A New Added-Value Application for Steel Wire Drawing Mill Scale Waste in Stoneware Ceramic Products

Mill scale (MS) is a iron-rich waste generated in the wire drawing process with high iron content and is still mainly disposed in landfills. The scientific community has been studied its use in other applications such as pigments, concretes, among others. This work aims to study a new added-value application for MS—the development of coloured ceramic pastes. For this purpose, the influence of the added amount (0, 1, 3, 5 and 10 wt.%), the pre-treatment (milling + sieving at 212 μμm), the maximum firing temperature (from 1043 to 1165 °C) and the type of furnace (laboratory/industrial) were analysed on the sample’s characteristics. A dark grey stoneware product was obtained through the incorporation of 10 wt.% of MS and leaching tests conducted at pilot scale with cups confirmed its immobilization in the ceramic matrix. Furthermore, it was proved that the firing temperature can be reduced by about 100 °C without affecting the specimen’s characteristics. This reduction leads to a considerable decrease in the energy consumption upon firing, inducing economic and environmental advantages. Therefore, this work provides a new added-value application for MS and contributes to the reduction of virgin raw materials consumption and development of more sustainable stoneware products.

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Pressurised compressive chip pre-treatment of Norway spruce with a mill scale Impressafiner

Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal ◽

10.3183/npprj-2012-27-01-p056-062 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 56-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Erik Nelsson ◽

Christer Sandberg ◽

Lars Hildén ◽

Geoffrey Daniel

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Specific Energy ◽

Specific Energy Consumption ◽

Paper Mill ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Thermomechanical Pulp ◽

Extractive Content ◽

Mill Scale ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Longitudinal Fibre

Abstract Mill scale trials were performed to evaluate pressurised compressive chip pre-treatment with the Impressafiner installed in one of the thermomechanical pulp lines at Braviken paper mill (Holmen Paper AB). The aim of the study was to determine if earlier reported effects of the Impressafiner pre-treatment on spruce chips from pilot scale trials (i.e. energy reduction and extractives removal) could also be attained with the mill scale Impressafiner. The mill scale Impressafiner pre-treatment resulted in partial disintegration of chips into a material consisting of fragmented chips with cracks running along the longitudinal fibre axis. Splits or evidence for weaknesses were observed between the primary and secondary fibre walls of pre-treated chips. An increase in water uptake for pre-treated chips was also observed. The extractive content was reduced by up to 24% for pulps produced with pre-treated chips compared to pulps from untreated chips. Pulp produced from pre-treated chips had higher tensile- and tear indices, elongation and light scattering and lower freeness compared to pulps from untreated chips produced with the same total specific energy consumption. The total specific energy needed to reach a tensile index of 47 Nm/g was reduced by 120 kWh/bone dry ton (6%) with Impressafiner pre-treatment. A smaller refiner plate gap was needed to reach the same specific energy consumption for pre-treated chips compared to untreated chips.

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Biomass Processing Routes for Production of Raw Materials with High Added Value

Innovative Solutions in Fluid-Particle Systems and Renewable Energy Management ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-8711-0.ch008 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 241-273

Author(s):

Rubens Maciel Filho ◽

Laura Plazas Tovar ◽

Yurany Camacho Ardila ◽

Jaiver Efrén Jaimes Figueroa ◽

Maria Regina Wolf Maciel

Keyword(s):

Sugarcane Bagasse ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Added Value ◽

Biochemical Processes ◽

2Nd Generation ◽

Biomass Processing ◽

Thermochemical Processes ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Hydrolysis Of

In this chapter sugarcane bagasse may be submitted to a biological route in which the technologies used to obtain lignocellulosic ethanol (2nd generation ethanol) from lignocellulosic materials involve pre-treatment and the hydrolysis of the polysaccharides in the biomass into fermentable sugars for subsequent fermentation. Taking into consideration the use of sugarcane bagasse as a raw material for 2nd generation ethanol, the acid hydrolysis / pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse could be more feasible that others, and must be evaluated in this context. On the other hand, from biomass is possible to obtain products with high added value and energy, mainly by the use of thermochemical processes (e.g. pyrolysis and gasification) and biochemical processes (e.g., fermentation and anaerobic digestion). However, the products obtained from the thermochemical processes can be used as raw material for biochemical processes which multiplies the quantity of products to be obtained from biomass.

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ON THE PROCESSING OF HEMATITE RAW MATERIALS AT THE KRYVOROZHSK MINING AND PROCESSING PLANT OF OXIDIZED ORE ON TECHNOLOGY OF DIRECT RECOVERY ITmk3

Metallurgicheskaya i gornorudnaya promyshlennost ◽

10.33101/s005-59768574 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 32-37

Author(s):

P.I. Loboda ◽

Younes Razaz ◽

S. Grishchenko

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Properties ◽

Cast Iron ◽

Iron Content ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Direct Reduction ◽

Processing Plant ◽

High Iron Content ◽

High Iron ◽

Direct Restoration ◽

First Time

Purpose. To substantiate the efficiency of processing hematite raw materials at the Krivoy Rog Mining and Processing Plant of Oxidized Ores using the direct reduction technology itmk3®. Metodology. Analysis of the results of the itmk3® direct restoration technology developed by Kobe Steel Ltd., Japan and Hares Engineering GmbX, Austria, with a view to using it to process Krivbass hematite ores into granulated iron (so-called “nuggets”). Findings. The involvement in the production of hematite ores (oxidized quartzite) of Krivbass with high iron content, but with low magnetic properties for their processing into granular cast iron is grounded. Originality. The use of itmk3® direct reduction technology from Kobe Steel Ltd., Japan and Hares Engineering GmbH, Austria for the processing of Krivbass hematite ores into granular cast iron is justified for the first time. Practical value. The efficiency of the use of hematite ores (oxidized quartzite) has been substantiated, which can significantly reduce the costs in the mining cycle for the economical production of metallurgical products.

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PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH KULIT DURIAN (Durio zibethinus) DAN KULIT CEMPEDAK (Artocarpus integer) SEBAGAI EDIBLE FILM

Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan ◽

10.24111/jrihh.v6i1.1222 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 27 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Desi Mustika Amaliyah

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Edible Films ◽

Edible Film ◽

Durio Zibethinus ◽

Yield Result ◽

Pre Treatment

Durian (Durio zibethinus) and cempedak (Artocarpus integer) peels waste are not used by the society. The research aim is to extract pectin from durian and cempedak peels and to formulate the pectin into edible films for food packaging. The research stages were first pre-treatment of durian and cempedak peels, pectin extraction, pectin drying, and pectin application as edible films with concentration of 0%, 5%, and 15%. Based on this research it was concluded that pectin can be extracted from durian and cempedak peels with yield result of 27.97 % and 55.58 %, respectively. Edible film obtained has similar characteristics between raw materials cempedak and durian peels. The higher concentration of cempedak peel pectin increased the thickness, but decreased the tensile strength and elongation at a concentration of 15%. While in edible films from durian peel pectin, the higher concentration of pectin decreased the thickness of edible film on pectin concentration of 15%, lowered tensile strength and raised the edible film elongation.Keywords: waste, durian, cempedak, pectin extraction, edible film

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Towards Iron-Titanium Oxide Nanostructures from Ecuadorian Black Mineral Sands

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11020122 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 122

Author(s):

Karina J. Lagos ◽

Bojan A. Marinkovic ◽

Alexis Debut ◽

Karla Vizuete ◽

Víctor H. Guerrero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Titanium Oxide ◽

Low Cost ◽

Mineral Resources ◽

Added Value ◽

Secondary Phases ◽

Hydrothermal Route ◽

Oxide Nanostructures ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Pre Treatment

Ecuadorian black mineral sands were used as starting material for the production of iron-titanium oxide nanostructures. For this purpose, two types of mineral processing were carried out, one incorporating a pre-treatment before conducting an alkaline hydrothermal synthesis (NaOH 10 M at 180 °C for 72 h), and the other prescinding this first step. Nanosheet-assembled flowers and nanoparticle agglomerates were obtained from the procedure including the pre-treatment. Conversely, nanobelts and plate-like particles were prepared by the single hydrothermal route. The nanoscale features of the product morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. The ilmenite and hematite molar fractions, within the ilmenite-hematite solid solution, in the as-synthetized samples were estimated by Brown’s approach using the computed values of unit-cell volumes from Le Bail adjustments of X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) patterns. The resulting materials were mainly composed of Fe-rich ilmenite-hematite solid solutions (hematite molar contents ≥0.6). Secondary phases, which possibly belong to lepidocrocite-like or corrugated titanate structures, were also identified. The current study demonstrated the feasibility of employing Ecuadorian mineral resources as low-cost precursors to synthesize high-added-value nanostructures with promising applications in several fields.

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Process Modeling and Simulation of Tableting—An Agent-Based Simulation Methodology for Direct Compression

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13070996 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 996

Author(s):

Niels Lasse Martin ◽

Ann Kathrin Schomberg ◽

Jan Henrik Finke ◽

Tim Gyung-min Abraham ◽

Arno Kwade ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Physical Models ◽

Agent Based Simulation ◽

Validation Data ◽

Agent Based ◽

Industrial Processing ◽

Digital Twins ◽

Product And Process ◽

The Impact

In pharmaceutical manufacturing, the utmost aim is reliably producing high quality products. Simulation approaches allow virtual experiments of processes in the planning phase and the implementation of digital twins in operation. The industrial processing of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) into tablets requires the combination of discrete and continuous sub-processes with complex interdependencies regarding the material structures and characteristics. The API and excipients are mixed, granulated if required, and subsequently tableted. Thereby, the structure as well as the properties of the intermediate and final product are influenced by the raw materials, the parametrized processes and environmental conditions, which are subject to certain fluctuations. In this study, for the first time, an agent-based simulation model is presented, which enables the prediction, tracking, and tracing of resulting structures and properties of the intermediates of an industrial tableting process. Therefore, the methodology for the identification and development of product and process agents in an agent-based simulation is shown. Implemented physical models describe the impact of process parameters on material structures. The tablet production with a pilot scale rotary press is experimentally characterized to provide calibration and validation data. Finally, the simulation results, predicting the final structures, are compared to the experimental data.

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Mineralogical Characterization and Firing Temperature Delineation on Minoan Pottery, Focusing on the Application of Micro-Raman Spectroscopy

Heritage ◽

10.3390/heritage2030163 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 2652-2664 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

E. Grammatikakis ◽

Kyriakidis ◽

D. Demadis ◽

Cabeza Diaz ◽

Leon-Reina

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

Firing Temperature ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Ceramic Technology ◽

Phase Identification ◽

Mineralogical Characterization ◽

Analytical Protocol ◽

Crucial Information ◽

Analytical Tools

Ceramic objects in whole or in fragments usually account for the majority of findings in an archaeological excavation. Thus, through examination of the values these items bear, it is possible to extract important information regarding raw materials provenance and ceramic technology. For this purpose, either traditional examination protocols could be followed, focusing on the macroscopic/morphological characteristics of the ancient object, or more sophisticated physicochemical techniques are employed. Nevertheless, there are cases where, due to the uniqueness and the significance of an object of archaeological value, sampling is impossible. Then, the available analytical tools are extremely limited, especially when molecular information and mineral phase identification is required. In this context, the results acquired from a multiphase clay ceramic dated on Early Neopalatioal period ΜΜΙΙΙΑLMIA (1750 B.C.E.–1490 B.C.E.), from the Minoan Bronze Age site at Philioremos (Crete, Greece) through the application of Raman confocal spectroscopy, a nondestructive/ noninvasive method are reported. The spectroscopic results are confirmed through the application of Xray microdiffraction and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive Xray spectrometry. Moreover, it is demonstrated how it is made possible through the application of microRaman (μRaman) spectroscopy to examine and collect crucial information from very small inclusions in the ceramic fabric. The aim of this approach is to develop an analytical protocol based on μRaman spectroscopy, for extracting firing temperature information from other ceramic finds (figurines) where due to their uniqueness sampling and analyses through other techniques is not possible. This information can lead to dating but also to firing kiln technology extrapolations that are very significant in archaeology.

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Measuring Biofouling Potential in SWRO Plants with a Flow-Cytometry-Based Bacterial Growth Potential Method

Membranes ◽

10.3390/membranes11020076 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 76

Author(s):

Nirajan Dhakal ◽

Sergio G. Salinas-Rodriguez ◽

Joshua Ampah ◽

Jan C. Schippers ◽

Maria D. Kennedy

Keyword(s):

Flow Cytometry ◽

Bacterial Growth ◽

Potential Method ◽

Absolute Number ◽

Growth Potential ◽

Added Value ◽

Feed Water ◽

Dissolved Air Flotation ◽

Ultra Filtration ◽

Pre Treatment

Measuring the bacterial growth potential of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) feed water is an issue that is receiving growing attention. This study developed and demonstrated the applicability of the flow-cytometry (FCM)-based bacterial growth potential (BGP) method to assess the biofouling potential in SWRO systems using natural microbial consortium. This method is relatively fast (2–3 days) compared to conventional bioassays. The effect of the potential introduction of nutrients during measurement has been studied thoroughly to achieve the lowest measure value of about 45,000 cells/mL, which is equivalent to about (10 µg-C glucose/L). The BGP method was applied in two full-scale SWRO plants that included (i) dissolved air flotation (DAF) and ultra-filtration (UF); (ii) dual-media filtration (DMF) and cartridge filter (CF), which were compared with the cleaning frequency of the plants. A significant reduction (54%) in BGP was observed through DAF–UF as pre-treatment (with 0.5 mg Fe3+/L), while there was a 40% reduction by DMF–CF (with 0.8 mg Fe3+/L). In terms of the absolute number, the SWRO feed water after DAF–UF supports 1.5 × 106 cells/mL, which is 1.25 times higher than after DMF–CF. This corresponds to the higher cleaning-in-place (CIP) frequency of SWRO with DAF–UF compared to DMF–CF as pre-treatment, indicating that the BGP method has an added value in monitoring the biofouling potential in SWRO systems.

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Enhanced sludge conditioning by enzyme pre-treatment: comparison of laboratory and pilot scale dewatering results

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2006.544 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 54 (5) ◽

pp. 33-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

D. Dursun ◽

M. Turkmen ◽

M. Abu-Orf ◽

S.K. Dentel

Keyword(s):

Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Solid Content ◽

Filter Press ◽

Treatment Comparison ◽

Anaerobically Digested Sludge ◽

Network Strength ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Solids Content

The effect of enzyme pre-treatment on dewaterability of anaerobically digested sludge was investigated at both laboratory and pilot scale. Our results revealed a significant increase in cake solid content (27% cake solids compared to 18% without enzyme pre-treatment), using an enzyme dose of only 20 mg/L. In order to assess practical application, enzyme pre-treatment was applied at the Wilmington, Delaware (US) wastewater treatment plant, using a pilot-scale centrifuge. However, the efficiency reached in laboratory scale could not be obtained in pilot scale, where the final cake solids content did not exceed 20%. Centrifuge and belt filter press (simulated by Crown Press™) dewatering were compared in terms of the process efficiencies in the absence and presence of enzyme pre-treatment. Possible factors that might cause the differences were tested by experimental and statistical comparisons. Results indicated that the higher shear applied in centrifugation is responsible for the lack of improved cake solids. The network strength of sludge determined by rheological measurements revealed that enzymatic treatment weakens the gel structure of the sludge floc through the hydrolysis of extracellular polymeric substances; this allows improved dewatering by filtration processes, but leads to floc deterioration when subjected to high shear during centrifugation.

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Pre-treatment of desalination feed seawater by Jordanian Tripoli, Pozzolana, and Feldspar: Batch experiments

Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly ◽

10.2298/ciceq100827066a ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 163-171 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Aiman Al-Rawajfeh ◽

Khaldoon Al-Whoosh ◽

Dwairi Al ◽

Ahmad Al-Maaberah ◽

Amer Tarawneh

Keyword(s):

Layered Double Hydroxide ◽

Metal Ion ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Batch Experiments ◽

Initial Concentration ◽

Considerable Potential ◽

Ion Concentrations ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Co Precipitation ◽

Double Hydroxide

In this research, composites of layered double hydroxide (LDH) with three Jordanian natural raw materials; Tripoli (T), Pozzolana (P) and Feldspar (F) were prepared by co-precipitation and have been used for feed seawater pre-treatment. The data reveals that percent adsorption decreased with increase in initial concentration, but the actual amount of adsorbed ions per unit mass of LDH/T-P-F increased with increase in metal ion concentrations. The values of ?Go were negative and within 21 to 26 KJ/mol, while the values of ?Ho and ?So were positive and within the range of 0.1 to 25 KJ/mol. The values of ?H?, ?S?, and ?G? indicate the favorability of physisorption and show that the LDH/T-P-F composites have a considerable potential as adsorbents for the removal of ions from seawater.

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