scholarly journals Wear Analysis of Forging Tools Used in an Industrial Production Process—Hot Forging in Closed Dies of the “Head-Disk” of an Engine Valve Forging

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7063
Author(s):  
Marek Hawryluk ◽  
Jacek Ziemba ◽  
Marta Janik ◽  
Piotr Górski ◽  
Łukasz Dudkiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Hot Forging ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Nickel Steel ◽  
High Adhesion ◽  
Performance Conditions ◽  
Made In

The article performs an analysis of the durability of punches applied in the process of producing a valve forging from chromium-nickel steel. A forging of this type is made in two operations: coextrusion of a long shank, followed by finishing forging in closed dies of the valve head. The product obtained in this way (after other additional finishing procedures) constitutes the key element of the combustion engine (resistant to high pressures and temperatures) in motor trucks. Unfortunately, a significant problem in this production process is a relatively low durability of the forging tools, especially the punch used in the second forging operation. The key element at this stage, deciding about the punch’s further operation, is the area of the so-called “calotte”. The short-term life of the tools results from very hard performance conditions present during the forging process (periodical high mechanical and thermal loads, long path of friction). The latter cause intensive abrasive wear as well as high adhesion of the forging material to the tool surface. Based on the performed studies, including the following: technology analysis, numerical modelling, macro analyses combined with 3D scanning of tool sections as well as microstructural tests and hardness measurements, it was established that it is crucial to properly select the process parameters (charge and tool temperature, tribological conditions), as even slight changes introduced into them significantly affect the operation time of the forging tools. Mastering and proper implementation of the analyzed forging technology requires numerous further studies and tests, which will enable its perfection and thus increase the durability of the tools as well as the quality of the produced items.

scholarly journals STANDARDISATION IN ENGINEERING SURVEYS

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. Ia-Ic
Author(s):  
Erol Yavuz ◽  
Nihat Ersoy
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Will Force ◽  
Made In

Buying, selling and changing goods and services easily in today’s world, where economic, social and cultural relations are very complicated, are related to standards that determine the qualities of them. Although, there are standards for every kind of goods and services produced in the European Community (that we still try to be a member of it), any detailed study on this subject has not been done. Unfortunately, conformity packages, which come help us almost in every subject, will force us to work on this subject imperatively. Since the engineering surveys are also based on technological service and its production, getting more quality in a production process and the quality of the personnel (surveying engineers, surveying technicians etc), who works in production process, depend on standardisation of the methods and the equipment used for survey. The subject of the qualification and the quality of personnel, who work in surveying sector, determination of standards related to survey methods and instruments has not been taken into consideration in detail. Only some legal regulations have been developed until now. Quality problem in the production of goods and services must not change from country to country. This subject is very important and cannot be solved by legal regulations made in different countries. Free circulation of goods and services is possible if they are standardised globally.

scholarly journals Gaseous combustion at high pressures. Part VI.— The explosion of argon- and helium-diluted knall-gases

1926 ◽  
Vol 110 (756) ◽  
pp. 645-659
Keyword(s):  
Main Part ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Nickel Steel ◽  
Explosion Chamber ◽  
Chief Chemist ◽  
Chrome Steel ◽  
The Past ◽  
Spherical Explosion ◽  
Made In

In this paper are recorded the results of experiments made during the past year upon the explosion of argon- or helium-diluted hydrogen- and CO-knall-gases at various initial pressures between 10 and 150 atmospheres. Nearly all of these were made in our nickel-chrome-steel bomb No. 3 (spherical explosion chamber of 239 c. c. capacity), particulars of which were given in the previous paper of this series ( q. v. ), the only exception being four experiments, all at initial pressures below about 50 atmospheres,which were made in our nickel-steel bomb No. 2 (spherical explosion chamber of 242 c. c. capacity). Although in the course of these researches up to the end of 1924 we had carried out several experiments with argon-diluted CO-knall-gas at various initial pressures, chiefly for comparison with the corresponding nitrogen- diluted knall-gas, we had never been able to make any systematic comparisons between argon and helium-diluted knall-gases, through lack of sufficient helium for experiments at high initial pressures. Some time ago, through the kindness of Sir William Pope, we got a small supply of it, which enabled us to make a few preliminary experiments at initial pressures up to 50 atmospheres; but it was not until early in 1925, when we were presented by the U. S. Bureau of Mines in Washington, through the kindness of Dr. S. C. Lind, their chief chemist, with a cylinder containing 60 cubic feet of helium at a pressure of 45 atmospheres for the purpose of our experiments, that we were able to carry out the main part of our programme.

scholarly journals An axiomatic approach to a cork granulation facility design

2018 ◽  
Vol 223 ◽  
pp. 01020
Author(s):  
Diogo Martins ◽  
João Fradinho ◽  
Miguel Cavique ◽  
António Gabriel-Santos ◽  
Alberto Martinho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Industrial Design ◽  
Axiomatic Approach ◽  
Industrial Plant ◽  
Design Solution ◽  
Independence Axiom ◽  
Innovative Design ◽  
The Past ◽  
Made In

In the conceptual step of any industrial design, there is a considerable amount of decisions that directly affect the quality of the final product. These decisions are often made with lack of knowledge about the subjects, limitative trains of thought and repetition of traditional solutions. The present paper is focused on the use of Axiomatic Design in the design of a cork granulation industrial plant, with a particular emphasis on the Independence Axiom. An innovative design solution was made, aiming to reduce or overcome the current issues and to reevaluate many of the decisions made in the past. In this study, some parts of the production process were analysed. The verified lack of independency gave rise to new design solutions and consequently to a better production process.

scholarly journals Between the Horse and Car

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (07) ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
Frank Wicks
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Patent ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Unique Form ◽  
Gas Engine ◽  
Henry Ford ◽  
States Patent ◽  
Made In

This article highlights that the world is now celebrating the centennial of three internal combustion engine-driven milestones. Wilbur and Orville Wright achieved controllable and powered flight at Kitty Hawk, with a barely adequate 16-horsepower gas engine they had made in their bicycle shop. Henry Ford in Detroit founded his motor company that rapidly made the horse obsolete and revolutionized our way of life. And in Milwaukee, the 22-year-old William Harley and 21-year-old Arthur Davidson sold their first motorcycle to schoolyard pal Henry Meyer. There is a unique uneven rhythm to a Harley-Davidson engine. In 1994, the company filed a widely publicized application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office to register the sound as a trademark. Management decided to withdraw the application in 2000. The motorcycle is fuel-efficient, easy to park, and can maneuver through congestion. It can enhance the quality of life by providing the rider with a unique form of relaxation and enjoyment.

Statistical Management of Food Production Processes

2020 ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
N.A. Jurk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Control Chart ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Bakery Products ◽  
Shewhart Control ◽  
Manufactured Products ◽  
Mnemonic Technique ◽  
The Stability

The article presents scientific research in the field of statistical controllability of the food production process using the example of bakery products for a certain time interval using statistical methods of quality management. During quality control of finished products, defects in bakery products were identified, while the initial data were recorded in the developed form of a checklist for registering defects. It has been established that the most common defect is packaging leakage. For the subsequent statistical assessment of the stability of the production process and further analysis of the causes of the identified defect, a Shewhart control chart (p-card by an alternative feature) was used, which allows you to control the quality of manufactured products by the number of defects detected. Analyzing the control chart, it was concluded that studied process is conditionally stable, and the emerging defects are random. At the last stage of the research, the Ishikawa causal diagram was used, developed using the 6M mnemonic technique, in order to identify the most significant causes that affect the occurrence of the considered defect in bakery products. A more detailed study will allow the enterprise to produce food products that meet the established requirements.

Typical errors and violations of biotechnics of artificial breeding of pacific salmon

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Grinberg
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Important Condition ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fish Breeding ◽  
Artificial Breeding ◽  
Strict Compliance

In two parts of the article, more than 70 errors and violations of the Biotechnics of artificial breeding of Pacific salmon in salmon hatcheries are collected and summarized, which lead to an immediate or delayed deterioration of the quality of reared fry and a decrease in their survival rate. Deviations from the biological basis of fish farming are shown and possible consequences of such errors or violations are predicted. In the first part of the article (#7,2020) there were General errors (throughout the entire fish-breeding process), as well as violations of Biotechnics during the work with producers, collecting eggs and preparing them for incubation, in the second part-violations of Biotechnics during the incubation of eggs, holding pre-larvae, rearing and release of young. Their correction, prevention or minimization of consequences will significantly improve the quality of sexual products and offspring from producers, increase the linear and weight gain of juveniles during rearing, improve the coefficient of feed payment, reduce the time of rearing, improve the epizootic situation by developing immunity in fry and mobilizing other protective reactions of their body, significantly reduce waste at all stages of the production process, increasing survival by 10–15%. In conclusion, it is noted that the first and most important condition for an efficient salmon hatchery is the creation of optimal environmental conditions at each stage of the production process. The second condition is strict compliance with the Biotechnics of artificial salmon breeding and the complex of veterinary and sanitary, fish-breeding and meliorative and therapeutic and preventive measures. The third is the availability of competent specialists who regularly improve their skills in accredited Universities to implement, control and manage the first two conditions.

Reuse of Sludge from Pulp and Paper Industry Pilot and Full Scale Applications

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Eroǧlu ◽  
A. M. Saatçi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Primary Sludge ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Made In

Recent advances made in the reuse of pulp and paper industry sludges in hardboard production are explained. Data obtained from pilot and full-scale plants using primary sludge of a pulp and paper industry as an additive in the production of hardboard is presented. An economic analysis of the reuse of pulp and paper primary sludge in hardboard manufacturing is given. The quality of the hardboard produced is tested and compared with the qualities of the hardboard produced by the same plant before the addition of primary sludge. The hardboard with primary sludge additive has been used in Turkey for about a year in the manufacturing of office and home furniture. The results are very satisfactory when the primary sludge is used at 1/4 ratio.

scholarly journals Determination of Environmental Factors for the Implementation of the Exploitability Index in Industrial Aggregate Mining Using Multi-Criteria Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Julio Manuel de Luis-Ruiz ◽  
Benito Ramiro Salas-Menocal ◽  
Gema Fernández-Maroto ◽  
Rubén Pérez-Álvarez ◽  
Raúl Pereda-García
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Factor ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Hierarchy Process ◽  
Made In

The quality of human life is linked to the exploitation of mining resources. The Exploitability Index (EI) assesses the actual possibilities to enable a mine according to several factors. The environment is one of the most constraining ones, but its analysis is made in a shallow way. This research is focused on its determination, according to a new preliminary methodology that sets the main components of the environmental impact related to the development of an exploitation of industrial minerals and its weighting according to the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). It is applied to the case of the ophitic outcrops in Cantabria (Spain). Twelve components are proposed and weighted with the AHP and an algorithm that allows for assigning a normalized value for the environmental factor to each deposit. Geographic Information Systems (GISs) are applied, allowing us to map a large number of components of the environmental factors. This provides a much more accurate estimation of the environmental factor, with respect to reality, and improves the traditional methodology in a substantial way. It can be established as a methodology for mining spaces planning, but it is suitable for other contexts, and it raises developing the environmental analysis before selecting the outcrop to be exploited.

scholarly journals Downregulation of exosomal let-7d and miR-16 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Donato Lacedonia ◽  
Giulia Scioscia ◽  
Piera Soccio ◽  
Massimo Conese ◽  
Lucia Catucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Therapy Response ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exosomal Mirnas ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
Made In

Abstract Background Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a degenerative interstitial lung disease with both a poor prognosis and quality of life once the diagnosis is made. In the last decade many features of the disease have been investigated to better understand the pathological steps that lead to the onset of the disease and, moreover, different types of biomarkers have been tested to find valid diagnostic, prognostic and therapy response predictive ones. In the complexity of IPF, microRNA (miRNAs) biomarker investigation seems to be promising. Methods We analysed the expression of five exosomal miRNAs supposed to have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease from serum of a group of IPF patients (n = 61) and we compared it with the expression of the same miRNAs in a group of healthy controls (n = 15). Results In the current study what emerged is let-7d down-regulation and, unexpectedly, miR-16 significant down-regulation. Moreover, through a cross-sectional analysis, a clustering of the expression of miR-16, miR-21 and miR-26a was found. Conclusions These findings could help the individuation of previously unknown key players in the pathophysiology of IPF and, most interestingly, more specific targets for the development of effective medications.

scholarly journals Comparing quality of life between patients undergoing trans-areola endoscopic thyroid surgery and trans-oral endoscopic thyroid surgery

BMC Surgery ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Shen ◽  
Xiaochi Hu ◽  
Rui Qu ◽  
Youming Guo ◽  
Libo Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Thyroid Surgery ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Endoscopic Thyroidectomy ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Endoscopic Thyroid Surgery ◽  
Sf 36 ◽  
Areola Approach ◽  
High Level

Abstract Background Compared with conventional open surgery, endoscopic thyroidectomy via the oral vestibular approach (ETVOA) and endoscopic thyroidectomy via the areola approach (ETAA) avoided scarring of the skin, which may help patients achieve a better quality of life (QOL). However, the benefit of the QOL from this technique has not been adequately investigated, therefore this study compared the QOL outcomes between ETVOA and ETAA. Methods 131 patients were enrolled in this study. ETAA surgery and ETVOA surgery were performed in 74 patients and 57 patients, respectively. These patients were followed up at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks, and their QOL was evaluated using a thyroid surgery-specific questionnaire and a short-form health survey (SF-36). Results There were no differences in clinical characteristics such as gender, age, body mass index (BMI), and tumor size between the two groups. The volume of intraoperative blood loss, cost of hospitalization, and complications between the two procedures showed no differences. Compared with ETAA, ETVOA has a longer operation time, no drainage, and shorter hospital stay. In the QOL questionnaire, several parameters in ETVOA were better. The satisfaction scores of patients undergoing ETVOA were higher. In addition, the cosmetic satisfaction in patients who received ETOVA was significantly better than that of patients who underwent ETAA. The degree of neck movement disorder in patients with ETVOA was milder. Patients who received ETVOA had higher score on the SF-36. Conclusions The trans-oral endoscopic approach can acquire better cosmetic results and achieved high-level QOL.

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