scholarly journals What Happens to the Immune System after Vaccination or Recovery from COVID-19?

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1152
Author(s):  
Bruna T. Tiyo ◽  
Gabriela J. H. Schmitz ◽  
Marina M. Ortega ◽  
Laís T. da Silva ◽  
Alexandre de Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Disease Treatment ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Virus Exposure ◽  
Review Reports ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Due to its leading role in fighting infections, the human immune system has been the focus of many studies in the context of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In a worldwide effort, the scientific community has transitioned from reporting about the effects of the novel coronavirus on the human body in the early days of the pandemic to exploring the body’s many immunopathological and immunoprotecting properties that have improved disease treatment and enabled the development of vaccines. The aim of this review is to explain what happens to the immune system after recovery from COVID-19 and/or vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the disease. We detail the way in which the immune system responds to a SARS-CoV-2 infection, including innate and adaptive measures. Then, we describe the role of vaccination, the main types of COVID-19 vaccines and how they protect us. Further, we explain the reason why immunity after COVID-19 infection plus a vaccination appears to induce a stronger response compared with virus exposure alone. Additionally, this review reports some correlates of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. In conclusion, we reinforce that vaccination is safe and important in achieving herd immunity.

scholarly journals Cytokine Storm in the Novel Coronavirus Infection and Methods of its Correction

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 27-37
Author(s):  
A. V. Ershov ◽  
V. D. Surova ◽  
V. T. Dolgikh ◽  
T. I. Dolgikh
Keyword(s):  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Average Impact ◽  
Average Impact Factor ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The aim of the study was to identify the role of cytokine storm in COVID-19, that emerged at the end of 2019, based on the analysis of 80 publications, including 17.4% Russian and 82.6% foreign publications for 2014–2020 with an average impact factor of 11.94 and a maximum of 74.699. This review includes an in-depth discussion of the possible causes and pathogenetic factors of cytokine storm syndrome development caused by COVID-19. The results of research on the use of various principles of cytokine storm correction are provided. It has been established that lung damage and the development of a fatal outcome are caused not by the virus itself, but by the hyperreaction of the body's immune system. The leading role in this process belongs to the cytokine storm, including the action of IL-6.

scholarly journals Role of nutrients regulation in the immune system in preventing COVID-19 infection: A brief review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 760-765
Author(s):  
Anamika Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Common ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

This review aimed to focus on using foods to boost immunity against COVID-19 in all age groups. In human, coronavirus causes the common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and a major threat to public health. The novel coronavirus was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization due to its rapid infectivity. COVID-19 infection is most probably reported in people with low immunity response. The nutrients, which show beneficial effects on the immune system, are called immune nutrients and diet is called immune diet. A healthy diet can reduce the risk of infection of COVID-19 and can prevent disease. Nutritional food intake is also necessary for people with chronic illness, obese persons, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cognitive dysfunction like anxiety and depression. All nutrients are essential for maintaining immunity and providing appropriate amounts of protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals for the surveillance mode of keeping us from getting sick. The use of plenty of water, minerals such as micronutrients, zinc, copper, selenium, iron, magnesium, food rich in vitamins, and a good lifestyle can promote health and overwhelm this coronavirus infection.

scholarly journals Thromboinflammation in COVID-19: The Clot Thickens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raayma Iffah ◽  
Felicity Gavins
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Endothelial Cell Activation ◽  
Multiple Systems ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Since the start of the novel coronavirus SARS-Cov-2 pandemic, a disease that has become one of the world’s greatest global health challenges, the role of the immune system has been at the forefront of scientific studies. The pathophysiology of COVID-19 is complex, which is evident by those at higher risk for poor outcome. Multiple systems contribute to thrombosis and inflammation seen in COVID-19 patients, including neutrophil dysfunction, platelet activation, endothelial cell activation. Understanding how the immune system functions in different patient cohorts (particularly given recent emerging events with the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine) is vital to understanding the pathophysiology of this devastating disease and for subsequent development of novel therapeutic targets and expedite possible drug repurposing strategies that could benefit society on a global scale.

SARS-COV2 virus and Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 977-982
Author(s):  
Mohamed J. Saadh ◽  
Bashar Haj Rashid M ◽  
Roa’a Matar ◽  
Sajeda Riyad Aldibs ◽  
Hala Sbaih ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Fatal Disease ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

SARS-COV2 virus causes Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and represents the causative agent of a potentially fatal disease that is of great global public health concern. The novel coronavirus (2019) was discovered in 2019 in Wuhan, the market of the wet animal, China with viral pneumonia cases and is life-threatening. Today, WHO announces COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic. COVID-19 is likely to be zoonotic. It is transmitted from bats as intermediary animals to human. Also, the virus is transmitted from human to human who is in close contact with others. The computerized tomographic chest scan is usually abnormal even in those with no symptoms or mild disease. Treatment is nearly supportive; the role of antiviral agents is yet to be established. The SARS-COV2 virus spreads faster than its two ancestors, the SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), but has lower fatality. In this article, we aimed to summarize the transmission, symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine to control the spread of this fatal disease.

The role and relationship of mindreading and social attunement in HRI – position statements of interdisciplinary researchers. Workshop HRI'20

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Wykowska ◽  
Jairo Pérez-Osorio ◽  
Stefan Kopp
Keyword(s):  
Mental States ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Artificial Agents ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This booklet is a collection of the position statements accepted for the HRI’20 conference workshop “Social Cognition for HRI: Exploring the relationship between mindreading and social attunement in human-robot interaction” (Wykowska, Perez-Osorio & Kopp, 2020). Unfortunately, due to the rapid unfolding of the novel coronavirus at the beginning of the present year, the conference and consequently our workshop, were canceled. On the light of these events, we decided to put together the positions statements accepted for the workshop. The contributions collected in these pages highlight the role of attribution of mental states to artificial agents in human-robot interaction, and precisely the quality and presence of social attunement mechanisms that are known to make human interaction smooth, efficient, and robust. These papers also accentuate the importance of the multidisciplinary approach to advance the understanding of the factors and the consequences of social interactions with artificial agents.

scholarly journals An outline of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and the complement cascade of immune system

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Padmalochan Hembram
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Main Body ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Transmission Chain ◽  
The World ◽  
Therapeutic Molecules ◽  
Rapid Transmission ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Near Future

Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 19 is a viral infection caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. It was first notified in Wuhan, China, is now spread into numerous part of the world. Thus, the world needs urgent support and encouragement to develop a vaccine or antiviral treatments to combat the atrocious outbreak. Main body of the abstract The origin of this virus is yet unknown; however, rapid transmission from human-to-human “Anthroponosis” has widely confirmed. The world is witnessing a continuous hike in SARS-CoV-2 infection. In light of the outbreak of coronavirus disease 19, we have aimed to highlight the basic and vital information about the novel coronavirus. We provide an overview of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, timeline and its pathophysiological properties which would be an aid for the development of therapeutic molecules and antiviral drugs. Immune system plays a crucial role in virus infection in order to control but may have dark side when becomes uncontrollable. The host and SARS-CoV-2 interaction describe how the virus exploits host machinery and how overactive host immune response can cause disease severity also addressed in this review. Short conclusion Safe and effective vaccines may be the game-changing tools, but in the near future wearing mask, washing hands at regular intervals, avoiding crowed, maintaining physical distancing and hygienic surrounding, must be good practices to reduce and break the transmission chain. Still, research is ongoing not only on how vaccines protect against disease, but also against infection and transmission.

scholarly journals Investigation of the genetic variation in ACE2 on the structural recognition by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingyi Guo ◽  
Zhishan Chen ◽  
Yumin Xia ◽  
Weiqiang Lin ◽  
Hongzhi Li
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
The Novel ◽  
S Protein ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Missense Variants ◽  
Catalytic Metal ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Background: The outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), through its surface spike glycoprotein (S-protein) recognition on the receptor Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in humans. However, it remains unclear how genetic variations in ACE2 may affect its function and structure, and consequently alter the recognition by SARS-CoV-2. Methods: We have systemically characterized missense variants in the gene ACE2 using data from the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD; N = 141,456). To investigate the putative deleterious role of missense variants, six existing functional prediction tools were applied to evaluate their impact. We further analyzed the structural flexibility of ACE2 and its protein-protein interface with the S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 using our developed Legion Interfaces Analysis (LiAn) program.Results: Here, we characterized a total of 12 ACE2 putative deleterious missense variants. Of those 12 variants, we further showed that p.His378Arg could directly weaken the binding of catalytic metal atom to decrease ACE2 activity and p.Ser19Pro could distort the most important helix to the S-protein. Another seven missense variants may affect secondary structures (i.e. p.Gly211Arg; p.Asp206Gly; p.Arg219Cys; p.Arg219His, p.Lys341Arg, p.Ile468Val, and p.Ser547Cys), whereas p.Ile468Val with AF = 0.01 is only present in Asian.Conclusions: We provide strong evidence of putative deleterious missense variants in ACE2 that are present in specific populations, which could disrupt the function and structure of ACE2. These findings provide novel insight into the genetic variation in ACE2 which may affect the SARS-CoV-2 recognition and infection, and COVID-19 susceptibility and treatment.

scholarly journals Why Companion Animals Are Beneficial During COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-432
Author(s):  
Unnati G Hunjan ◽  
Jayasankara Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Psychological Benefits ◽  
The Status ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health And Well Being

Companion animals and pets can be helpful during the novel coronavirus-19 pandemic. Interactions with them and positive physical contact lead to a variety of physiological and psychological benefits. It also releases biochemicals which can further boost the immune system and enhance health and well-being. This perspective discusses the benefits of these interactions, the modes of interactions and the activities that can be used. It also highlights the individuals that should avoid this approach and the status of the animal’s health before engaging with them.

scholarly journals Arterial Hypertension as a Risk Comorbidity Associated with COVID-19 Pathology

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Alexander Kamyshnyi ◽  
Inna Krynytska ◽  
Victoriya Matskevych ◽  
Mariya Marushchak ◽  
Oleh Lushchak
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Cardiovascular Comorbidities ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Ace2 Gene

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an ongoing global public health challenge. Current clinical data suggest that, in COVID-19 patients, arterial hypertension (AH) is one of the most common cardiovascular comorbidities; it can worsen outcomes and increase the risk of admission to intensive care unit (ICU). The exact mechanisms through which AH contributes to the poor prognosis in COVID-19 are not yet clear. The putative relationship between AH and COVID-19 may be linked to the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a key element of the AH pathophysiology. Another mechanism connecting AH and COVID-19 is the dysregulation of the immune system resulting in a cytokine storm, mediated by an imbalanced response of T helper cells subtypes. Therefore, it is essential to optimize blood pressure control in hypertensive patients and monitor them carefully for cardiovascular and other complications for the duration of COVID-19 infection. The question whether AH-linked ACE2 gene polymorphisms increase the risk and/or worsen the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection should also receive further consideration.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiome and Its Interaction with Immune System in Spondyloarthritis

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1727
Author(s):  
Jacqueline So ◽  
Lai-Shan Tam
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Hla B27 ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Gut Inflammation ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Gut Microorganisms

Emerging evidence suggests there is a gut-joint axis in spondyloarthritis (SpA). In a study, subclinical gut inflammation occurred in nearly 50% of SpA. Chronic gut inflammation also correlated with disease activity in SpA. Trillions of microorganisms reside in the human gut and interact with the human immune system. Dysbiosis affects gut immune homeostasis and triggers different autoimmune diseases including SpA. The absence of arthritis in HLA-B27 germ-free mice and the development of arthritis after the introduction of commensal bacteria to HLA-B27 germ-free mice proved to be the important role of gut bacteria in shaping SpA, other than the genetic factor. The recent advance in gene sequencing technology promotes the identification of microorganisms. In this review, we highlighted current evidence supporting the link between gut and axial SpA (axSpA). We also summarized available findings of gut microbiota and its interaction with the immune system in axSpA. Future research may explore the way to modulate gut microorganisms in axSpA and bring gut microbiome discoveries towards application.

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