scholarly journals Colonization of Germ-Free Piglets with Commensal Lactobacillus amylovorus, Lactobacillus mucosae, and Probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 and Their Interference with Salmonella Typhimurium

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Splichal ◽  
Sharon M. Donovan ◽  
Zdislava Splichalova ◽  
Vera Neuzil Bunesova ◽  
Eva Vlkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Intestinal Histology ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Lactobacillus Amylovorus ◽  
Lactobacillus Mucosae ◽  
Protection Against Infection ◽  
The Impact

Non-typhoid Salmonellae are worldwide spread food-borne pathogens that cause diarrhea in humans and animals. Their multi-drug resistances require alternative ways to combat this enteric pathogen. Mono-colonization of a gnotobiotic piglet gastrointestinal tract with commensal lactobacilli Lactobacillus amylovorus and Lactobacillus mucosae and with probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 and their interference with S. Typhimurium infection was compared. The impact of bacteria and possible protection against infection with Salmonella were evaluated by clinical signs, bacterial translocation, intestinal histology, mRNA expression of villin, claudin-1, claudin-2, and occludin in the ileum and colon, and local intestinal and systemic levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-10. Both lactobacilli colonized the gastrointestinal tract in approximately 100× lower density compare to E. coli Nissle and S. Typhimurium. Neither L. amylovorus nor L. mucosae suppressed the inflammatory reaction caused by the 24 h infection with S. Typhimurium. In contrast, probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 was able to suppress clinical signs, histopathological changes, the transcriptions of the proteins, and the inductions of the inflammatory cytokines. Future studies are needed to determine whether prebiotic support of the growth of lactobacilli and multistrain lactobacilli inoculum could show higher protective effects.

scholarly journals Recolonization and colonization resistance of the large bowel after three methods of preoperative preparation of the gastrointestinal tract for elective colorectal surgery

1986 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. J. M. van den Bogaard ◽  
W. F. Weidema ◽  
C. P. A. van Boven ◽  
D. van der Waay
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Bowel Preparation ◽  
Large Bowel ◽  
Test Strain ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Colonization Resistance ◽  
Septic Complications ◽  
Elective Colorectal Surgery ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARYThe impact of three current types of preoperative large bowel preparation on the microbial flora and the colonization resistance (CR) was investigated in 15 volunteers. In the first group a whole gut irrigation was performed without administration of antibiotics (group WGI). In the second group 0·5 g/1 metronidazole and 1 g/1 neomycin was added to the irrigation fluid (group WGI + AB). A whole gut irrigation with prior oral administration of 1 l mannitol 10% was performed in the third group. The antibiotic prophylaxis in this group consisted of two doses of 80 mg gentamiein i.v. and 500 mg metronidazole orally 24 h after lavage (group Mann + AB). One hour after the mechanical cleansing procedure was finished all volunteers were orally contaminated with one dose of anEscherichia colitest strain. The aerobic faccal reduction due to the cleansing procedure was 2–3 logs, while for the anaerobes it was 4–5 logs. The anaerobic flora in group WGI recovered within 24 h, while the aerobes showed a transient ‘overgrowth‘ for the period of 2 days. The overgrowth of aerobes in group WGI + AB was observed for more than a week and the total numbers of aerobes started gradually to decline after the anaerobic flora had reached pretreatment levels at day three or four. Despite the normal numbers of anaerobes present 24 h after treatment, overgrowth ofE. coliwas seen in the group Mann + AB, probably due to residual mannitol left in the intestinal tract. The test strain ofE. coliwas excreted for a period of 1 week by the volunteers in the groups WGI and Mann + AB, but it was isolated for more than 10 weeks in the group WGI + AB. It is thought that all three methods of preoperative large bowel preparation decreased the CR of the gastrointestinal tract because of a disturbance of the interaction between aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms and alterations of the colonic wall. The anaerobic microflora. however, appeared to be primarily responsible for the maintenance of the CR. Antimicrobial prophylaxis should consist of a high dose, short term. systemic antibiotic regimen, not only because an adequate serum level of an appropriate drug at the time of operation substantially decreases the incidence of postoperative septic complications but also because a systemic regimen scarcely influences the CR of the gastrointestinal tract. β-Aspartylglycine appeared to be a specific but not very sensitive marker for decreased CR.

scholarly journals Protective Effects of Medicinal Plant Decoctions on Macrophages in the Context of Atherosclerosis

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 280
Author(s):  
Eloïse Checkouri ◽  
Stéphane Ramin-Mangata ◽  
Nicolas Diotel ◽  
Wildriss Viranaicken ◽  
Claude Marodon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Lipid Uptake ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Ldl Uptake ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
The Impact

Atherosclerosis is a hallmark of most cardiovascular diseases. The implication of macrophages in this pathology is widely documented, notably for their contribution to lipid accumulation within the arterial wall, associated with oxidative stress and inflammation processes. In order to prevent or limit the atherosclerosis damage, nutritional approaches and medicinal plant-based therapies need to be considered. In Reunion Island, medicinal plant-based beverages are traditionally used for their antioxidant, lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of our study was to assess the protective effects of eight medicinal plant decoctions in an in vitro model of RAW 264.7 murine macrophages exposed to pro-atherogenic conditions (oxidized low-density lipoproteins—ox-LDL—E. coli Lipopolysaccharides—LPS). The impact of polyphenol-rich medicinal plant decoctions on cell viability was evaluated by Neutral Red assay. Fluorescent ox-LDL uptake was assessed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Activation of NF-κB was evaluated by quantification of secreted alkaline phosphatase in RAW-Blue™ macrophages. Our results show that medicinal plant decoctions limited the cytotoxicity induced by ox-LDL on macrophages. Flow cytometry analysis in macrophages demonstrated that medicinal plant decoctions from S. cumini and P. mauritianum decreased ox-LDL uptake and accumulation by more than 70%. In addition, medicinal plant decoctions also inhibited NF-κB pathway activation in the presence of pro-inflammatory concentrations of E. coli LPS. Our data suggest that medicinal plant decoctions exert protective effects on ox-LDL-induced cytotoxicity and limited macrophage lipid uptake. Moreover, herbal preparations displayed anti-inflammatory properties on macrophages that can be of interest for limiting the atherosclerotic process.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Effects of Pediococcus acidilactici Isolated from Wara, a Nigerian Milk Product, in the Prevention of Diarrhea and the Modulation of Intestinal Microflora in Wistar Rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 94-106
Author(s):  
Temidayo Emmanuel Olajugbagbe ◽  
Samson Oludare Ayodeji Odukoya ◽  
Bridget Okiemute Omafuvbe
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Milk Product ◽  
Pediococcus Acidilactici ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
E Coli

Animals have been used in the evaluation of probiotic potentials of lactic acid bacteria for the development of functional food as only in-vitro tests may not be enough to ascertain the probiotic ability of an organism and its safety in a living host. The action of a probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici strain isolated from Wara, a Nigerian milk product, in the treatment of Diarrhea in wistar rats infected orally with Diarrhoeagenic Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli as well as the survival and microflora modulation of the probiotic strain in the gastrointestinal tract were evaluated. Five groups of seven rats each were infected and treated as the case may be with the pathogen and probiotic respectively. Each group received specific treatments for 30 days, during which the animals were closely monitored and the faecal samples were analyzed for the trend of E. coli and LAB counts. Also, specific organs of the Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) were examined for any histomorphological disparity after 30 days of daily treatment. Clinical signs were observed in the pathogen challenged animals while the probiotic treated groups displayed less pronounced Diarrheal symptoms and a negligible E. coli count. The strain adhered to the mucosal wall and did not initiate any adverse effect on the organs of the GIT after treatment. It was concluded that Pediococcus acidilactici isolated from Wara, a Nigerian milk product, was able to improve gut health through pathogen exclusion and had no adverse effect on the general health of the host.

scholarly journals Multisite Controlled Blinded Field Studies to Evaluate the Effect of an Oral Live Escherichia Coli Bivalent F4/F18 Vaccine in Pig Nurseries with Mild Cases of Post-Weaning Diarrhea or Subclinical ETEC Infections.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Nadeau ◽  
Danielle Tremblay ◽  
Anna Magdalena Naderer ◽  
Klaus Hellmann
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Conversion Rate ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Enteric Diseases ◽  
Feed Conversion Rate ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) caused by Escherichia coli is a worldwide economically important disease in pigs, linked with increased mortality and weight loss. F4- and F18-enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) are the most diagnosed causes of PWD. The efficacy of live oral E. coli vaccines has been previously demonstrated on farms with confirmed clinical cases of PWD. However, the impact of vaccination in subclinical cases with mild or not noticeable clinical manifestations needed to be assessed. This study evaluated the effect of an oral dose of a live E. coli bivalent F4/F18 vaccine in nurseries without ongoing clinical PWD outbreaks but with a history of pathogenic E. coli circulating within the herd. Two controlled blinded studies were performed under commercial conditions in a total of 6 European sites. Overall, 1941 vaccinated piglets and 1976 control piglets were enrolled and were monitored for health, growth, and feed conversion rate. Results: No clinical outbreak of ETEC PWD has been observed in the tested farms. Two farms faced episodes of non-ETEC enteric diseases that required treatments. Nursery weight gain was not statistically different between groups in these two farms. However, the nursery weight gain of the vaccinated pigs was significantly higher by 0.80, 0.87 and 1.24 kg than of the control pigs in three of the four farms without non-ETEC enteric diseases (p<0.05) and by 0.69 kg (p=0.051) in the fourth one, leading to numerically heavier pigs at the exit of the four nurseries. No statistically difference was observed for the feed conversion rate, though it was numerically lower for vaccinated pigs of the two tested farms. Conclusions: Recent European legislations aimed at reducing the use of antibiotics and banning therapeutic use of zinc oxide in feed are leading to a search for alternatives to compensate animal health impacts and economic losses due to PWD. These studies demonstrate that, even in the absence of convincing clinical signs of PWD, ETEC infections limit nursery pig optimal growth performance that can be mitigated by vaccination with an oral live E. coli bivalent F4/F18 vaccine. These findings corroborate previous studies showing the effect of vaccination in clinical outbreaks of PWD.

Impact of Raw Materials and Processing Techniques on The Microbiological Quality of Egyptian Domiati Cheese

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Fresh Cheese ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Yeast

Domiati cheese is the most popular brand of cheese ripened in brine in the Middle East in terms of consumed quantities. This study was performed to investigate the impact of the microbiological quality of the used raw materials, the applied traditional processing techniques and ripening period on the quality and safety of the produced cheese. Three hundred random composite samples were collected from three factories at Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Collected samples represent twenty-five each of: raw milk, table salt, calf rennet, microbial rennet, water, environmental air, whey, fresh cheese, ripened cheese & swabs from: worker hands; cheese molds and utensils; tanks. All samples were examined microbiologically for Standard Plate Count (SPC), coliforms count, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) count, total yeast & mould count, presence of E. coli, Salmonellae and Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes). The mean value of SPC, coliforms, S. aureus and total yeast & mould counts ranged from (79×102 CFU/m3 for air to 13×108 CFU/g for fresh cheese), (7×102 MPN/ cm2 for tank swabs to 80×106 MPN/ml for raw milk), (9×102 CFU/g for salt to 69×106 CFU/g for fresh cheese) and (2×102 CFU/cm2 for hand swabs to 60×104 CFU/g for fresh cheese), respectively. Whereas, E. coli, Salmonella and L. monocytogenes failed to be detected in all examined samples. There were significant differences in all determined microbiological parameters (p ≤0.05) between fresh and ripened cheese which may be attributed to different adverse conditions such as water activity, pH, salt content and temperature carried out to improve the quality of the product.

The Impact of Ultraviolet Radiation on Barrier Function in Human Skin: Molecular Mechanisms and Topical Therapeutics

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (40) ◽  
pp. 5503-5511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulaziz Alhasaniah ◽  
Michael J. Sherratt ◽  
Catherine A. O'Neill
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Transepidermal Water Loss ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Epidermal Barrier ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
The Impact

A competent epidermal barrier is crucial for terrestrial mammals. This barrier must keep in water and prevent entry of noxious stimuli. Most importantly, the epidermis must also be a barrier to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from the sunlight. Currently, the effects of ultraviolet radiation on epidermal barrier function are poorly understood. However, studies in mice and more limited work in humans suggest that the epidermal barrier becomes more permeable, as measured by increased transepidermal water loss, in response UVR, at doses sufficiently high to induce erythema. The mechanisms may include disturbance in the organisation of lipids in the stratum corneum (the outermost layer of the epidermis) and reduction in tight junction function in the granular layer (the first living layer of the skin). By contrast, suberythemal doses of UVR appear to have positive effects on epidermal barrier function. Topical sunscreens have direct and indirect protective effects on the barrier through their ability to block UV and also due to their moisturising or occlusive effects, which trap water in the skin, respectively. Some topical agents such as specific botanical extracts have been shown to prevent the loss of water associated with high doses of UVR. In this review, we discuss the current literature and suggest that the biology of UVR-induced barrier dysfunction, and the use of topical products to protect the barrier, are areas worthy of further investigation.

scholarly journals BOARD INVITED REVIEW: The pig microbiota and the potential for harnessing the power of the microbiome to improve growth and health1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 3741-3757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirosh D Aluthge ◽  
Dana M Van Sambeek ◽  
Erin E Carney-Hinkle ◽  
Yanshuo S Li ◽  
Samodha C Fernando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Specific Host ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Impact

Abstract A variety of microorganisms inhabit the gastrointestinal tract of animals including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Pioneers in gut microbiology have stressed the critical importance of diet:microbe interactions and how these interactions may contribute to health status. As scientists have overcome the limitations of culture-based microbiology, the importance of these interactions has become more clear even to the extent that the gut microbiota has emerged as an important immunologic and metabolic organ. Recent advances in metagenomics and metabolomics have helped scientists to demonstrate that interactions among the diet, the gut microbiota, and the host to have profound effects on animal health and disease. However, although scientists have now accumulated a great deal of data with respect to what organisms comprise the gastrointestinal landscape, there is a need to look more closely at causative effects of the microbiome. The objective of this review is intended to provide: 1) a review of what is currently known with respect to the dynamics of microbial colonization of the porcine gastrointestinal tract; 2) a review of the impact of nutrient:microbe effects on growth and health; 3) examples of the therapeutic potential of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics; and 4) a discussion about what the future holds with respect to microbiome research opportunities and challenges. Taken together, by considering what is currently known in the four aforementioned areas, our overarching goal is to set the stage for narrowing the path towards discovering how the porcine gut microbiota (individually and collectively) may affect specific host phenotypes.

scholarly journals KUALITAS AIR SUNGAI DI KAWASAN WISATA PANTAI PETITENGET, KEROBOKAN KABUPATEN BADUNG BALI

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Wayan Budiarsa Suyasa ◽  
Sri Kunti Pancadewi G. A ◽  
Iryanti E. Suprihatin ◽  
Dwi Adi Suastuti G. A.
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Pollutant Source ◽  
Quality Category ◽  
Index Value ◽  
The Impact

In order to maintain the environmental carrying capacity of coastal tourism, this research was conducted to determine the condition of river water environmental pollution in the Petitenget beach area and pollutant source activities. Determination of water quality is carried out by analyzing the water quality taken at several sampling points in the four rivers that lead to the Petitenget beach. Determined the pollution index value (IP) of the physical chemical and biological pollution parameters. The results showed that the four rivers that flow into the Petitenget Beach area had been contaminated with indications of pH, BOD, COD, ammonia, Coliform and E. coli which exceeded water quality category III class quality (PerGub Bali No 16 Year 2016). The four rivers are included in the criteria of severe contamination. The four rivers have experienced physical damage or structural changes that have very high discharge fluctuations both in quantity and quality. Slimy basic structure, smelly and slum aesthetic waters. While the indication of the impact of pollution is waste water which is directly discharged into the river from hotels, restaurants, homestays, commercial centers and settlements.

scholarly journals Distinct Effects of Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Cell Wall Component-Induced Inflammation on the Iron Metabolism of THP-1 Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1497
Author(s):  
Edina Pandur ◽  
Kitti Tamási ◽  
Ramóna Pap ◽  
Gergely Jánosa ◽  
Katalin Sipos
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Iron Storage ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Iron Storage Proteins ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Macrophages are essential immune cells of the innate immune system. They participate in the development and regulation of inflammation. Macrophages play a fundamental role in fighting against bacterial infections by phagocytosis of bacteria, and they also have a specific role in immunomodulation by secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines. In bacterial infection, macrophages decrease the serum iron concentration by removing iron from the blood, acting as one of the most important regulatory cells of iron homeostasis. We examined whether the Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell wall components from various bacterial strains affect the cytokine production and iron transport, storage and utilization of THP-1 monocytes in different ways. We found that S. aureus lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was less effective in activating pro-inflammatory cytokine expression that may related to its effect on fractalkine production. LTA-treated cells increased iron uptake through divalent metal transporter-1, but did not elevate the expression of cytosolic and mitochondrial iron storage proteins, suggesting that the cells maintained iron efflux via the ferroportin iron exporter. E. coli and P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) acted similarly on THP-1 cells, but the rates of the alterations of the examined proteins were different. E. coli LPS was more effective in increasing the pro-inflammatory cytokine production, meanwhile it caused less dramatic alterations in iron metabolism. P. aeruginosa LPS-treated cells produced a smaller amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but caused remarkable elevation of both cytosolic and mitochondrial iron storage proteins and intracellular iron content compared to E. coli LPS. These results prove that LPS molecules from different bacterial sources alter diverse molecular mechanisms in macrophages that prepossess the outcome of the bacterial infection.

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