scholarly journals An Update on the Effectiveness of Probiotics in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer

Life ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Vidya Sankarapandian ◽  
Balu Alagar Venmathi Maran ◽  
Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran ◽  
Manasi P. Jogalekar ◽  
Sridharan Gurunagarajan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Key Players ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

Probiotics are living microbes that play a significant role in protecting the host in various ways. Gut microbiota is one of the key players in maintaining homeostasis. Cancer is considered one of the most significant causes of death worldwide. Although cancer treatment has received much attention in recent years, the number of people suffering from neoplastic syndrome continues to increase. Despite notable improvements in the field of cancer therapy, tackling cancer has been challenging due to the multiple properties of cancer cells and their ability to evade the immune system. Probiotics alter the immunological and cellular responses by enhancing the epithelial barrier and stimulating the production of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticarcinogenic compounds, thereby reducing cancer burden and growth. The present review focuses on the various mechanisms underlying the role of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of cancer.

Microbiota-Immune System Interactions in Human Neurological Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 509-526
Author(s):  
Qin Huang ◽  
Fang Yu ◽  
Di Liao ◽  
Jian Xia
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies

: Recent studies implicate microbiota-brain communication as an essential factor for physiology and pathophysiology in brain function and neurodevelopment. One of the pivotal mechanisms about gut to brain communication is through the regulation and interaction of gut microbiota on the host immune system. In this review, we will discuss the role of microbiota-immune systeminteractions in human neurological disorders. The characteristic features in the development of neurological diseases include gut dysbiosis, the disturbed intestinal/Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) permeability, the activated inflammatory response, and the changed microbial metabolites. Neurological disorders contribute to gut dysbiosis and some relevant metabolites in a top-down way. In turn, the activated immune system induced by the change of gut microbiota may deteriorate the development of neurological diseases through the disturbed gut/BBB barrier in a down-top way. Understanding the characterization and identification of microbiome-immune- brain signaling pathways will help us to yield novel therapeutic strategies by targeting the gut microbiome in neurological disease.

The interplay between gut microbiota and the immune system in liver transplant recipients and its role in infections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Ancona ◽  
Laura Alagna ◽  
Andrea Lombardi ◽  
Emanuele Palomba ◽  
Valeria Castelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Liver Transplant ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Liver Transplant Recipients

Liver transplantation (LT) is a life-saving strategy for patients with end-stage liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma and acute liver failure. LT success can be hampered by several short-term and long-term complications. Among them, bacterial infections, especially due to multidrug-resistant germs, are particularly frequent with a prevalence between 19 and 33% in the first 100 days after transplantation. In the last decades, a number of studies have highlighted how gut microbiota (GM) is involved in several essential functions to ensure the intestinal homeostasis, becoming one of the most important virtual metabolic organs. GM works through different axes with other organs, and the gut-liver axis is among the most relevant and investigated ones. Any alteration or disruption of GM is defined as dysbiosis. Peculiar phenotypes of GM dysbiosis have been associated to several liver conditions and complications, such as chronic hepatitis, fatty liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover, there is growing evidence of the crucial role of GM in shaping the immune response, both locally and systemically, against pathogens. This paves the way to the manipulation of GM as a therapeutic instrument to modulate the infectious risk and outcome. In this minireview we provide an overview of the current understanding on the interplay between gut microbiota and the immune system in liver transplant recipients and the role of the former in infections.

scholarly journals ON THE QUESTION OF THE PATHOGENESIS OF HIV-INFECTION: THE ROLE OF IMMUNE ACTIVATION IN PROGRESSION OF DISEASE

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
G. R. Khasanova ◽  
I. G. Mustafin ◽  
V. A. Anokhin
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Rate Of Progression ◽  
Progression Of Disease ◽  
Modern Knowledge

Hyperactivaion of immme system is considered by most investigators as importantfactor, contributing to progression of HIV-infection and development ofAIDS. In the review modern knowledge about mechanisms and results of activation of immune system during HIV-infection are presented. HIV itself, opportunistic pathogens and components of gut microbiota, first of all, endotoxins ofgram-negative bacteria are considered as probable "activators" of immune system. High levels of endotoxin and markers of immune activation are associated with an even greater rate of progression of HIV-infection.

scholarly journals Sepsis and the Microbiome: A Vicious Cycle

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D Miller ◽  
Robert Keskey ◽  
John C Alverdy
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Enteral Feeding ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Antibiotic Stewardship ◽  
Vicious Cycle ◽  
Fecal Transplant ◽  
Suspected Infection

Abstract Although sepsis has been characterized as a dysregulated immune response to an ongoing or suspected infection, the role of the microbiome as a key influencer of the septic response is emerging. The unavoidable disruption of the microbiome while treating sepsis with antibiotics can itself result in immune system dysregulation, further exacerbating the course and outcome of sepsis. Alterations in the gut microbiome as a result of sepsis and its treatment have been implicated in the organ dysfunction typical of sepsis across a wide variety of tissues including the lung, kidney and brain. A number of microbiota directed interventions are currently under investigation in the setting of sepsis including fecal transplant, the administration of dietary fiber in enteral feeding products and the use of antibiotic scavengers that are directed at attenuating the effects of antibiotics on the gut microbiota while allowing them to concentrate at the primary sites of infection. Taken together, the emerging role of the gut microbiome in sepsis touches various elements of the pathophysiology of sepsis and its treatment, and provides yet another reason to consider the judicious use of antibiotics via antibiotic stewardship programs.

scholarly journals The Gut Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview of Clinical Trials

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1507-1527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Schepici ◽  
Serena Silvestro ◽  
Placido Bramanti ◽  
Emanuela Mazzon
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
System A ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Review Reports

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating, and degenerative disease that affects the central nervous system. A recent study showed that interaction between the immune system and the gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the development of MS. This review reports the clinical studies carried out in recent years that aimed to evaluate the composition of the microbiota in patients with relapsing–remitting MS (RR-MS). We also report what is available in the literature regarding the effectiveness of fecal microbiota transplantation and the role of the diet in restoring the intestinal bacterial population. Studies report that patients with RR-MS have a microbiota that, compared with healthy controls, has higher amounts of Pedobacteria, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, Mycoplana, Acinetobacter, Eggerthella, Dorea, Blautia, Streptococcus and Akkermansia. In contrast, MS patients have a microbiota with impoverished microbial populations of Prevotella, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Haemophilus, Sutterella, Adlercreutzia, Coprobacillus, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Anaerostipes and Faecalibacterium. In conclusion, the restoration of the microbial population in patients with RR-MS appears to reduce inflammatory events and the reactivation of the immune system.

scholarly journals Immunomodulation by Gut Microbiota: Role of Toll-Like Receptor Expressed by T Cells

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariagrazia Valentini ◽  
Alessia Piermattei ◽  
Gabriele Di Sante ◽  
Giuseppe Migliara ◽  
Giovanni Delogu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mutual Regulation ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Numerous Cell ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
And Function

A close relationship exists between gut microbiota and immune responses. An imbalance of this relationship can determine local and systemic immune diseases. In fact the immune system plays an essential role in maintaining the homeostasis with the microbiota that normally resides in the gut, while, at the same time, the gut microbiota influences the immune system, modulating number and function of effector and regulatory T cells. To achieve this aim, mutual regulation between immune system and microbiota is achieved through several mechanisms, including the engagement of toll-like receptors (TLRs), pathogen-specific receptors expressed on numerous cell types. TLRs are able to recognize ligands from commensal or pathogen microbiota to maintain the tolerance or trigger the immune response. In this review, we summarize the latest evidences about the role of TLRs expressed in adaptive T cells, to understand how the immune system promotes intestinal homeostasis, fights invasion by pathogens, and is modulated by the intestinal microbiota.

The role of immune system maturation in gut-microbiota-brain axis communication

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. e36-e37
Author(s):  
V. Philip ◽  
J. Lu ◽  
H.J. Galipeau ◽  
E.F. Verdu ◽  
K.D. McCoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota

scholarly journals Inflammatory and Microbiota-Related Regulation of the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Barbara ◽  
Maria Raffaella Barbaro ◽  
Daniele Fuschi ◽  
Marta Palombo ◽  
Francesca Falangone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Irritable Bowel

The intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) is one of the largest interfaces between the environment and the internal milieu of the body. It is essential to limit the passage of harmful antigens and microorganisms and, on the other side, to assure the absorption of nutrients and water. The maintenance of this delicate equilibrium is tightly regulated as it is essential for human homeostasis. Luminal solutes and ions can pass across the IEB via two main routes: the transcellular pathway or the paracellular pathway. Tight junctions (TJs) are a multi-protein complex responsible for the regulation of paracellular permeability. TJs control the passage of antigens through the IEB and have a key role in maintaining barrier integrity. Several factors, including cytokines, gut microbiota, and dietary components are known to regulate intestinal TJs. Gut microbiota participates in several human functions including the modulation of epithelial cells and immune system through the release of several metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Mediators released by immune cells can induce epithelial cell damage and TJs dysfunction. The subsequent disruption of the IEB allows the passage of antigens into the mucosa leading to further inflammation. Growing evidence indicates that dysbiosis, immune activation, and IEB dysfunction have a role in several diseases, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and gluten-related conditions. Here we summarize the interplay between the IEB and gut microbiota and mucosal immune system and their involvement in IBS, IBD, and gluten-related disorders.

scholarly journals Exploring the Modulatory Effects of Gut Microbiota in Anti-Cancer Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenyu Li ◽  
Xiaorong Deng ◽  
Tingtao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Recent Decade ◽  
Normal Microbiota ◽  
Surgery Research ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The One

In the recent decade, gut microbiota has received growing interest due to its role in human health and disease. On the one hand, by utilizing the signaling pathways of the host and interacting with the immune system, the gut microbiota is able to maintain the homeostasis in human body. This important role is mainly modulated by the composition of microbiota, as a normal microbiota composition is responsible for maintaining the homeostasis of human body, while an altered microbiota profile could contribute to several pathogenic conditions and may further lead to oncogenesis and tumor progression. Moreover, recent insights have especially focused on the important role of gut microbiota in current anticancer therapies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy and surgery. Research findings have indicated a bidirectional interplay between gut microbiota and these therapeutic methods, in which the implementation of different therapeutic methods could lead to different alterations in gut microbiota, and the presence of gut microbiota could in turn contribute to different therapeutic responses. As a result, manipulating the gut microbiota to reduce the therapy-induced toxicity may provide an adjuvant therapy to achieve a better therapeutic outcome. Given the complex role of gut microbiota in cancer treatment, this review summarizes the interactions between gut microbiota and anticancer therapies, and demonstrates the current strategies for reshaping gut microbiota community, aiming to provide possibilities for finding an alternative approach to lower the damage and improve the efficacy of cancer therapy.

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