scholarly journals Diversity of Colletotrichum Species Associated with Olive Anthracnose Worldwide

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 741
Author(s):  
Juan Moral ◽  
Carlos Agustí-Brisach ◽  
Maria Carmen Raya ◽  
José Jurado-Bello ◽  
Ana López-Moral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Casein Hydrolysis ◽  
Phenotypic Characters ◽  
Colletotrichum Species ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
The World ◽  
Host Origin ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Hydrolysis Activity

Olive anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species causes dramatic losses of fruit yield and oil quality worldwide. A total of 185 Colletotrichum isolates obtained from olives and other hosts showing anthracnose symptoms in Spain and other olive-growing countries over the world were characterized. Colony and conidial morphology, benomyl-sensitive, and casein-hydrolysis activity were recorded. Multilocus alignments of ITS, TUB2, ACT, CHS-1, HIS3, and/or GAPDH were conducted for their molecular identification. The pathogenicity of the most representative Colletotrichum species was tested to olive fruits and to other hosts, such as almonds, apples, oleander, sweet oranges, and strawberries. In general, the phenotypic characters recorded were not useful to identify all species, although they allowed the separation of some species or species complexes. ITS and TUB2 were enough to infer Colletotrichum species within C. acutatum and C. boninense complexes, whereas ITS, TUB2, ACT, CHS-1, HIS-3, and GADPH regions were necessary to discriminate within the C. gloesporioides complex. Twelve Colletotrichum species belonging to C. acutatum, C. boninense, and C. gloeosporioides complexes were identified, with C. godetiae being dominant in Spain, Italy, Greece, and Tunisia, C. nymphaeae in Portugal, and C. fioriniae in California. The highest diversity with eight Colletotrichum spp. was found in Australia. Significant differences in virulence to olives were observed between isolates depending on the Colletotrichum species and host origin. When other hosts were inoculated, most of the Colletotrichum isolates tested were pathogenic in all the hosts evaluated, except for C. siamense to apple and sweet orange fruits, and C. godetiae to oleander leaves.

scholarly journals Species Diversity in Colletotrichum Causing Anthracnose of Aromatic and Ornamental Lamiaceae in Italy

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guarnaccia ◽  
Gilardi ◽  
Martino ◽  
Garibaldi ◽  
Gullino
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Origanum Vulgare ◽  
Colletotrichum Species ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp

Species of Colletotrichum are considered important plant pathogens, saprobes, and endophytes on a wide range of host plants. In Italy, several Colletotrichum species have been reported in glasshouse environments. In this study, we have explored the occurrence, diversity, and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum spp. associated with aromatic and ornamental plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Surveys were carried out during the 2011–2018 period in Liguria and Piedmont, Italy. A total of 19 Colletotrichum isolates were collected from symptomatic leaves and seeds of Ocimum basilicum (basil), Origanum vulgare (oregano) and different Salvia spp. A multi-locus phylogeny was established based on the basis of four genomic loci (ITS, GAPDH, ACT and TUB2). The aggressiveness of selected, representative isolates were tested. Colletotrichum isolates were identified as being members of three major species complexes: C. acutatum, C. destructivum, and C. gloeosporioides. Colletotrichum fioriniae, C. bryonicola, and C. fructicola were found in association with leaf lesions on Salvia leucantha, S. nemorosa, and S. greggii, respectively. Colletotrichum nigrum was isolated from twig lesions of S. greggii. Moreover, C. fioriniae and C. ocimi were found to be responsible for causing leaf anthracnose of oregano and basil, respectively. All the tested isolates were pathogenic and reproduced identical symptoms to those observed in commercial glasshouses. The present study improves our understanding of Colletotrichum species associated with several hosts belonging to the Lamiaceae family, which are cultivated extensively throughout Italy for different purpose, and provides information that may be useful for an effective disease management program.

scholarly journals Diversity of Colletotrichum Species Associated with Anthracnose Disease in Tropical Fruit Crops—A Review

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
Latiffah Zakaria
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Colletotrichum Species ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Dragon Fruit ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Fruit Plantations

In tropical fruit crops, anthracnose is mainly caused by species belonging to the fungal genus, Colletotrichum. These phytopathogens can infect several parts of the fruit crops; however, infection during postharvest or ripening stages is responsible for major economic losses. Due to the formation of black to dark brown sunken lesions on the fruit surface, anthracnose reduces fruit quality and marketability. Among the most common tropical fruit crops susceptible to anthracnose are mango, papaya, banana, avocado, guava, and dragon fruit; these are economically relevant products in many developing countries. It is important to document that the newly recorded Colletotrichum spp. associated with fruit anthracnose can infect multiple hosts, but some species may be host-specific. By using multiple markers, many phylogenetic species of Colletotrichum have been reported as anthracnose-causing pathogens. Taking into account that disease management strategies strongly rely on adequate knowledge of the causative agents, updated information on Colletotrichum species and the hazard posed by the most recently identified species in tropical fruit plantations and harvested fruits becomes vital. Besides, the newly recorded species may be important for biosecurity and should be listed as quarantine pathogens, considering that tropical fruits are traded worldwide.

Systematics of the Boana semilineata species group (Anura: Hylidae), with a description of two new species from Amazonian Ecuador

2020 ◽  
Vol 190 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-180
Author(s):  
Marcel A Caminer ◽  
Santiago R Ron
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Phenotypic Characters ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Candidate Species ◽  
Amazonian Ecuador ◽  
First Time

Abstract The combination of genetic and phenotypic characters for species delimitation has allowed the discovery of many undescribed species of Neotropical amphibians. In this study, we used DNA sequences (genes 12S, 16S, ND1 and COI) and morphologic, bioacoustic and environmental characters of the Boana semilineata group to evaluate their phylogenetic relationships and assess their species limits. In addition, we included DNA sequences of several species of Boana to explore cryptic diversity in other groups. We found three Confirmed Candidate Species (CCS) within the B. semilineata group. Holotype examination of Hyla appendiculata shows that it is a valid species that corresponds to one of the CCS, which is here transferred to Boana. We describe the two remaining CCS. Our phylogeny highlights a number of secondary but meaningful observations that deserve further investigation: (1) populations of B. pellucens from northern Ecuador are more closely related to B. rufitela from Panama than to other Ecuadorian populations of B. pellucens; (2) we report, for the first time, the phylogenetic relationships of B. rubracyla showing that it is closely related to B. rufitela and B. pellucens; and (3) B. cinerascens and B. punctata form two species complexes consisting of several unnamed highly divergent lineages. Each of these lineages likely represents an undescribed species.

scholarly journals Characterization of Colletotrichum spp. Sensitivity to Carbendazim for Isolates Causing Strawberry Anthracnose in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
Shan Zhong ◽  
Jianqiang Miao ◽  
Xili Liu ◽  
Guozhen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Point Mutation ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Sequence Analyses ◽  
Colletotrichum Species ◽  
Strawberry Anthracnose ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Important Disease

Strawberry anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species is an important disease that may cause significant economic losses. Based on multilocus sequence analyses and morphological characteristics, 64 isolates from strawberry anthracnose samples collected from nine Chinese provinces and municipalities were identified as three species: Colletotrichum fructicola (29 isolates), Colletotrichum siamense (23 isolates), and Colletotrichum nymphaeae (12 isolates). Isolates of C. siamense showed strong aggressiveness to fruit and leaves. Isolates of C. fructicola showed strong aggressiveness to crowns. Isolates of C. nymphaeae were weakly or not pathogenic to fruit, leaves, or crowns. Sensitivity to carbendazim was determined for a total of 75 isolates, including 11 previously preserved. Two isolates of C. siamense were highly resistant (HR) and 21 were moderately resistant (MR). Nine isolates of C. fructicola were sensitive (S), 24 were HR, and four were MR. All 15 isolates of C. nymphaeae were insensitive, and their mycelial growth was not completely inhibited on potato dextrose agar amended with 500 μg/ml carbendazim. Beta-tubulin (TUB2) of representative isolates was amplified and sequenced, revealing a glutamic acid substituted by alanine at codon 198 in HR isolates of C. siamense and C. fructicola. MR isolates of C. siamense and C. fructicola had a point mutation at codon 200, causing a replacement of phenylalanine acid by tyrosine. No point mutation was detected at codons 50, 167, 198, 200, or 240 in TUB2 of C. nymphaeae insensitive isolates. Overall, this study revealed that C. fructicola was the dominant species causing anthracnose on strawberry and could improve the understanding of the management of fungicide resistance in Colletotrichum species on strawberry in China.

Resistance to azoxystrobin and thiophanate-methyl is widespread in Colletotrichum spp. isolates from the Mid-Atlantic Strawberry Fields

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuchen Luo ◽  
Anita Schoeneberg ◽  
Mengjun Hu
Keyword(s):  
Cyt B ◽  
Thiophanate Methyl ◽  
Colletotrichum Species ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Strawberry Anthracnose ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Moderate Resistance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Host Tissues

Multiple Colletotrichum species have been found to be responsible for strawberry anthracnose, and prevalence of each species seems to vary by regions and/or host tissues. In this study, a total of 200 Colletotrichum isolates were obtained from different strawberry cultivars displaying anthracnose symptoms in the Mid-Atlantic fields. Analysis of g3pdh, tub2, and/or ITS sequences revealed four Colletotrichum species, including C. nymphaeae, C. fioriniae, C. siamense, and C. lineola. C. nymphaeae was the predominant species, representing 90% of all isolates collected. This species was found from all strawberry organs/tissues examined, whereas C. siamense and C. fioriniae were limited to the crown and fruit, respectively. Further, all Colletotrichum isolates were screened for resistance to azoxystrobin in vitro, and all C. siamense isolates were additionally screened for resistance to thiophanate-methyl. The overall frequency of resistance to azoxystrobin and thiophanate-methyl was 48.0 % and 67.0 %, respectively. G143A in the cytochrome b gene (cyt b) was found in all C. nymphaeae and C. siamense isolates with high level of resistance, with EC50 > 100 µg/ml, while F129L was found in two of the five C. nymphaeae isolates with moderate resistance, with EC50 values ranging from 2.6 to 7.8 µg/ml. All C. fioriniae isolates tested were found to be less sensitive to azoxystrobin, with EC50 values ranging from 9.7 to 14.4 µg/ml, despite no mutations detected in cyt b. Moreover, E198A in tub2 was linked with C. siamense isolates resistant to thiophanate-methyl (EC50 > 100 µg/ml). These results revealed that resistance in Colletotrichum spp. to primary fungicides was widespread in the Mid-Atlantic strawberry fields.

scholarly journals Molecular Analyses of Colletotrichum Species from Almond and Other Fruits

2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 608-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley Freeman ◽  
Dror Minz ◽  
Edouard Jurkevitch ◽  
Marcel Maymon ◽  
Ezra Shabi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Its Region ◽  
The United States ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
Colletotrichum Species ◽  
Morphological Criteria ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Isolates of Colletotrichum spp. from almond, avocado, and strawberry from Israel and isolates of the pink subpopulation from almond from the United States were characterized by various molecular methods and compared with morphological identification. Taxon-specific primer analysis grouped the avocado isolates within the species C. gloeosporioides and the U.S. almond and Israeli strawberry isolates within the species C. acutatum. However, the Israeli almond isolates, previously identified morphologically as C. gloeosporioides, reacted with C. acutatum-specific primers. Arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction and A+T-rich DNA analyses determined that each population from almond and strawberry was distinct and clonal. Sequence analysis of the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (ITS 1–5.8S–ITS 2) revealed a similarity of between 97.03 and 98.72% among almond isolates from Israel, C. acutatum almond isolates from the United States, and C. acutatum strawberry isolates from Israel. Similarity of the above populations to that of C. gloeosporioides of avocado was between 92.42 and 92.86%. DNA sequence analysis of the entire ITS region supported the phylogeny inferred from the ITS 1 tree of 14 different Colletotrichum species. Although morphological criteria indicated that the Israeli isolates from almond are unique, this population was grouped within the C. acutatum species according to molecular analyses.

Colletotrichum: species complexes, lifestyle, and peculiarities of some sources of genetic variability

2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 1891-1904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro Lopes da Silva ◽  
Hanna Lorena Alvarado Moreno ◽  
Hilberty Lucas Nunes Correia ◽  
Mateus Ferreira Santana ◽  
Marisa Vieira de Queiroz
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Colletotrichum Species ◽  
Species Complexes

The Legislation of Agrochemicals in Citrícola Production in the Municipality of Capitão Poço, Pará

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Maria Eunice Lima Rocha ◽  
Mayra Taniely Ribeiro Abade ◽  
Fernanda Ludmyla Barbosa de Souza ◽  
Luane Laíse Oliveira Ribeiro ◽  
Letícia do Socorro Cunha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
The State ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The World ◽  
Distribution Chain ◽  
The Law ◽  
Compliance With The Law ◽  
The Way

Brazil is one of the largest producers of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) in the world. The State of Pará is responsible for 1.02% of the production of Orange in Brazil. Of this amount, the municipality of Capitão Poço is responsible for 57% of the total produced by the State. In view of this, it is evident that the model of current economic development imposes transformations in the way of life that entail serious problems of health to the worker, for example, the exposure of the workers to the pesticides in the field. With this, it is noticed that it is important to deal with the legislation of Agrochemicals because this is still little known by most citricultures in the municipality of Capitão Poço, leading them to non-compliance with the law. From this, the objective of the research was to observe the potentials and limitations regarding the distribution chain, acquisition and use of agrochemicals and knowledge of the laws in the citriculture Paraense. For the development of the work, questionnaires were applied (based on the Agrochemicals Law - Law No. 7,802 of July 11, 1989, and the Law of Packaging - Law No. 9.974 of June 6, 2000) in the community of Nova Colônia. It is concluded that the laws, besides not being known and consequently not fulfilled, make it difficult to supervise the specialized professionals, who, in turn, are few for the region. Another obstacle to compliance with legislation is to make the producer update certain concepts and teachings, which are no longer accepted.

scholarly journals Characterization of Colletotrichum Species Causing Anthracnose of Pomegranate in the Southeastern United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (11) ◽  
pp. 2771-2780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katia V. Xavier ◽  
Achala N. KC ◽  
Natalia A. Peres ◽  
Zhanao Deng ◽  
William Castle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Colletotrichum Species ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Pomegranate Fruit

Anthracnose fruit rot and leaf blight caused by Colletotrichum species are important diseases of pomegranate in the southeastern United States. In this study, 26 isolates from pomegranate were identified based on pathological and molecular characterization. Isolates were identified to species based on multilocus sequence analysis with the internal transcribed spacer region, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, β-tubulin, and chitin synthase genomic genes. Pomegranate isolates grouped within the C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides species complexes, with more than 73% belonging to the latter group. Three species were identified within the C. acutatum species complex (C. nymphaeae [n = 5], C. fioriniae [n = 1], and C. simmondsii [n = 1]), and three other species were identified within the C. gloeosporioides species complex (C. theobromicola [n = 11], C. siamense [n = 6], and C. gloeosporioides [n = 2]). Inoculations of pomegranate fruit showed that isolates from the C. acutatum species complex were more aggressive than isolates from the C. gloeosporioides species complex. Interestingly, opposite results were observed when leaves of rooted pomegranate cuttings were inoculated. In addition, Colletotrichum isolates from pomegranate, strawberry, blueberry, mango, and citrus were cross-pathogenic when inoculated to fruit. This is the first study identifying six different species of Colletotrichum causing pomegranate leaf blight and fruit anthracnose in the southeastern United States and the potential cross-pathogenic capability of pomegranate isolates to other commercially important crops.

Studies on Mosquito Larvae: II. The First-stage Larvae of North American Culicidae and of World Anophelinae

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Rodney Dodge
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
North American Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
The World ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
Binocular Microscope ◽  
First Time

AbstractFirst instars of 93 North American species of mosquitoes are studied and 56 are illustrated, 41 for the first time. Generic differences are well marked in this instar and nearly all species are separable.Two keys to the 11 North American genera are presented; the first is constructed to show similarities between first and later instars. Each genus is described and keyed to species, and notes are given on each species. A supplementary key to the species of the southeastern states is designed for the use of a binocular microscope with magnification up to 60 ×.Specific and generic differences are as well marked in the first as in the fourth instar. Identifications are as easy or as difficult in the first as in the fourth instar, though usually based on different characters.An expanded key to the North American species of Aedes, incorporating those previously treated by Bohart and by Price, is attempted. The key reveals several species complexes which have not been discerned from other stages of the life cycle, namely, Aedes canadensis, nigromaculis, punctor, stimulans infirmatus and trivittatus.A key to the first instars of the 37 species of the world-wide Anophelinae is presented, on the basis of published descriptions and figures of the exotic species.

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