scholarly journals Sustainable Drying and Torrefaction Processes of Miscanthus for Use as a Pelletized Solid Biofuel and Biocarbon-Carrier for Fertilizers

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1014
Author(s):  
Szymon Szufa ◽  
Piotr Piersa ◽  
Łukasz Adrian ◽  
Justyna Czerwińska ◽  
Artur Lewandowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Compaction Pressure ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Drying Temperature ◽  
Solid Biofuel ◽  
Temperature Levels

Miscanthus is resistant to dry, frosty winters in Poland and most European Union countries. Miscanthus gives higher yields compared to native species. Farmers can produce Miscanthus pellets after drying it for their own heating purposes. From the third year, the most efficient plant development begins, resulting in a yield of 25–30 tons of dry matter from an area of 1 hectare. Laboratory scale tests were carried out on the processes of drying, compacting, and torrefaction of this biomass type. The analysis of the drying process was conducted at three temperature levels of the drying agent (60, 100, and 140 °C). Compaction on a hydraulic press was carried out in the pressure range characteristic of a pressure agglomeration (130.8–457.8 MPa) at different moisture contents of the raw material (0.5% and 10%). The main interest in this part was to assess the influence of drying temperature, moisture content, and compaction pressure on the specific densities (DE) and the mechanical durability of the pellets (DU). In the next step, laboratory analyses of the torrefaction process were carried out, initially using the Thermogravimetric Analysis TGA and Differential Scaning Calorimeter DSC techniques (to assess activation energy (EA)), followed by a flow reactor operating at five temperature levels (225, 250, 275, 300, and 525 °C). A SEM analysis of Miscanthus after torrefaction processes at three different temperatures was performed. Both the parameters of biochar (proximate and ultimate analysis) and the quality of the torgas (volatile organic content (VOC)) were analyzed. The results show that both drying temperature and moisture level will affect the quality of the pellets. Analysis of the torrefaction process shows clearly that the optimum process temperature would be around 300–340 °C from a mass loss ratio and economical perspective.

scholarly journals Influence of Raw Material Drying Temperature on the Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Biomass Agglomeration Process—A Preliminary Study

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Wróbel ◽  
Marcin Jewiarz ◽  
Krzysztof Mudryk ◽  
Adrian Knapczyk
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Compaction Pressure ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Compaction Process ◽  
Drying Temperature ◽  
Agglomeration Process ◽  
Mechanical Durability ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
And Storage

For biomass compaction, it is important to determine all aspects of the process that will affect the quality of pellets and briquettes. The low bulk density of biomass leads to many problems in transportation and storage, necessitating the use of a compaction process to ensure a solid density of at least 1000 kg·m−3 and bulk density of at least 600 kg·m−3. These parameters should be achieved at a relatively low compaction pressure that can be achieved through the proper preparation of the raw material. As the compaction process includes a drying stage, the aim of this work is to determine the influence of the drying temperature of pine biomass in the range of 60–140 °C on the compaction process. To determine whether this effect is compensated by the moisture, compaction was carried out on the material in a dry state and on the materials with moisture contents of 5% and 10% and for compacting pressures in the 130.8–457.8 MPa range. It was shown that drying temperature affects the specific density and mechanical durability of the pellets obtained from the raw material in the dry state, while an increase in the moisture content of the raw material neutralizes this effect.

TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HIGH QUALITY RAW MATERIAL OBTAINING FOR PECTIN PRODUCTION

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-50
Author(s):  
I. A. Ilina ◽  
I. A. Machneva ◽  
E. S. Bakun
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Temperature Conductivity ◽  
Drying Temperature ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Gel Forming Ability

  The article is devoted to the study of the chemical composition, physical and thermal-pfysical characteristics of damp apple pomaces and the identifying patterns of influence of drying temperature the functional composition and gel-forming ability of pectin. The research is aimed at obtaining initial data for the subsequent calculation of the main technological, hydro-mechanical, thermal, structural and economic characteristics of devices for drying the plant raw materials, ensuring the environmental safety and high quality of pectin-containing raw materials, the reducing heat and energy costs. As a result of the study of the thermal characteristics of apple pomaces, the critical points (temperature conductivity – 16.5 x 10-8 m2/s, thermal conductivity – 0.28 W/m K, heat capacity – 1627 j/(kg K)) at a humidity of 56 % are determined, which characterizing the transition from the extraction of weakly bound moisture to the extraction of moisture with strong bonds (colloidal, adsorption). It was found that the pomaces obtained from apples of late ripening have a higher content of solids (21-23 %), soluble pectin and protopectin (2.5-4.5 %). Dried pomaces obtained from apple varieties of late ripening contain up to 25 % pectin, which allow us to recommend them as a source of raw materials for the production of pectin. The optimum modes of preliminary washing of raw materials are offered, allowing to the remove the ballast substances as much as possible. It is established that when the drying temperature increases, the destructive processes are catalyzed: the strength of the pectin jelly and the uronide component and the degree of pectin esterification are reduced. The optimum drying temperature of damp apple pomaces is 80 0C, at which the quality of pectin extracted from the dried raw materials is maintained as much as possible. It is shown that the most effective for the pectin production is a fraction with a particle size of 3-5 mm, which allow us to extract up to 71 % of pectin from raw materials.

scholarly journals PEMBUATAN BRIKET DARI KULIT KAKAO MENGGUNAKAN PEREKAT KULIT UBI KAYU

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Rosta Natalia Sinaga ◽  
Rosdanelli Hasibuan
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Temperature Variation ◽  
Compaction Pressure ◽  
Strength Test ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Carbonization Process

This study aims to determine the effect of temperature variation carbonization, carbonization time and adhesive variation to charcoal characteristics of cocoa skin using cassava skin adhesive. Briquette is usually made using binder. Binder can embed charcoal each other to form strong and compact briquettes. Some other variables beside binder that influence the quality of briquettes include raw material, compacting presseure and carbonization process. This research used cocoa leather as raw material with cassava skin leaves as binder. All variables affect the content of fixed carbon of the briquettes that influence the caloricvalue of the briquettes. The caloricvalue is the most important factor for determining the quality of the briquettes. In this research, the highest caloricvalue of the briquettes was 4.375 cal/g. It was achieved when cocoa leather were carbonized by method 1 with compaction pressure of 85 kg/cm2 and binderconcentration of 15% where as raw material with  particle size of 100 mesh. The caloricvalue of the  briquettes was still very low and did not meet the qualification of Indonesian standard for briquettes. Based on the strength test, cassava skin leaves couldn’t be used as briquette’s binder. The produced briquettes that used cassava skin leaves as binder had soft structure and easily destroyed.

scholarly journals Effect of Drying Temperature on the Quality of Dry Surimi Powder from Pangasius

2020 ◽  
pp. 147-155
Author(s):  
P. Sarkar ◽  
S. Chowdhury ◽  
S. Nath ◽  
P. Murmu ◽  
F. H. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Fish Protein ◽  
Drying Temperature ◽  
Fish Flesh ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Frozen Surimi ◽  
Minced Meat

Demands for fish protein including dried fish protein to develop functional food are gradually growing in the world. Surimi, the concentrated myofibrillar protein extracted from fish flesh by washing minced meat, separated from bones, skin, and guts with added cryoprotectants such as sugar or alcohol (most commonly used cryoprotectant in the surimi industry is 1:1 mixture of sucrose and sorbitol at a concentration of 8%), finally stored in frozen condition in block form, is used as a raw material for preparation of number of value-added products. The dried form of surimi can be prepared from frozen surimi blocks by adopting different drying technologies and it offers many advantages such as ease of handling, lower distribution costs and more convenient storage. The present work is aimed to study the effect of drying temperature on the quality of dry surimi powder, prepared from Pangasius meat. A significantly higher (p<0.05) value of ash (1.83±0.47%) was recorded in surimi powder dried at 60°C than at 50°C and 70°C. The moisture content significantly (p<0.05) reduced at 60° (9.05±0.22%) and 70°C (9.55±0.51%) as compared to 50°C. The quality parameters such as TVB-N, PV, pH and TPC were all found to be well within the recommended level of acceptability except for the surimi powder dried at 50°C, wherein the TVBN (36.24±1.26 mg/100 g) crossed the limit of acceptability. Drying temperature was found to affect the colour of the surimi powder with the optimum acceptable colour score achieved at 60°C (6.38±0.52). At higher temperature of 70°C darkening was observed with consequent decrease in the colour scores (5.75±0.46). Therefore, the optimal temperature for drying of Pangasius surimi into its powdered form was achieved during its exposure at temperature of 60°C.

scholarly journals Pine Wood and Sewage Sludge Torrefaction Process for Production Renewable Solid Biofuels and Biochar as Carbon Carrier for Fertilizers

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 8176
Author(s):  
Piotr Piersa ◽  
Szymon Szufa ◽  
Justyna Czerwińska ◽  
Hilal Ünyay ◽  
Łukasz Adrian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Woody Biomass ◽  
Chemical Conversion ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Solid Biofuel

This work presents the results of research on the thermo-chemical conversion of woody biomass–pine wood coming from lodzkie voivodship forests and sewage sludge from the Group Sewage Treatment Plant of the Łódź Urban Agglomeration. Laboratory scale analyses of the carbonization process were carried out, initially using the TGA technique (to assess activation energy (EA)), followed by a flow reactor operating at temperature levels of 280–525 °C. Both the parameters of carbonized solid biofuel and biochar as a carrier for fertilizer (proximate and ultimate analysis) and the quality of the torgas (VOC) were analyzed. Analysis of the pine wood and sewage sludge torrefaction process shows clearly that the optimum process temperature would be around 325–350 °C from a mass loss ratio and economical perspective. This paper shows clearly that woody biomass, such as pine wood and sewage sludge, is a very interesting material both for biofuel production and in further processing for biochar production, used not only as an energy carrier but also as a new type of carbon source in fertilizer mixtures.

Physico-Chemical Aspects of the Influence of Raw Material Components on the Quality of Ceramic Brick

2019 ◽  
Vol 777 (12) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
G.Yu. SHAGIGALIN ◽  
◽  
P.A. FEDOROV ◽  
L.N. LOMAKINA ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Material ◽  
Ceramic Brick ◽  
Physico Chemical

scholarly journals A Methodology Based on FT-IR Data Combined with Random Forest Model to Generate Spectralprints for the Characterization of High-Quality Vinegars

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1411
Author(s):  
José Luis P. Calle ◽  
Marta Ferreiro-González ◽  
Ana Ruiz-Rodríguez ◽  
Gerardo F. Barbero ◽  
José Á. Álvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Forest ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Protected Designation Of Origin ◽  
Ft Ir

Sherry wine vinegar is a Spanish gourmet product under Protected Designation of Origin (PDO). Before a vinegar can be labeled as Sherry vinegar, the product must meet certain requirements as established by its PDO, which, in this case, means that it has been produced following the traditional solera and criadera ageing system. The quality of the vinegar is determined by many factors such as the raw material, the acetification process or the aging system. For this reason, mainly producers, but also consumers, would benefit from the employment of effective analytical tools that allow precisely determining the origin and quality of vinegar. In the present study, a total of 48 Sherry vinegar samples manufactured from three different starting wines (Palomino Fino, Moscatel, and Pedro Ximénez wine) were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The spectroscopic data were combined with unsupervised exploratory techniques such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), as well as other nonparametric supervised techniques, namely, support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF), for the characterization of the samples. The HCA and PCA results present a clear grouping trend of the vinegar samples according to their raw materials. SVM in combination with leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) successfully classified 100% of the samples, according to the type of wine used for their production. The RF method allowed selecting the most important variables to develop the characteristic fingerprint (“spectralprint”) of the vinegar samples according to their starting wine. Furthermore, the RF model reached 100% accuracy for both LOOCV and out-of-bag (OOB) sets.

scholarly journals Effect of carbon anode production parameters on anode cracking

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Salah Amrani ◽  
Duygu Kocaefe ◽  
Yasar Kocaefe ◽  
Dipankar Bhattacharyay ◽  
Mohamed Bouazara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Crack Density ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Carbon Anode ◽  
Know How ◽  
Production Parameters ◽  
Environmental Emissions ◽  
Carbon Anodes ◽  
Tomographic Analysis

AbstractCarbon anodes are used in the electrolytic production of aluminum. The quality of anodes is directly related to the production cost, carbon and energy consumption, and environmental emissions. It is desired that the anodes have high density, low porosity/cracks, low electrical resistivity as well as low air and CO2 reactivities. Low resistivity of anodes reduces energy required to produce aluminum during electrolysis. The presence of cracks and pores increases the anode electrical resistivity. Therefore, it is important to know how and when the pores and cracks form during the anode production so that the necessary actions could be taken to prevent their formation. A study was carried out to investigate the effect of different anode production parameters such as anode composition, type of raw material used, time and top-former bellow pressure of vibro-compactor, green anode cooling medium, and heating rate used during baking on the crack formation. The anodes are fabricated at the carbon laboratory of University of Quebec at Chicoutimi (UQAC) and characterized by measuring their properties (density, electrical resistivity, and surface crack density). The anode properties, hence the anode quality, were correlated with the anode production parameters. Also, their tomographic analysis was carried out to visualize and quantify the internal cracks. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Effect of Fertilisation on the Quality of Dried Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and Lovage (Levisticum officinale)

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 386
Author(s):  
Natalia Matłok ◽  
Józef Gorzelany ◽  
Adam Figiel ◽  
Maciej Balawejder
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Vacuum Microwave ◽  
Dpph Method ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Total Antioxidant Potential

The study presents the effects of fertilisation on selected quality parameters of the dried material obtained from plants of lovage and coriander. During the crop production process, the plants were treated with two fertilisers containing substances potentially acting as elicitors. The dried material was obtained in course of a drying process carried out in optimum conditions and based on the CD-VMFD method which combines convective pre-drying (CD) at a low temperature (40 °C) with vacuum-microwave finish drying with the use of 240 W microwaves (VMFD). The quality of the dried material was evaluated through measurement of the total contents of polyphenols, total antioxidant potential (ABTS and DPPH method), and the profile of volatile compounds (headspace-solid phase microextractio-HS-SPME) as well as assessment of the colour. It was found that by applying first fertilisation (with organic components) it is possible to significantly increase the contents of both bioactive compounds and volatile substances responsible for the aroma. It was determined that the higher content of bioactive compounds was related to the composition of the first fertiliser, presumably the extract from common nettle. The study showed that the application of the first fertiliser contributed to enhanced quality parameters of the raw material obtained.

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