gene-specific targeting. These nanocarriers are able to recognize the tumour cells and deliver the therapeutic agent in fixed proportions causing no or very less harm to healthy cells. Nanosystems have modified physicochemical properties, improved bioavailability and long retention in blood which enhances their potency. A huge number of nanocarrier based formulations have been developed and are in clinical trials. Nanocarrier systems include polymeric micelles, liposomes, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles, etc. Recent advancements in nanocarrier systems include mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), metal organic frame works and quantum dots. In the present review, various nanocarrier based drug delivery systems along with their applications in the management of cancer have been described with special emphasis on MSNs.

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Ulcerative colitis mucosal transcriptomes reveal mitochondriopathy and personalized mechanisms underlying disease severity and treatment response

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-018-07841-3 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Yael Haberman ◽

Rebekah Karns ◽

Phillip J. Dexheimer ◽

Melanie Schirmer ◽

Judith Somekh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ulcerative Colitis ◽

Treatment Response ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Underlying Disease

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Alternative approaches to target Myc for cancer treatment

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy ◽

10.1038/s41392-021-00500-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Chen Wang ◽

Jiawei Zhang ◽

Jie Yin ◽

Yichao Gan ◽

Senlin Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cancer Treatment ◽

Small Molecules ◽

Drug Target ◽

The Past ◽

Physiological Processes ◽

Alternative Approaches ◽

Global Transcriptome ◽

Factor C ◽

Signaling Modules ◽

Druggable Targets

AbstractThe Myc proto-oncogene family consists of three members, C-MYC, MYCN, and MYCL, which encodes the transcription factor c-Myc (hereafter Myc), N-Myc, and L-Myc, respectively. Myc protein orchestrates diverse physiological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. Myc modulates about 15% of the global transcriptome, and its deregulation rewires the cellular signaling modules inside tumor cells, thereby acquiring selective advantages. The deregulation of Myc occurs in >70% of human cancers, and is related to poor prognosis; hence, hyperactivated Myc oncoprotein has been proposed as an ideal drug target for decades. Nevertheless, no specific drug is currently available to directly target Myc, mainly because of its “undruggable” properties: lack of enzymatic pocket for conventional small molecules to bind; inaccessibility for antibody due to the predominant nucleus localization of Myc. Although the topic of targeting Myc has actively been reviewed in the past decades, exciting new progresses in this field keep emerging. In this review, after a comprehensive summarization of valuable sources for potential druggable targets of Myc-driven cancer, we also peer into the promising future of utilizing macropinocytosis to deliver peptides like Omomyc or antibody agents to intracellular compartment for cancer treatment.

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The Changing Prognosis of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease by Decades

Crohn's & Colitis 360 ◽

10.1093/crocol/otab008 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Burton I Korelitz ◽

Judy Schneider

Keyword(s):

Ulcerative Colitis ◽

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Crohn’S Disease ◽

Crohn's Disease ◽

Medical Therapy ◽

Bowel Disease ◽

Surgical Intervention ◽

Inflammatory Bowel

Abstract We present a bird’s eye view of the prognosis for both ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease as contained in the database of an Inflammatory Bowel Disease gastroenterologist covering the period from 1950 until the present utilizing the variables of medical therapy, surgical intervention, complications and deaths by decades.

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Clinician-Reported Patient Awareness of Symptoms and Severity of Tardive Dyskinesia in Patients Prescribed VMAT2 Inhibitors

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s1092852920002400 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 151-151

Author(s):

Jonathan M. Meyer ◽

Ericha Franey ◽

Leslie Lundt ◽

Betsy Benning ◽

Edward Goldberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tardive Dyskinesia ◽

Symptom Severity ◽

Primary Care Physicians ◽

Additional Data ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Vesicular Monoamine Transporter ◽

Patient Awareness ◽

Patient Demographics ◽

The Past ◽

Body Regions

AbstractObjectiveVesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitors including valbenazine are first-line therapies for tardive dyskinesia (TD), a persistent movement disorder associated with antipsychotic exposure. This real-world study was performed to assess the association between patient awareness of TD symptoms and clinician-assessed symptom severity.MethodsClinicians who treated antipsychotic-induced TD with a VMAT2 inhibitor within the past 24 months were asked to extract demographic/clinical data from patients charts and complete a survey for additional data, including patient awareness of TD (yes/no) and TD symptom severity (mild/moderate/severe).ResultsData for 601 patients were provided by 163 clinicians (113 psychiatrists; 46 neurologists; 4 primary care physicians). Patient demographics: 50% male; mean age 50.6 years; 55% schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder; 29% bipolar disorder; 16% other psychiatric diagnoses. Positive relationships were seen between patient awareness and clinician-assessed symptom severity. Awareness was highest in patients with severe symptoms in specific body regions: face (88% vs 78%/69% [awareness by severe vs moderate/mild symptoms]); jaw (90% vs 80%/67%); wrists (90% vs 69%/63%). In other regions, awareness was similar in patients with severe or moderate symptoms: lips (85%/86% vs 68% [severe/moderate vs mild]); tongue (81%/80% vs 73%); neck (80%/78% vs 68%); arms (67%/66% vs 62%); knees (67%/67% vs 53%).ConclusionsIn patients prescribed a VMAT2 inhibitor for TD, patient awareness was generally higher in those determined to have moderate-to-severe symptom severity as assessed by the clinician. More research is needed to understand how awareness and severity contribute to TD burden, and whether different treatment strategies are needed based on these factors.FundingNeurocrine Biosciences, Inc.

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Therapeutic Advances in Oncology

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22042008 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 2008

Author(s):

Jinsha Liu ◽

Priyanka Pandya ◽

Sepideh Afshar

Keyword(s):

Small Molecules ◽

New Technologies ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Current Treatment ◽

Bispecific Antibodies ◽

Gene Therapies ◽

Therapeutic Modalities ◽

The Past ◽

Drug Conjugates ◽

Novel Targets

Around 77 new oncology drugs were approved by the FDA in the past five years; however, most cancers remain untreated. Small molecules and antibodies are dominant therapeutic modalities in oncology. Antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, peptides, cell, and gene-therapies are emerging to address the unmet patient need. Advancement in the discovery and development platforms, identification of novel targets, and emergence of new technologies have greatly expanded the treatment options for patients. Here, we provide an overview of various therapeutic modalities and the current treatment options in oncology, and an in-depth discussion of the therapeutics in the preclinical stage for the treatment of breast cancer, lung cancer, and multiple myeloma.

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A recent overview on the porphyrin-based π-extended small molecules as donors and acceptors for high-performance organic solar cells

Materials Chemistry Frontiers ◽

10.1039/d1qm00952d ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Venkatesh Piradi ◽

Feng Yan ◽

Xunjin Zhu ◽

Wai-Yeung Raymond Wong

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Solar Cell ◽

Small Molecules ◽

Organic Solar Cells ◽

High Performance ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Effective Alternative ◽

The Past ◽

Cost Effective Alternative ◽

Silicon Based

Organic solar cells (OSCs) have been considered as a promising cost-effective alternative to silicon-based solar cell counterparts due to their lightweight, mechanical flexibility, and easy fabrication features. Over the past...

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