scholarly journals Cytokine Storm in the Novel Coronavirus Infection and Methods of its Correction

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 27-37
Author(s):  
A. V. Ershov ◽  
V. D. Surova ◽  
V. T. Dolgikh ◽  
T. I. Dolgikh
Keyword(s):  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Average Impact ◽  
Average Impact Factor ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The aim of the study was to identify the role of cytokine storm in COVID-19, that emerged at the end of 2019, based on the analysis of 80 publications, including 17.4% Russian and 82.6% foreign publications for 2014–2020 with an average impact factor of 11.94 and a maximum of 74.699. This review includes an in-depth discussion of the possible causes and pathogenetic factors of cytokine storm syndrome development caused by COVID-19. The results of research on the use of various principles of cytokine storm correction are provided. It has been established that lung damage and the development of a fatal outcome are caused not by the virus itself, but by the hyperreaction of the body's immune system. The leading role in this process belongs to the cytokine storm, including the action of IL-6.

High cytokine levels and cytokine storm in the novel coronavirus infection

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Maksim Leonidovich Maksimov ◽  
Albina Ayratovna Zvegintseva ◽  
Lyudmila Yurievna Kulagina ◽  
Albina Zainutdinovna Nigmedzyanova ◽  
Elvina Ramisovna Kadyseva
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
The Public ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Scientific World ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

A review article is based on current foreign sources. The level of cytokines in the peripheral blood can be increased in many diseases, but in some cases there may be an excess of their normal concentration in tens, hundreds or more times with the development of a peculiar clinical picture, which is based on a systemic inflammatory reaction. In the literature this condition has received the figurative name «cytokine storm», which highlights an extremely violent reaction of the immune system with an unknown (often unfavorable) outcome. Close attention of the scientific world and the public to the problem of extremely high levels of cytokines in the peripheral blood (hypercytokinemia) was drawn due to the high frequency of the cytokine storm in the novel coronavirus infection.

scholarly journals Role of nutrients regulation in the immune system in preventing COVID-19 infection: A brief review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 760-765
Author(s):  
Anamika Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Common ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

This review aimed to focus on using foods to boost immunity against COVID-19 in all age groups. In human, coronavirus causes the common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and a major threat to public health. The novel coronavirus was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization due to its rapid infectivity. COVID-19 infection is most probably reported in people with low immunity response. The nutrients, which show beneficial effects on the immune system, are called immune nutrients and diet is called immune diet. A healthy diet can reduce the risk of infection of COVID-19 and can prevent disease. Nutritional food intake is also necessary for people with chronic illness, obese persons, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cognitive dysfunction like anxiety and depression. All nutrients are essential for maintaining immunity and providing appropriate amounts of protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals for the surveillance mode of keeping us from getting sick. The use of plenty of water, minerals such as micronutrients, zinc, copper, selenium, iron, magnesium, food rich in vitamins, and a good lifestyle can promote health and overwhelm this coronavirus infection.

scholarly journals The value of indicators characterizing the state of the cardiovascular system in assessing the hospital prognosis of COVID-19 patients

Kardiologiia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
I. V. Kovtyukh ◽  
G. E. Gendlin ◽  
I. G. Nikitin ◽  
A. M. Baymukanov ◽  
A. E. Nikitin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Hospital Death ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Blood Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
High Degree

Background     Heart damage is one of complications of the novel coronavirus infection. Searching for available predictors for in-hospital death and survival that determine the tactic of managing patients with COVID-19, is a challenge of the present time.Aim      To determine the role echocardiographic (EchoCG) parameters in evaluation of the in-hospital prognosis for patients with the novel coronavirus infection, COVID-19.Material and methods  The study included 158 patients admitted for COVID-19. EchoCG was performed for all patients. The role of left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) was analyzed in various age groups. EchoCG data were compared with the clinical picture, including the severity of respiratory failure (RF), blood oxygen saturation (SрО2), data of computed tomography (CT) of the lungs, and blood concentration of troponin. Comorbidity was analyzed, and the highest significance of individual pathologies was determined.Results LV EF ≤40 % determined the worst prognosis of patients with COVID-19 (p<0.0001), including the age group older than 70 years (р=0.013). LV EF did not correlate with the degree of lung tissue damage determined by CT upon admission (р=0.54) and over time (р=0.23). The indexes that determined an adverse in-hospital prognosis to a considerable degree were pericardial effusion (p<0.0001) and pulmonary hypertension (p<0.0001). RV end-diastolic dimension and LV end-diastolic volume did not determine the in-hospital mortality and survival. Blood serum concentration of troponin I higher than 165.13 µg/l was an important predictor for in-hospital death with a high degree of significance (р<0.0001). Th degree of RF considerably influenced the in-hospital mortality (р<0.0001). RF severity was associated with LV EF (р=0.024). The SpO2 value determined an adverse immediate prognosis with a high degree of significance (р=0.0009). This parameter weakly correlated with LV EF (r=0.26; p=0.0009). Patients who required artificial ventilation (AV) constituted a group with the worst survival rate (р<0.0001). LV EF was associated with a need for AV with a high degree of significance (р=0.0006). Comorbidities, such as chronic kidney disease, postinfarction cardiosclerosis and oncologic diseases, to the greatest extent determined the risk of fatal outcome.Conclusion      EchoCG can be recommended for patients with COVID-19 at the hospital stage to determine the tactics of management and for the in-hospital prognosis.

Dermatological manifestations in novel coronavirus infection COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.А. Хрянин ◽  
В.Г. Стуров ◽  
А.П. Надеев ◽  
В.К. Бочарова
Keyword(s):  
Primary Infection ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Skin Manifestations ◽  
Skin Symptoms ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Complement System ◽  
Secondary Consequence

Обзор посвящен анализу дерматологических проявлений при новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19, информация о которых непрерывно обновляется и дополняется. Однако до сих пор имеющиеся данные не были систематизированы. Цель обзора: проанализировать дерматологические проявления новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19. В среднем, у 12,5–20,4% пациентов с подтвержденным COVID-19 развились кожные проявления. Вопрос о том, являются ли кожные симптомы вторичным следствием респираторной инфекции или первичной инфекцией самой кожи, на данный момент остается открытым. Обсуждаются вероятные механизмы развития поражений кожи и роли системы комплемента и гиперкоагуляции крови в патогенезе развития дерматологических проявлений. В обзоре также приводятся клинические примеры вовлечения кожных покровов в инфекционный процесс при COVID-19. Поскольку COVID-19 имеет тенденцию к бессимптомному течению в течение 14 дней после заражения, кожные проявления могут служить индикатором инфекции, способствуя своевременной диагностике. Кроме того, осведомленность врачей о кожных симптомах, связанных с инфекцией COVID-19, имеет решающее значение для предотвращения неправильного диагноза заболевания. Review focuses on the analysis of dermatological manifestations of the novel coronovirus infection COVID-19; this information is continuously updated and supplemented. However, the available data have not been systematized until now. The purpose of this review is to analyze the dermatological manifestations of the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19. On average, 12.5–20.4% of patients with confirmed COVID-19 have developed skin manifestations. Whether the skin symptoms are a secondary consequence of a respiratory infection or a primary infection of the skin itself presently remains still open. Possible mechanisms of skin lesions development are discussed as well as the role of the complement system and blood hypercoagulation in the pathogenesis of the dermatological manifestations. The review also provides clinical examples of skin involvement in the infectious process in COVID-19. Since COVID-19 tends to be asymptomatic within 14 days of infection, so skin manifestations can serve as an indicator of infection, facilitating timely diagnosis. Moreover, physicians’ awareness of skin symptoms associated with COVID-19 is crucial for preventing misdiagnosis of the disease.

scholarly journals A case of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in a patient with obstructive sleep apnea managed with telemedicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. e240496
Author(s):  
Isabelo Sicsic Jr ◽  
Andres R Chacon ◽  
Moe Zaw ◽  
Kori Ascher ◽  
Alexandre Abreu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has produced millions of infections and deaths worldwide. It is believed that adaptive immunity to the virus occurs although with variation in its pattern and duration. While uncommon, confirmed reinfection with the novel coronavirus has been reported. Telemedicine has emerged as a viable tool for the delivery of healthcare in lieu of in-person patient contact. The variable and occasionally rapid course of clinical disease raises safety concerns of using telemedicine in the clinical management of acute infection with the novel coronavirus. We present a case of novel coronavirus infection in an immunocompetent individual with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) who failed to manifest an adaptive immune response to acute infection and was subsequently reinfected. The case highlights the use of telemedicine in managing novel coronavirus respiratory disease and the potential role of OSA as a disease facilitator.

scholarly journals Electrolyte deficiency after the novel coronavirus infection and post-COVID asthenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 245-251
Author(s):  
E.Yu. Ebzeeva ◽  
◽  
O.D. Ostroumova ◽  
I.F. Krotkova ◽  
E.V. Mironova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
High Rate ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Specific Syndrome ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Somatic Disorders ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Asthenia is a non-specific syndrome common in general practice and occurs in patients with acute and chronic somatic disorders, including infectious ones. The novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) is one of the leading causes of severe and persistent asthenia. The hypothalamicpituitary- adrenal axis is essential for the development of asthenia since its dysfunction provoked by various factors (including infections) results in electrolyte metabolism impairment with hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia. This paper describes a hypothetical pathogenic mechanism of asthenia after the COVID-19, which implies over-activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that, in particular, leads to hypokalemia. The role of pharmacotherapy prescribed for the COVID-19 is highlighted. Study results demonstrate a high rate of hypokalemia in patients with the COVID-19 and suggest a direct correlation between the severity of hypokalemia and the activity of viral infection. Furthermore, the detection of electrolyte abnormalities is essential in both acute infection and convalescence. Finally, the authors consider ways of relieving this pathological condition. KEYWORDS: novel coronavirus infection, COVID-19, post-infectious asthenia, angiotensin-converting enzyme, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia. FOR CITATION: Ebzeeva E.Yu., Ostroumova O.D., Krotkova I.F. et al. Electrolyte deficiency after the novel coronavirus infection and post- COVID asthenia. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(5):245–251 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-5-245-251.

scholarly journals Invasive aspergillosis associated with COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 671-676
Author(s):  
Nikolay V. Ovsyannikov ◽  
Olga A. Bilevich ◽  
Lyudmila A. Zenkova ◽  
Olga V. Vasilieva
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Aspergillosis ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Pulmonary Aspergillosis ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic announced by the World Health Organization in March 2020 has brought new tasks to the medical community that require immediate solutions. Recent studies have shown that invasive aspergillosis associated with coronavirus infection caused by COVID-19 often aggravates the course of the disease and leads to death. The article presents a clinical case of acute invasive aspergillosis in a COVID-19 patient with chronic somatic pathology but no risk factors for developing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. The disease was progressing rapidly and led to a fatal outcome.Conclusion. In the case presented, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis was diagnosed with the help of histological examination of autopsy material.

scholarly journals Morphological characteristic of coronavirus infection of the first and second waves of the pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
A.P. Nadeev ◽  
◽  
D.V. Morozov ◽  
M.A. Travin ◽  
K.A. Nizovtsev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffuse Alveolar Damage ◽  
Lower Lobe ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Productive Phase ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Introduction. A peculiarity of the first two waves of the epidemic of a novel coronavirus infection was that during their development only diagnostic methods, treatment regimens and anti-epidemic measures were only being developed, there were no vaccines and no mass vaccination was carried out. In this regard, the pandemic of the novel coronavirus infection of the first two waves is characterized by spontaneous progression of the disease. Aim of the research. Comparative study of morphological and clinical features of the novel coronavirus infection in the 1st and 2nd waves of the pandemic in 2020. Materials and methods. The autopsy protocols of deceased patients at the City Clinical Hospital No. 1 (Novosibirsk) during the 1st (May — June 2020) (1st group) and 2nd (October — December 2020) (2nd group) waves of the epidemic were analyzed. The 1st group included 30 cases, that is 14 women (46.7%) and 16 men (53.3%), in the 2nd — 110 cases, of which 43 were women (39.1%) and 67 – men (60.9%). In all cases, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in nasopharyngeal swabs from the patients was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Results. The novel coronavirus infection (coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), ICD-10 code: U07.1) as the principal diagnosis in both the 1st and 2nd waves was recorded in more than 66% of observations. Among the comorbidities, the circulatory and endocrine disorders (primarily diabetes mellitus and obesity), kidneys and urinary tract diseases, mainly chronic pyelonephritis, prevailed. The COVID-19 pneumonia was predominantly bilateral polysegmental serоhemorrhagic in nature, however, in the 1st wave of the pandemic, the frequency of subtotal and seropurulent pneumonias was higher than in patients hospitalized during the 2nd wave. Diffuse alveolar damage in the 1st wave of the epidemic was characterized by the predominance of the early (exudative) phase of inflammation, in contrast to the 2nd wave, which was characterized by the predominance of the late (productive) phase in patients. Histologically, in patients of the 1st wave, the signs of exudative inflammation and hemorrhagic phenomena (with neutrophils and hyaline membranes in the alveoli, infarctions caused by thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism) prevailed. In the 2nd wave, signs of productive inflammation were more common in the lungs (predominance of macrophages in the alveoli, organizing pneumonia (pneumofibrosis), squamous cell metaplasia). Conclusion. The differences in the course of the novel coronavirus infection in the 1st and 2nd waves of the 2020 epidemic concerned primarily the frequency and structure of comorbidities and the level of polymorbidity, which were higher in patients during the 2nd wave. The severity of lung damage in patients of the 2nd wave was less pronounced: subtotal bilateral pneumonias were less common, lower lobe seropurulent pneumonias were more common. Diffuse alveolar damage in the 1st wave of the epidemic was characterized by the predominance of the early (exudative) phase, in contrast to the 2nd wave, which was characterized by the predominance of the late, productive phase of inflammation.

scholarly journals What Happens to the Immune System after Vaccination or Recovery from COVID-19?

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1152
Author(s):  
Bruna T. Tiyo ◽  
Gabriela J. H. Schmitz ◽  
Marina M. Ortega ◽  
Laís T. da Silva ◽  
Alexandre de Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Disease Treatment ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Virus Exposure ◽  
Review Reports ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Due to its leading role in fighting infections, the human immune system has been the focus of many studies in the context of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In a worldwide effort, the scientific community has transitioned from reporting about the effects of the novel coronavirus on the human body in the early days of the pandemic to exploring the body’s many immunopathological and immunoprotecting properties that have improved disease treatment and enabled the development of vaccines. The aim of this review is to explain what happens to the immune system after recovery from COVID-19 and/or vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the disease. We detail the way in which the immune system responds to a SARS-CoV-2 infection, including innate and adaptive measures. Then, we describe the role of vaccination, the main types of COVID-19 vaccines and how they protect us. Further, we explain the reason why immunity after COVID-19 infection plus a vaccination appears to induce a stronger response compared with virus exposure alone. Additionally, this review reports some correlates of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. In conclusion, we reinforce that vaccination is safe and important in achieving herd immunity.

scholarly journals Interplay of Opposing Effects of the WNT/β-Catenin Pathway and PPARγ and Implications for SARS-CoV2 Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Vallée ◽  
Yves Lecarpentier ◽  
Jean-Noël Vallée
Keyword(s):  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Pparγ Agonists ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Opposing Effects ◽  
Canonical Wnt

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), has quickly reached pandemic proportions. Cytokine profiles observed in COVID-19 patients have revealed increased levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α and increased NF-κB pathway activity. Recent evidence has shown that the upregulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway is associated with inflammation, resulting in a cytokine storm in ARDS (acute respire distress syndrome) and especially in COVID-19 patients. Several studies have shown that the WNT/β-catenin pathway interacts with PPARγ in an opposing interplay in numerous diseases. Furthermore, recent studies have highlighted the interesting role of PPARγ agonists as modulators of inflammatory and immunomodulatory drugs through the targeting of the cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients. SARS-CoV2 infection presents a decrease in the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) associated with the upregulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway. SARS-Cov2 may invade human organs besides the lungs through the expression of ACE2. Evidence has highlighted the fact that PPARγ agonists can increase ACE2 expression, suggesting a possible role for PPARγ agonists in the treatment of COVID-19. This review therefore focuses on the opposing interplay between the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway and PPARγ in SARS-CoV2 infection and the potential beneficial role of PPARγ agonists in this context.

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