scholarly journals Polymer-Drug Conjugates as Nanotheranostic Agents

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-81
Author(s):  
Sajana Manandhar ◽  
Erica Sjöholm ◽  
Johan Bobacka ◽  
Jessica M. Rosenholm ◽  
Kuldeep K. Bansal
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The Body ◽  
Drug Conjugates ◽  
Imaging Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Systemic Side Effects ◽  
Theranostic Agents ◽  
The Stability

Since the last decade, the polymer-drug conjugate (PDC) approach has emerged as one of the most promising drug-delivery technologies owing to several benefits like circumventing premature drug release, offering controlled and targeted drug delivery, improving the stability, safety, and kinetics of conjugated drugs, and so forth. In recent years, PDC technology has advanced with the objective to further enhance the treatment outcomes by integrating nanotechnology and multifunctional characteristics into these systems. One such development is the ability of PDCs to act as theranostic agents, permitting simultaneous diagnosis and treatment options. Theranostic nanocarriers offer the opportunity to track the distribution of PDCs within the body and help to localize the diseased site. This characteristic is of particular interest, especially among those therapeutic approaches where external stimuli are supposed to be applied for abrupt drug release at the target site for localized delivery to avoid systemic side effects (e.g., Visudyne®). Thus, with the help of this review article, we are presenting the most recent updates in the domain of PDCs as nanotheranostic agents. Different methodologies utilized to design PDCs along with imaging characteristics and their applicability in a wide range of diseases, have been summarized in this article.

Nanostructured Ketorolac-Tromethamine/MCF: Synthesis, Characterization and Application in Drug Release System

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 432-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana M. Juarez ◽  
Jorgelina Cussa ◽  
Marcos B. Gomez Costa ◽  
Oscar A. Anunziata
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Therapeutic Efficacy ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Controlled Drug Release ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fickian Diffusion ◽  
Ketorolac Tromethamine

Background: Controlled drug delivery systems can maintain the concentration of drugs in the exact sites of the body within the optimum range and below the toxicity threshold, improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing toxicity. Mesostructured Cellular Foam (MCF) material is a new promising host for drug delivery systems due to high biocompatibility, in vivo biodegradability and low toxicity. Methods: Ketorolac-Tromethamine/MCF composite was synthesized. The material synthesis and loading of ketorolac-tromethamine into MCF pores were successful as shown by XRD, FTIR, TGA, TEM and textural analyses. Results: We obtained promising results for controlled drug release using the novel MCF material. The application of these materials in KETO release is innovative, achieving an initial high release rate and then maintaining a constant rate at high times. This allows keeping drug concentration within the range of therapeutic efficacy, being highly applicable for the treatment of diseases that need a rapid response. The release of KETO/MCF was compared with other containers of KETO (KETO/SBA-15) and commercial tablets. Conclusion: The best model to fit experimental data was Ritger-Peppas equation. Other models used in this work could not properly explain the controlled drug release of this material. The predominant release of KETO from MCF was non-Fickian diffusion.

Design, Synthesis and Studies on Novel Polymeric Prodrugs of Erlotinib for Colon Drug Delivery

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahil Kumar ◽  
Bandna Sharma ◽  
Tilak R. Bhardwaj ◽  
Rajesh K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Release Kinetics ◽  
In Vitro Release ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Drug Conjugates ◽  
Polymer Drug Conjugates

Aims: In the present study, polymer-drug conjugates were synthesized based on azo-bond cleavage drug delivery approach for targeting erlotinib as anticancer drug specifically to the colon for the proficient treatment of colon cancer. Background: Colon cancer (CC) is the third commonly detected tumor worldwide and it make up about 10 % of all cases of cancers. Most of the chemotherapeutic drugs available for treating colon cancer are not only toxic to cancerous cells but also to the normal healthy cells. Among the various approaches to get rid of the adverse effects of anticancer agents, prodrugs are one of the most imperative approaches. Objective: The objective of the study is to chemically modify the erlotinib drug through azo-bond linkage and suitable spacer which will be finally linked to polymeric backbone to give desired polymer linked prodrug. The azo reductase enzyme present in colon is supposed to cleave the azo-bond specifically and augment the drug release at the colon. Methods: The synthesized conjugates were characterized by IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The cleavage of aromatic azobond resulted in a potential colon-specific liberation of drug from conjugate studied in rat fecal contents. In vitro release profiles of polyphosphazene-linked conjugates of erlotinib have been studied at pH 1.2, pH 6.8 and pH 7.4. The stability study was designed to exhibit that free drug was released proficiently and unmodified from polyphosphazene-erlotinib conjugates having aromatic azo-bond in artificial colon conditions. Results: The synthesized conjugates were demonstrated to be stable in simulated upper gastro-intestinal tract conditions. The drug release kinetics shows that all the polymer-drug conjugates of erlotinib follow zero-order release kinetics which indicates that the drug release from the polymeric backbone is independent of its concentration. Kinetic study of conjugates with slope (n) shows the anomalous type of release with an exponent (n) > 0.89 indicating a super case II type of release. Conclusion: These studies indicate that polyphosphazene linked drug conjugates of erlotinib could be the promising candidates for the site-specific treatment of colon cancer with least detrimental side-effects.

scholarly journals Towards feedback-controlled nanomedicines for smart, adaptive delivery

2018 ◽  
Vol 244 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Jones ◽  
Annette F. Taylor ◽  
Paul A Beales
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Prolonged Release ◽  
Drug Bioavailability ◽  
Drug Release Profile ◽  
Chemical Systems

Nanomedicines for controlled drug release provide temporal and spatial regulation of drug bioavailability in the body. The timing of drug release is usually engineered either for slow gradual release over an extended period of time or for rapid release triggered by a specific change in its physicochemical environment. However, between these two extremes, there is the desirable possibility of adaptive nanomedicines that dynamically modulate drug release in tune with its changing environment. Adaptation and response through communication with its environment is a fundamental trait of living systems; therefore, the design of biomimetic nanomedicines through the approaches of bottom-up synthetic biology provides a viable route to this goal. This could enable drug delivery systems to optimize release in synchronicity with the body’s natural biological rhythms and the personalized physiological characteristics of the patient, e.g. their metabolic rate. Living systems achieve this responsiveness through feedback-controlled biochemical processes that regulate their functional outputs. Towards this goal of adaptive drug delivery systems, we review the general benefits of nanomedicine formulations, provide existing examples of experimental nanomedicines that encapsulate the metabolic function of enzymes, and give relevant examples of feedback-controlled chemical systems. These are the underpinning concepts that hold promise to be combined to form novel adaptive release systems. Furthermore, we motivate the advantages of adaptive release through chronobiological examples. By providing a brief review of these topics and an assessment of the state of the art, we aim to provide a useful resource to accelerate developments in this field. Impact statement The timing and rate of release of pharmaceuticals from advanced drug delivery systems is an important property that has received considerable attention in the scientific literature. Broadly, these mostly fall into two classes: controlled release with a prolonged release rate or triggered release where the drug is rapidly released in response to an environmental stimulus. This review aims to highlight the potential for developing adaptive release systems that more subtlety modulate the drug release profile through continuous communication with its environment facilitated through feedback control. By reviewing the key elements of this approach in one place (fundamental principles of nanomedicine, enzymatic nanoreactors for medical therapies and feedback-controlled chemical systems) and providing additional motivating case studies in the context of chronobiology, we hope to inspire innovative development of novel “chrononanomedicines.”

scholarly journals TARGETING THE TARGET USING NANOPARTICLES - A REVIEW

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Aravinthrajkumar G ◽  
Gayathri R ◽  
Vishnupriya V
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Immediate Release ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Specific Location ◽  
The Right ◽  
Reproducible Manner

  The challenge of drug delivery is the liberation of drug agents at the right time in a safe and reproducible manner, usually to a specific target site. Conventional dosage forms, such as orally administered pills and subcutaneous or intravenous injection, are the predominant routes for drug administration. However, pills and injections offer limited control over the rate of drug release into the body; usually, they are involved in an immediate release of the drug. This article is about how nanoparticles can be used as an effective drug delivery system to target the drug to a specific location or organ.

68Ga@pyridine-functionalized MCM-41 mesoporous silica: a novel radio labeled composite for diagnostic applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousef Fazaeli ◽  
Mohammad Amin Hosseini ◽  
Mohammadreza Afrasyabi ◽  
Parviz Ashtari
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Mesoporous Silica ◽  
Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Theranostic Agents ◽  
Diagnostic Applications ◽  
G Ratio ◽  
Mcm 41

Abstract Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) are known as intrinsic radiolabeling agents and offer a fast and reliable approach to deliver theranostic agents into targeted organs. Radiolabeled amorphous silica nanoparticles are of great interest to radiation oncology communities. In order to improve the performance of these nano materials in cancer diagnosis and treatment, their inherent properties, such as surface area and the ability to accumulate in cancer cells, should be enhanced. Pyridine functionalized mesoporous silica MCM-41 is known as a potential anticancer-drug delivery system with high suface area. In thiswork, in order to produce an image-guided drug delivery system for diagnostic applications, [68Ga] radionuclide was grafted on pyridine functionalized MCM-41. The nanoparticles were assessed with atomic force microscopy (AFM), paper chromatography, X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, CHN and TGA/DTA analyses. The pharmacokinetic profile evaluation of the radiolabeled nano silica, [68Ga]-Py-Butyl@MCM-41, was done in Fibrosarcoma tumor-bearing mice. This labeled nanocomposite with appropriate blood circulation in body, high structural stability, high tumor/blood ID/g% ratio and fast excretion from the body can be proposed as an efficient nano engineered composite for upcoming tumor targeting/imaging nanotechnology-based applications.

scholarly journals Magnetotactic Bacteria and Magnetosomes as Smart Drug Delivery Systems: A New Weapon on the Battlefield with Cancer?

Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danuta Kuzajewska ◽  
Agata Wszołek ◽  
Wojciech Żwierełło ◽  
Lucyna Kirczuk ◽  
Agnieszka Maruszewska
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Drug Distribution ◽  
Magnetotactic Bacteria ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Current State ◽  
Important Direction ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The Stability

An important direction of research in increasing the effectiveness of cancer therapies is the design of effective drug distribution systems in the body. The development of the new strategies is primarily aimed at improving the stability of the drug after administration and increasing the precision of drug delivery to the destination. Due to the characteristic features of cancer cells, distributing chemotherapeutics exactly to the microenvironment of the tumor while sparing the healthy tissues is an important issue here. One of the promising solutions that would meet the above requirements is the use of Magnetotactic bacteria (MTBs) and their organelles, called magnetosomes (BMs). MTBs are commonly found in water reservoirs, and BMs that contain ferromagnetic crystals condition the magnetotaxis of these microorganisms. The presented work is a review of the current state of knowledge on the potential use of MTBs and BMs as nanocarriers in the therapy of cancer. The growing amount of literature data indicates that MTBs and BMs may be used as natural nanocarriers for chemotherapeutics, such as classic anti-cancer drugs, antibodies, vaccine DNA, and siRNA. Their use as transporters increases the stability of chemotherapeutics and allows the transfer of individual ligands or their combinations precisely to cancerous tumors, which, in turn, enables the drugs to reach molecular targets more effectively.

scholarly journals FORMULATION AND IN VITRO CHARACTERISATION OF SOYBEAN OIL-HPMCK4M BASED BIGEL MATRIX FOR TOPICAL DRUG DELIVERY

2019 ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
SHUBHAM MUKHERJEE ◽  
SUTAPA BISWAS MAJEE ◽  
GOPA ROY BISWAS
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Skin Permeation ◽  
Topical Drug Delivery ◽  
Zero Order Kinetics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Span 60 ◽  
Hydrophilic Gel

Objective: Hydrogels with scope for utilization in numerous fields possess limited applications due to problems in incorporating wide range of drugs and crossing the lipophilic barrier of the skin. Attempts to overcome these problems by developing organogel hold drawbacks. Challenges posed by drug lipophilicity or skin permeation can be solved by developing bigel formed via combination of lipophilic and hydrophilic gel phases in a definite proportion. The objective of the present study is to formulate and characterize matrix type bigel of soybean oil and HPMCK4M for topical drug delivery. Methods: Four batches of bigels were developed with two organogel formulations of soybean oil containing 20 and 22% w/v Span 60. Both organogels and bigels were examined for compatibility by FTIR spectroscopy, hemocompatibility and characterized for physical appearance, pH, rheological behavior and in vitro drug release pattern. Results: FTIR study confirmed compatibility between paracetamol and components of organogel or bigel. The oily feel of organogels disappeared with bigels which possessed a creamy and smooth texture. Pseudoplastic behaviour was confirmed by Ostwald-de wale power-law model in both organogels and bigels. Improved drug release was observed in bigel (BG1) formulation containing 3%w/v HPMCK4M and soybean oil based organogel with 20% w/v Span 60 as compared to the corresponding organogel (OG1). Organogels were foundto follow either zero-order kinetics (OG1) or Korsmeyer-Peppasmodel (OG2) while the formation of matrix was exhibited in bigels with drug diffusion predominantly of non-Fickian type. Conclusion: Therefore, bigels of soybean oil based organogel with HPMCK4M hydrogel formed gel matrix demonstrating improved drug release for topical application compared to organogel.

scholarly journals EXTRACTION, MODIFICATION, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NATURAL POLYMERS USED IN TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: AN UPDATED REVIEW

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-20
Author(s):  
DIPJYOTI BISWAS ◽  
SUDIP DAS ◽  
SOURAV MOHANTO ◽  
SHUBHRAJIT MANTRY
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Transdermal Drug Delivery ◽  
Biomedical Application ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Transdermal Drug Delivery System

The modified/regulated drug delivery system helps to sustain the delivery of the drug for a prolonged period. The modified drug delivery system is primarily aimed at ensuring protection, the effectiveness of the drug, and patient compliance. The transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) falls within the modified drug delivery system, in which the goal is to deliver the drug at a fixed dose and regulated rate through the skin. Polymers are the backbone of the framework for providing transdermal systems. The polymer should be stable, non-toxic, economical, and provide a sustainable release of the drug. In general, natural polymers used in the TDDS as rate-controlling agents, protective, and stabilizing agents and also used to minimize the frequency of dosing and improve the drug’s effectiveness by localizing at the site of action. Nowadays, manufacturers are likely to use natural polymers due to many issues associated with drug release and side effects with synthetic polymers. Drug release processes from natural polymers include oxidation, diffusion, and swelling. Natural polymers may be used as the basis to achieve predetermined drug distribution throughout the body. The use of natural materials for traditional and modern types of dosage forms are gums, mucilages, resins, and plant waste etc. Thus, the main objective of this review article is to give a brief knowledge about the extraction, modification, characterization, and biomedical application of conventional natural polymers used in the transdermal drug delivery system and their future prospective.

NANOMEDICINES: DELIVERING DRUGS USING BOTTOM UP NANOTECHNOLOGY

2005 ◽  
Vol 04 (05n06) ◽  
pp. 855-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN GARNETT
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Biodegradable Polymers ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Dna Delivery ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nanosized Materials

The use of nanosized materials changes the way in which drugs are handled by the body and offers opportunities to improve drug delivery. The physiological mechanisms controlling the distribution of nanosized materials (enhanced permeability and retention effect, cellular uptake pathways and opsonisation/elimination of nanoparticles) are described. Two different nanosized drug delivery systems are considered; drug delivery and DNA delivery. The deficiencies of currently available biodegradable polymers for preparation of drug containing nanoparticles are mainly the amount of drug that can be incorporated and the rapid rate of drug release. The development of new biodegradable polymers which can interact with the drug and so significantly increase drug loading and decrease the rate of drug release are outlined. DNA delivery necessitates overcoming a variety of biological barriers. We are developing polyelectrolyte complexes of DNA with cationic polyamidoamines (PAA) as a delivery system. Complexing PAA with DNA results in good transfection of cells in vitro. However, in vivo, a more complex arrangement of PAA, Polyethylene glycol-PAA copolymers, DNA and the use of ligands will be required. Despite these efforts, further developments will be needed in nanotechnology for both drug and DNA nanoparticle delivery systems to achieve our clinical objectives.

scholarly journals DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF SELF-NANO EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS OF ALVERINE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF SOLUBILITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 25-31
Author(s):  
Pooja . ◽  
Pankaj Kumar Sharma ◽  
Viswanath Agrahari
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Ethyl Oleate ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
In Vitro Dissolution ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Stability

Background: The aim of this study is to develop a liquid self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system for alverine (liquid-SNEDDS).Excipients in the alverine SNEDDS include Ethyl oleate as the oil phase, Tween 80 as a surfactant, and PEG600, Propylene glycol as a cosurfactant.The prepared eleven formulations of alverine SNEDDS were performed for emulsification time, percentage transmittance, particle size, drug release, in vitro dissolution and stability studies.The optimised alverine liquid SNEDDS formulation (D1) was studied for drug-excipient compatibility using infrared spectroscopy, as well as particle size, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy, and stability. Alverine SNEDDS have a spherical shape with uniform particle distribution, according to their morphology. D1's optimised formulation's drug release percentage (96.6). The stability data revealed no discernible changes in drug content, emulsifying properties, drug release, or appearance. As a result, a potential SNEDDS formulation of alverine with improved solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability was developed.

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