Assessment of Oral Microbiome Changes in Healthy and COVID-19-Affected Pregnant Women: A Narrative Review

During pregnancy, there are several metabolic changes and an alteration in the composition of microorganisms that inhabit the oral cavity, with an increase in pathogenic bacteria that promote the onset of gingival diseases. This review is based on research in reference to the PICO model (Problem/Intervention/Comparison/Outcome), related to changes in the oral microbiome of pregnant women and possible oral consequences in patients with COVID-19. The results showed a growth of some pathogenic bacteria in pregnant women, including Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Fusobacterium nucleatum, and the selective growth of the Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella species, probably due to the fact that these bacteria use progesterone as a source of nutrition. These same bacteria are implicated in the development of periodontal disease. Periodontal pockets have bidirectional interactions between the oral cavity and the systemic circulatory system through the peripheral gingival blood vessels. The affinity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to specific membrane receptors is now clear, and could involve the internal and external epithelial lining or the fibroblasts of the periodontal ligament. According to the results of the present review, the control of oral microbiome changes during pregnancy would be welcomed. The use of probiotics could help clinicians manage pregnant patients, reducing inflammatory indexes. Future studies should focus not only on changes in the level of the oral microbiome in pregnancy or the correlation between periodontal disease and COVID-19, but also on oral changes induced by both clinical situations.

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Osteomyelitis of the Distal Phalanx of the Thumb due to Parvimonas micra and Fusobacterium nucleatum: A Case Report

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofaa330 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

Author(s):

Kazuhiro Tanaka ◽

Tatsuya Iwasaki ◽

Masanori Kawano ◽

Yuta Kubota ◽

Ichiro Itonaga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Fusobacterium Nucleatum ◽

Distal Phalanx ◽

Long Bones ◽

Normal Flora ◽

Parvimonas Micra

Abstract We herein report a case of osteomyelitis of the distal phalanx of the thumb of a 55-year-old man caused by Parvimonas micra and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Osteomyelitis often occurs in long bones and rarely occurs in the bones of the fingers. In addition, osteomyelitis of the finger frequently occurs after trauma or surgery, and blood-borne infection is very rare. P. micra and F. nucleatum, normal flora of the oral cavity, are very rare pathogenic bacteria of osteomyelitis except in periodontal disease, and there are no previous reports regarding the occurrence of osteomyelitis due to P. micra and F. nucleatum in the finger bones.

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Periodontopathogens: a new view. Systematic review. Part 2

Стоматология детского возраста и профилактика ◽

10.33925/1683-3031-2020-20-2-160-167 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 160-167

Author(s):

E. S. Slazhneva ◽

E. A. Tikhomirova ◽

V. G. Atrushkevich

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Controlled Trials ◽

New Paradigm ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

The Past

Relevance. The modern view of periodontitis as a dysbiotic disease that occurs as a result of changes in the microbial composition of the subgingival region is considered in a systematic review.Purpose. To study a new paradigm of development of generalized periodontitis.Materials and methods. Randomized controlled trials (RCTS) were selected for the study, including cluster RCTS, controlled (non-randomized) microbiological and clinical studies of the oral microbiome in adult patients with generalized periodontitis over the past 10 years.Results. The transition from a symbiotic microflora to a dysbiotic pathogenic community triggers the host's inflammatory response, which contributes to the development of periodontal diseases. Modern ideas about periodontal pathogenic bacteria dictate new requirements for the treatment of periodontal diseases. The second part of the review examines the microbial profiles of periodontal disease in various nosological forms, the mechanisms of the immune response and approaches to the treatment of periodontal disease from the perspective of biofilm infection.Conclusions. As follows from modern literature periodontitis is to a certain extent caused by the transition from a harmonious symbiotic bacterial community to a dysbiotic one. Recent scientific studies have shown that not single microorganism is not able to cause disease but the microbial community as a whole leads to the development of pathology.

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2577. Periodontal Disease and the Oral Microbiome in Alcohol-Dependent Individuals

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2255 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. S895-S896

Author(s):

Brianna K Meeks ◽

Jen Barb ◽

Sarah E Mudra ◽

Narjis Kazmi ◽

Ralph T S Tuason, ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Periodontal Disease ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Disease Status ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Moderate Disease ◽

Rdna Sequencing ◽

Severe Periodontitis ◽

Alcohol Dependent

Abstract Background Periodontal disease results from a polymicrobial infection composed of pathogenic bacteria that colonize the oral cavity, resulting in loss of periodontal attachment and alveolar bone. Periodontitis can increase the risk or exacerbate other comorbidities. Alcohol use increases the risk of periodontitis, but there is little knowledge about periodontitis among people who misuse alcohol. Methods As part of a larger oral and gut microbiome study, this analysis examines the oral microbiome in the occurrence and severity of periodontitis among alcohol-dependent (AD) subjects undergoing a 28-day inpatient alcohol treatment program. Tongue brushings were collected from 22 subjects within the first week of admission, and 16S rDNA sequencing was performed. All subjects had a dental examination during the inpatient stay. This analysis divided periodontal disease status into three major groups–no disease, mild or moderate disease, and severe disease. One-way ANOVA was used to compare microbial genera across the 3 groups. Results Nineteen (86%) of the subjects had periodontitis: 16 had mild or moderate disease, and 3 had severe disease. Statistically different microbial genera in at least one of the three groups (P ≤ 0.05 corresponding to FDR ≤ 0.25) that had a relative abundance of at least 0.5% include: Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Parvimonas, Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas, and Treponema. Surprisingly, the subjects with no periodontitis had increased abundances of genera that are often pathogens, Porphyromonas and Peptostreptococcus. Subjects with severe periodontitis had increased abundances of known pathogens Treponema and Parvimonas, as well as Lactobacillus, which has been associated with dental caries. Conclusion We observed that periodontitis accompanies chronic AD, given that 86% of our subjects had the disease. While some microbiome differences for individuals with and without periodontitis were not consistent with the existing literature, this may have many explanations. Future studies should consider how chronic AD could change the microbial ecology of the mouth and lead to further infection as well as utilizing multiple oral sites and a larger sample size to better understand the relationship between AD and periodontal disease. Intramural funds from NIH Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Effects of Colocasia antiquorum var. Esculenta Extract In Vitro and In Vivo against Periodontal Disease

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina57101054 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (10) ◽

pp. 1054

Author(s):

Seong-Hee Moon ◽

Seong-Jin Shin ◽

Hyun-Jin Tae ◽

Seung-Han Oh ◽

Ji-Myung Bae

Keyword(s):

Bone Loss ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Negative Control ◽

Alveolar Bone Loss ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Control Group

Background and Objectives: Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease in which gradual destruction of tissues around teeth is caused by plaque formed by pathogenic bacteria. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of 75% ethanol extract of Colocasia antiquorum var. esculenta (CA) as a prophylactic and improvement agent for periodontal disease in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial efficacy of CA against Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis, ATCC 33277) was evaluated using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) test, and cytotoxicity was confirmed by CCK-8 assay. For the in vivo study, P. gingivalis was applied by oral gavage to BALB/c mice. Forty-two days after the first inoculation of P. gingivalis, intraoral swabs were taken for microbiome analysis, and the mice were sacrificed to evaluate the alveolar bone loss. Results: The MIC of CA against P. gingivalis was 31.3 μg/mL, the MBC was 62.5 μg/mL, with no cytotoxicity. The diversity of the oral microbiome decreased in the positive control group, while those of the VA (varnish) and VCA (varnish added with CA) groups increased as much as in the negative control group, although the alveolar bone loss was not induced in the mouse model. Conclusions: CA showed antibacterial effects in vitro, and the VA and VCA groups exhibited increased diversity in the oral microbiome, suggesting that CA has potential for improving periodontal disease.

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Interplay Among the Oral Microbiome, Oral Cavity Conditions, the Host Immune Response, Diabetes Mellitus, and Its Associated-Risk Factors—An Overview

Frontiers in Oral Health ◽

10.3389/froh.2021.697428 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

Author(s):

Thais de Cássia Negrini ◽

Iracilda Zeppone Carlos ◽

Cristiane Duque ◽

Karina Sampaio Caiaffa ◽

Rodrigo Alex Arthur

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Immune Response ◽

Oral Health ◽

Inflammatory Response ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Host Immune Response ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Associated Risk Factors

This comprehensive review of the literature aimed to investigate the interplay between the oral microbiome, oral cavity conditions, and host immune response in Diabetes mellitus (DM). Moreover, this review also aimed to investigate how DM related risk factors, such as advanced age, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertension and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), act in promoting or modifying specific mechanisms that could potentially perpetuate both altered systemic and oral conditions. We found that poorly controlled glycemic index may exert a negative effect on the immune system of affected individuals, leading to a deficient immune response or to an exacerbation of the inflammatory response exacerbating DM-related complications. Hyperglycemia induces alterations in the oral microbiome since poor glycemic control is associated with increased levels and frequencies of periodontal pathogens in the subgingival biofilm of individuals with DM. A bidirectional relationship between periodontal diseases and DM has been suggested: DM patients may have an exaggerated inflammatory response, poor repair and bone resorption that aggravates periodontal disease whereas the increased levels of systemic pro-inflammatory mediators found in individuals affected with periodontal disease exacerbates insulin resistance. SARS-CoV-2 infection may represent an aggravating factor for individuals with DM. Individuals with DM tend to have low salivary flow and a high prevalence of xerostomia, but the association between prevalence/experience of dental caries and DM is still unclear. DM has also been associated to the development of lesions in the oral mucosa, especially potentially malignant ones and those associated with fungal infections. Obesity plays an important role in the induction and progression of DM. Co-affected obese and DM individuals tend to present worse oral health conditions. A decrease in HDL and, an increase in triglycerides bloodstream levels seem to be associated with an increase on the load of periodontopathogens on oral cavity. Moreover, DM may increase the likelihood of halitosis. Prevalence of impaired taste perception and impaired smell recognition tend to be greater in DM patients. An important interplay among oral cavity microbiome, DM, obesity and hypertension has been proposed as the reduction of nitrate into nitrite, in addition to contribute to lowering of blood pressure, reduces oxidative stress and increases insulin secretion, being these effects desirable for the control of obesity and DM. Women with PCOS tend to present a distinct oral microbial composition and an elevated systemic response to selective members of this microbial community, but the association between oral microbiome, PCOS are DM is still unknown. The results of the studies presented in this review suggest the interplay among the oral microbiome, oral cavity conditions, host immune response and DM and some of the DM associated risk factors exist. DM individuals need to be encouraged and motivated for an adequate oral health care. In addition, these results show the importance of adopting multidisciplinary management of DM and of strengthening physicians-dentists relationship focusing on both systemic and on oral cavity conditions of DM patients.

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Nisin Probiotic Prevents Periodontal Disease and Inflammation while Promoting Periodontal Regeneration and a Shift Toward a Healthy Microbiome/Virome

10.21203/rs.3.rs-599805/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yvonne Kapila ◽

Li Gao ◽

Ryutaro Kuraji ◽

Martin Jinye Zhang ◽

April Martinez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Loss ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Lactococcus Lactis ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Periodontal Regeneration ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Oral Disease ◽

Periodontal Ligament Cells ◽

Probiotic Treatment

Abstract BackgroundDysbiosis of the oral microbiome mediates chronic periodontal disease, including its characteristic bone loss and host inflammatory response. Realignment of this microbial dysbiosis towards health may prevent disease. Treatment with antibiotics and probiotics can modulate the microbial, immunological, and clinical landscape of periodontal disease with some success. Antibacterial peptides or bacteriocins, such as nisin, and nisin-producing probiotics, Lactococcus lactis, have not been examined in this context, yet warrant further examination because of their biomedical benefits in eradicating biofilms and oral pathogenic bacteria, and modulation of immune mechanisms. The goal of this study was to examine the potential for nisin and a nisin-producing probiotic to abrogate periodontal bone loss and related inflammatory landscape while modulating the composition of the oral microbiome. ResultsA polymicrobial mouse model of periodontal disease was employed for this purpose. In a disease context, nisin and the nisin-producing Lactococcus lactis probiotic significantly decreased the levels of periodontal pathogens, alveolar bone loss, oral inflammatory host response, and host-antibody response to these pathogens. Surprisingly, nisin and/or the nisin-producing L. lactis probiotic also enhanced the number of gingival fibroblasts, periodontal ligament cells, and bone lining cells in response to the polymicrobial infection. Nisin and probiotic treatment significantly shifted the oral bacteriome and virome towards the healthy control state. This shift was characterized by a unique signature; health was associated with a Proteobacteria (Marinobacter sp. B9-2), whereas 3 retroviruses (Golden Hamster Intracisternal A-particle H18, Bat gammaretrovirus, and Porcine type C oncovirus) were associated with disease. Specific disease-associated microbial species were highly correlated with IL-6 levels. ConclusionsNisin’s ability to shift the oral microbiome towards health, mitigate oral disease and the host immune response, and promote a novel regenerative periodontal phenotype, addresses key aspects of the pathogenesis of the disease. These benefits may negate the systemic effects associated with periodontal disease and reveal a new biomedical application for nisin in regenerative medicine.

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Lactobacillus reuteri AN417 cell-free culture supernatant as a novel antibacterial agent targeting oral pathogenic bacteria

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-80921-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kyung Mi Yang ◽

Ji-Sun Kim ◽

Hye-Sung Kim ◽

Young-Youn Kim ◽

Jeong-Kyu Oh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Culture Supernatant ◽

Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽

Fusobacterium Nucleatum ◽

Probiotic Strain ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

Acid Metabolites ◽

Oral Pathogens

AbstractLactobacillus reuteri AN417 is a newly characterized probiotic strain. The activity of AN417 against oral pathogenic bacteria is unknown. We investigated the antibacterial activity of cell-free L. reuteri AN417 culture supernatant (LRS) against three oral pathogens: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Streptococcus mutans. P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum have been implicated in periodontal disease, whereas S. mutans causes dental caries. Exposing these oral pathogenic bacteria to LRS significantly reduced their growth rates, intracellular ATP levels, cell viability, and time-to-kill. The minimal inhibitory volume of LRS was 10% (v/v) against P. gingivalis, 20% (v/v) for F. nucleatum, and 30% (v/v) for S. mutans. LRS significantly reduced the integrity of biofilms and significantly suppressed the expression of various genes involved in P. gingivalis biofilm formation. The L. reuteri AN417 genome lacked genes encoding reuterin, reuteran, and reutericyclin, which are major antibacterial compounds produced in L. reuteri strains. LRS treated with lipase and α-amylase displayed decreased antibacterial activity against oral pathogens. These data suggest that the antibacterial substances in LRS are carbohydrates and/or fatty acid metabolites. Our results demonstrate that LRS has antimicrobial activity against dental pathogenic bacteria, highlighting its potential utility for the prevention and treatment of P. gingivalis periodontal disease.

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Screening and prophylaxis of periodontitis in the prevention of oral cavity cancer and its complications

Romanian Journal of Stomatology ◽

10.37897/rjs.2017.2.4 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 73-79

Author(s):

Iulia Cristina Micu ◽

◽

Alexandra Roman ◽

Andrada Şoancă ◽

Daniela Condor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Cancer ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Local Level ◽

Systemic Disease ◽

Blood Stream ◽

The Body ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Rapid Progression

Periodontitis is a complex, multifactorial infectious disease, which affects a high proportion of the global population. Recent studies show that periodontal disease has strong negative impact on the homeostasis of the oral cavity but has also been associated with several systemic diseases. Although some correlation mechanisms between periodontitis and certain systemic disease have been described further extensive investigations are needed to establish causality. Periodontitis could be involved in the onset and progression of some types of cancers, especially oral cancer due to chronic inflammation. The release of citokines and inflammatory markers at a local level and in the blood stream can disregulate the variables of the body and can be directly involved in the mechanim of tumorigenesis. Another hypothesis relies on the role of disbiosis of the oral microbiome and the structural and functional alterations of the subgingival flora which define periodontitis in the oral cancer development. The prevalence of oral cancer is very high and continous increase at an alarming rate globally. The rapid progression and aggressive behavior of oral cancer, the high mortality rate, the comorbidities and negative effect on the quality of life after cancer treatment but most importantly the low survival rate on the long term highlight the need to supress all the potential risk factors in order to prevent this disease. Periodontal status evaluation and periodontal therapy should be initiated in patients undergoing cancer therapy in order to lower the risk of complications associated with radiation- and chemotherapy. Also on the long run treatment of periodontal disease could prevent the development of a new oropharyngial carcinoma.

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The Role of Periodontopathogens and Oral Microbiome in the Progression of Oral Cancer. A Review

The Open Dentistry Journal ◽

10.2174/1874210602115010367 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 367-376

Author(s):

Julián F. Beltran ◽

SM Viafara-Garcia ◽

Alberto P. Labrador ◽

Johan Basterrechea

Keyword(s):

Periodontal Disease ◽

Cell Cancer ◽

Bacterial Chemotaxis ◽

Fusobacterium Nucleatum ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Chronic Periodontal Disease ◽

Oral Squamous Cell Cancer ◽

The Relationship

Chronic periodontal disease and oral bacteria dysbiosis can lead to the accumulation of genetic mutations that eventually stimulate Oral Squamous Cell Cancer (OSCC). The annual incidence of OSCC is increasing significantly, and almost half of the cases are diagnosed in an advanced stage. Worldwide there are more than 380,000 new cases diagnosed every year, and a topic of extensive research in the last few years is the alteration of oral bacteria, their compositional changes and microbiome. This review aims to establish the relationship between bacterial dysbiosis and OSCC. Several bacteria implicated in periodontal disease, including Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and some Streptococcus species, promote angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and alteration in the host defense process; these same bacteria have been present in different stages of OSCC. Our review showed that genes involved in bacterial chemotaxis, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the cell wall membrane of gram negatives bacteria, were significantly increased in patients with OSCC. Additionally, some bacterial diversity, particularly with Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria species, has been identified in pre-cancerous stage samples. This review suggests the importance of an early diagnosis and more comprehensive periodontal therapy for patients by the dental care professional.

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Impact of the Diet on the Formation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Induced by Bacterial Biofilm in the Oral Cavity

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14061372 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1372

Author(s):

Ilona Rowińska ◽

Adrianna Szyperska-Ślaska ◽

Piotr Zariczny ◽

Robert Pasławski ◽

Karol Kramkowski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Soft Tissues ◽

Bacterial Flora ◽

Bacterial Biofilm ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Periodontal Tissues

The diet is related to the diversity of bacteria in the oral cavity, and the less diverse microbiota of the oral cavity may favor the growth of pathogenic bacteria of all bacterial complexes. Literature data indicate that disturbances in the balance of the bacterial flora of the oral cavity seem to contribute to both oral diseases, including periodontitis, and systemic diseases. If left untreated, periodontitis can damage the gums and alveolar bones. Improper modern eating habits have an impact on the oral microbiome and the gut microbiome, which increase the risk of several chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. The subject of our consideration is the influence of the traditional diet on the formation of oxidative stress and inflammation caused by bacterial biofilm in the oral cavity. Through dental, biomedical and laboratory studies, we wanted to investigate the effect of individual nutrients contained in specific diets on the induction of oxidative stress inducing inflammation of the soft tissues in the oral cavity in the presence of residual supra- and subgingival biofilm. In our research we used different types of diets marked as W, T, B, F and noninvasively collected biological material in the form of bacterial inoculum from volunteers. The analyzed material was grown on complete and selective media against specific strains of all bacterial complexes. Additionally, the zones of growth inhibition were analyzed based on the disc diffusion method. The research was supplemented with dental and periodontological indicators. The research was supplemented by the application of molecular biology methods related to bacterial DNA isolation, PCR reactions and sequencing. Such selected methods constitute an ideal screening test for the analysis of oral bacterial microbiota. The obtained results suggest that certain types of diet can be an effective prophylaxis in the treatment of civilization diseases such as inflammation of the oral cavity along with periodontal tissues and gingival pockets.

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