Seaweed Protein Hydrolysates and Bioactive Peptides: Extraction, Purification and Applications

Seaweeds are industrially exploited for obtaining pigments, polysaccharides, or phenolic compounds with application in diverse fields. Nevertheless, their rich composition in fiber, minerals, and proteins, has pointed them as a useful source of these components. Seaweed proteins are nutritionally valuable and include several specific enzymes, glycoproteins, cell wall-attached proteins, phycobiliproteins, lectins, or peptides. Extraction of seaweed proteins requires the application of disruptive methods due to the heterogeneous cell wall composition of each macroalgae group. Hence, non-protein molecules like phenolics or polysaccharides may also be co-extracted, affecting the extraction yield. Therefore, depending on the macroalgae and target protein characteristics, the sample pretreatment, extraction and purification techniques must be carefully chosen. Traditional methods like solid–liquid or enzyme-assisted extraction (SLE or EAE) have proven successful. However, alternative techniques as ultrasound- or microwave-assisted extraction (UAE or MAE) can be more efficient. To obtain protein hydrolysates, these proteins are subjected to hydrolyzation reactions, whether with proteases or physical or chemical treatments that disrupt the proteins native folding. These hydrolysates and derived peptides are accounted for bioactive properties, like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, or antihypertensive activities, which can be applied to different sectors. In this work, current methods and challenges for protein extraction and purification from seaweeds are addressed, focusing on their potential industrial applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.

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Optimization of Flavonoid Extraction from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge Flowers, and the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Capacity of the Extract

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules27010113 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 113

Author(s):

Henghui Zhang ◽

Xiaoli Wang ◽

Dongliang He ◽

Dongliang Zou ◽

Runzhu Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Radical Scavenging ◽

Natural Antioxidants ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

E Coli ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries ◽

Solid Liquid

In the present work, the extraction process of total flavonoids (TFs) from X. sorbifolia flowers by ultrasound-assisted extraction was optimized under the response surface methodology (RSM) on the basis of single-factor experiments. The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: ethanol concentration of 80%, solid–liquid ratio of 1:37 (g/mL), temperature of 84 °C, and extraction time of 1 h. Under the optimized conditions, the extraction yield of the TFs was 3.956 ± 0.04%. The radical scavenging capacities of TFs against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) were much greater than that of rutin. The results of antibacterial experiments indicated that the TFs displayed strong inhibitory activities on E. coli, S. aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Therefore, X. sorbifolia flowers can be used as a novel source of natural flavonoids, and the TFs have potential applications as natural antioxidants or antibacterial agents in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

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Protein Extraction from Spirulina platensis by Using Ultrasound Assisted Extraction: Effect of Solvent Types and Extraction Time

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.872.33 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 872 ◽

pp. 33-37

Author(s):

Kong Sela ◽

Wiratni Budhijanto ◽

Arief Budiman

Keyword(s):

Spirulina Platensis ◽

Protein Extraction ◽

Solvent Mixture ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Protein Recovery ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Ultrasound Assisted ◽

Solvent Volume

Protein is a substantial nutrition that essentially required by human. Spirulina platensis (Spp), well known as protein source could be a significant source to be used for many industrial applications. This study was investigated the effectiveness of ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) method for protein extraction from Spp at various composition of solvent mixture and extraction time. Ethanol and mixture of methanol-ethanol were used as solvent. Extraction was conducted by varying ratios of solvent to biomass at 10:1, 12.5:1, and 15:1 (v/w), and extraction time (20, 35, and 50 min). Optimum protein recovery from dry Spp was 42.55 ± 0.43% obtained by using 20 ml of the mixture of methanol and ethanol at 50 min of extraction time. This study also conducted that mixture of methanol and ethanol was a better solvent on improving the ultrasound assisted extraction, as indicated by high protein recovery with less amount of solvent volume used.

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Recent Developments in Production and Biotechnological Applications of C-Phycocyanin

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2013/742859 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 114

Author(s):

M. Kuddus ◽

P. Singh ◽

G. Thomas ◽

Awdah Al-Hazimi

Keyword(s):

Industrial Applications ◽

Biotechnological Applications ◽

Synthetic Compounds ◽

Natural Pigments ◽

Extraction And Purification ◽

Natural Colorants ◽

Extensive Range ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries ◽

Harmful Effects

An extensive range of pigments including phycobiliproteins are present in algae. C-phycocyanin (C-PC), a phycobiliprotein, is one of the key pigments ofSpirulina, a microalgae used in many countries as a dietary supplement. Algal pigments have massive commercial value as natural colorants in nutraceutical, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries, besides their health benefits. At present, increasing awareness of harmful effects of synthetic compounds and inclination of community towards the usage of natural products have led to the exploitation of microalgae as a source of natural pigments/colors. This review describes recent findings about the sources and production of C-PC, with emphasis on specific techniques for extraction and purification, along with potential industrial applications in diagnostics, foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.

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Emerging Technologies for the Extraction of Marine Phenolics: Opportunities and Challenges

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md18080389 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (8) ◽

pp. 389 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Adane Tilahun Getachew ◽

Charlotte Jacobsen ◽

Susan Løvstad Holdt

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Organic Solvents ◽

Emerging Technologies ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Challenging Environment ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries

Natural phenolic compounds are important classes of plant, microorganism, and algal secondary metabolites. They have well-documented beneficial biological activities. The marine environment is less explored than other environments but have huge potential for the discovery of new unique compounds with potential applications in, e.g., food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. To survive in a very harsh and challenging environment, marine organisms like several seaweed (macroalgae) species produce and accumulate several secondary metabolites, including marine phenolics in the cells. Traditionally, these compounds were extracted from their sample matrix using organic solvents. This conventional extraction method had several drawbacks such as a long extraction time, low extraction yield, co-extraction of other compounds, and usage of a huge volume of one or more organic solvents, which consequently results in environmental pollution. To mitigate these drawbacks, newly emerging technologies, such as enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) have received huge interest from researchers around the world. Therefore, in this review, the most recent and emerging technologies are discussed for the extraction of marine phenolic compounds of interest for their antioxidant and other bioactivity in, e.g., cosmetic and food industry. Moreover, the opportunities and the bottleneck for upscaling of these technologies are also presented.

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Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols from Crude Pollen

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox9040322 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 322 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mircea Oroian ◽

Florin Ursachi ◽

Florina Dranca

Keyword(s):

Extraction Efficiency ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Liquid Ratio ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Ultrasonic Process ◽

Solid Liquid

The aim of this study was to evaluate the extraction efficiency of polyphenols from crude pollen by an ultrasonic process. Prior to the polyphenols extraction, the crude pollen was defatted. The extraction from defatted pollen was carried out by varying four extraction parameters: ultrasonic amplitude (20%, 60% and 100%), solid/liquid ratio (10 g/L, 20 g/L and 30 g/L), temperature (35, 50 and 65 °C) and time (10, 20 and 30 min). The extracts were analyzed in terms of extraction yield (%), total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavones content (TFC). The extracted oil was analyzed in terms of fatty acids composition; myristic acid (159.1 µg × g−1) and cis-14-pentadecenoic acid (106.6 µg·g−1) were found in the highest amount in the pollen oil. The optimum conditions of extraction were determined and were, as follows: 100% amplitude of ultrasonic treatment, 30 g/L solid/liquid ratio, 40.85 °C and 14.30 min, which led to the extraction of 366.1 mg GAE/L of TPC and 592.2 mg QE/g of TFC, and also to an extraction yield of 1.92%.

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Advantageous Preparation of Digested Proteic Extracts from Spirulina platensis Biomass

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal9020145 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 145 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Carlos Verdasco-Martín ◽

Lea Echevarrieta ◽

Cristina Otero

Keyword(s):

Extraction Methods ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Efficient Production ◽

Cell Integrity ◽

Food Ingredients ◽

Operation Conditions ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries ◽

Pre Treatment

Spirulina biomass has great nutritional value, but its proteins are not as well adsorbed as animal ones are. New functional food ingredients and metabolites can be obtained from spirulina, using different selective biodegradations of its biomass. Four enzyme-assisted extraction methods were independently studied, and their best operation conditions were determined. Enzymes were employed to increase the yield of easily adsorbed proteic extracts. A biomass pre-treatment using Alcalase® (pH 6.5, 1% v/w, and 30 °C) is described, which increased the extraction yield of hydrophilic biocomponents by 90% w/w compared to the simple solvent extraction. Alcalase® gives rise to 2.5–6.1 times more amino acids than the others and eight differential short peptides (438–1493 Da). These processes were scaled up and the extracts were analyzed. Higher destruction of cell integrity in the case of Alcalase® was also visualized by transmission electron microscopy. The described extractive technology uses cheap, commercial, food grade enzymes and hexane, accepted for food and drug safety. It is a promising process for a competitive biofactory, thanks to an efficient production of extracts with high applied potential in the nutrition, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.

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Green and Efficient Extraction of Resveratrol from Peanut Roots Using Deep Eutectic Solvents

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2018/4091930 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jingnan Chen ◽

Xingxing Jiang ◽

Guolong Yang ◽

Yanlan Bi ◽

Wei Liu

Keyword(s):

Choline Chloride ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Box Behnken Design ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Ultrasonic Assisted ◽

Efficient Extraction ◽

Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction ◽

Solid Liquid ◽

Total Extraction

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), a new group of ecofriendly solvent combined with the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) technique, were first successfully used for extraction of resveratrol from peanut roots. Resveratrol in the extract was analyzed and quantified using a HPLC-UV method. A series of DESs consisting of choline chloride (ChCl) and 1,4-butanediol, citric acid, and ethylene glycol were formulated, finding ChCl/1,4-butanediol was a most proper extraction system. The optimal extraction parameters were obtained using a Box–Behnken design (BBD) test combined with response surface methodology as follows: 40% of water in ChCl/1,4-butanediol (1/3, g/g) at 55°C for 40 min and solid/liquid ratio of 1:30 g/mL. The total extraction content and extraction yield of resveratrol from peanut roots could reach 38.91 mg/kg and 88.19%, respectively, under such optimal conditions. The present study will provide a typical example for using DESs to extract natural bioactive compounds from plants.

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Protein Extraction of the Long-Term Room Temperature Storage Wheat Straw

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.1252 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 690-693 ◽

pp. 1252-1255 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tao Zhang ◽

Lian Jie Wang ◽

Hui Chen

Keyword(s):

Wheat Straw ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Protein Extraction ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Liquid Ratio ◽

Room Temperature Storage ◽

Solid Liquid ◽

Temperature Storage

Study on extract protein from long-term room temperature storage of wheat straw,utilize L9(34) Orthogonal experiment on the basis of single factor test.Study the impact of extraction time,extraction temperature and solid-liquid ratio on protein extraction yield of wheat straw.Result show factors affect wheat straw protein extraction rate in the order of extraction time>extraction temperature>liquid ratio>blank test,the optimal conditions is 50°C, the solid-liquid ratio 1:20 extract for 12 hours.Measured extraction yield is 21.761%.

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Protein hydrolysates from Alphitobius diaperinus and Hermetia illucens larvae treated with commercial proteases

Journal of Insects as Food and Feed ◽

10.3920/jiff2019.0037 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 393-404 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G. Leni ◽

L. Soetemans ◽

J. Jacobs ◽

S. Depraetere ◽

N. Gianotten ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Protein Extraction ◽

Protein A ◽

Amino Acid Profile ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Protein Hydrolysates ◽

Degree Of Hydrolysis ◽

Hermetia Illucens ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Alphitobius Diaperinus

Insect proteins have been proposed as a promising alternative for feed and food formulations. In the present work protease-assisted extraction was studied as a way to separate and extract proteins from two different insect species: Alphitobius diaperinus (AD) and Hermetia illucens (HI). The proteolytic activity of seven enzymes (papain, pancreatin, dispase I, pepsin, protease from Bacillus licheniformis, bromelain and trypsin) was evaluated determining the protein extraction yield, the degree of hydrolysis (DH) and the released free amino acids (FAA). Both insects represent an interesting source of proteins, not only for their amount (more than 40% on dry matter) but also for the nutritional value, with essential amino acid profile exceeding the requirements proposed for human nutrition. Enzyme-assisted protein extraction, performed at laboratory scale, gave for HI an average yield of extraction of 71±8% and for AD 67±6%. Hydrolysates produced from HI gave a DH% ranging between 3 to 18%, whereas hydrolysates produced from AD yielded a DH% between 7 to 23%. The protein hydrolysates were composed by peptides and FAA (which accounted for more than 30% of the extracted protein fraction), which were released according to their abundance in initial protein. A moderate correlation between the DH% and the total amount of FAA was found, except for AD hydrolysed with trypsin and HI with papain. Based on these results, the production of hydrolysates was preliminary scaled up in a proof-of-concept experiment, focusing on the most promising insect-enzyme combination. The final product resulted to be rich in protein (60% on dry matter). This work support enzymatic hydrolysis as an effective method to extract and isolate proteins from insects, with minimal sample preparation, tailoring their composition, preserving the nutritional quality, decreasing the risk of allergic reactions and making them more accessible for their future use as feed/food supplements.

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Concurrent Extraction and Purification of Gentiopicroside from Gentiana scabra Bunge Using Microwave-Assisted Ethanol-Salt Aqueous Two-Phase Systems

Journal of Chromatographic Science ◽

10.1093/chromsci/bmz101 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 60-74

Author(s):

Zhenyu Cheng ◽

Haiyan Song ◽

Yuewei Zhang ◽

Dandan Han ◽

Xue Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Potential Method ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Phase System ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Two Phase ◽

Gentiana Scabra ◽

Solid Ratio ◽

Microwave Assisted ◽

Extraction And Purification ◽

Assisted Extraction

Abstract A potential method called microwave-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction (MA-ATPE) was developed for concurrent extraction and purification of gentiopicroside from Gentiana scabra Bunge. Formation characteristics of aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) composed of ethanol and 25 kinds of salts were investigated; K2HPO4 (w/w, 21.71%) and ethanol (w/w, 40.72%) were determined to be the optimal compositions of ATPS. Response surface methodology based on Box–Behnken design was used to investigate the extraction conditions, the optimal parameters were summarized as follows: 80°C of extraction temperature, 31 s of extraction time, 11:1 (mL/g) of liquid-to-solid ratio, 100 meshes of particle size and 806 W of microwave power. Under these conditions, the extraction yield of gentiopicroside was 65.32 ± 0.24 mg/g with a recovery of 96.51%. Compared with other four methods, the purity of gentiopicroside in the crude extracts reached 17.16 ± 0.25%, which was significantly higher than that of smashing tissue extraction, microwave assisted-extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction and heat reflux extraction, respectively. In addition, the phase-forming salt can be recyclable. Therefore, MA-ATPE was an excellent and alternative technique to the conventional extraction approaches of gentiopicroside.

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